Mercurial > hg > xemacs-beta
annotate man/info.texi @ 5610:d69ea1ff4ce3
Add the zero, *then* flush, when reading integers for the #N=... syntax.
src/ChangeLog addition:
2011-12-10 Aidan Kehoe <kehoea@parhasard.net>
* lread.c (read1): Add the zero, *then* flush, when reading an
integer into Vread_buffer_stream.
author | Aidan Kehoe <kehoea@parhasard.net> |
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date | Sat, 10 Dec 2011 16:17:49 +0000 |
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rev | line source |
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1 \input texinfo.tex @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @c We must \input texinfo.tex instead of texinfo, otherwise make |
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3 @c distcheck in the Texinfo distribution fails, because the texinfo Info |
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4 @c file is made first, and texi2dvi must include . first in the path. |
428 | 5 @comment %**start of header |
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6 @setfilename info.info |
428 | 7 @settitle Info |
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8 @syncodeindex fn cp |
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9 @syncodeindex vr cp |
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10 @syncodeindex ky cp |
428 | 11 @comment %**end of header |
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12 @c Synced up with: Texinfo 4.13. |
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13 @c Synced by: Ben Wing, 2-19-10. |
428 | 14 |
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15 @copying |
428 | 16 This file describes how to use Info, the on-line, menu-driven GNU |
17 documentation system. | |
18 | |
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19 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, |
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20 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
428 | 21 |
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22 @quotation |
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23 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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24 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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25 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
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26 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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27 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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28 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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29 License'' in the XEmacs manual. |
428 | 30 |
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31 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and |
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32 modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Buying copies from GNU |
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33 Press supports the FSF in developing GNU and promoting software |
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34 freedom.'' |
428 | 35 |
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36 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
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37 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document |
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38 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the |
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39 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. |
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40 @end quotation |
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41 @end copying |
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42 |
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43 @dircategory Texinfo documentation system |
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44 @direntry |
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45 * Info: (info). How to use the documentation browsing system. |
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46 @end direntry |
428 | 47 |
48 @titlepage | |
49 @title Info | |
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50 @subtitle The online, hyper-text GNU documentation system |
428 | 51 @author Brian Fox |
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52 @author and the GNU Texinfo community |
428 | 53 @page |
54 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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55 @insertcopying |
428 | 56 @end titlepage |
57 | |
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58 @contents |
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59 |
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60 @ifnottex |
428 | 61 @node Top |
62 @top Info: An Introduction | |
63 | |
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64 The GNU Project distributes most of its on-line manuals in the |
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65 @dfn{Info format}, which you read using an @dfn{Info reader}. You are |
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66 probably using an Info reader to read this now. |
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67 |
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68 There are two primary Info readers: @code{info}, a stand-alone program |
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69 designed just to read Info files (@pxref{Top,,Stand-alone Info, |
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70 info-stnd, GNU Info}), and the @code{info} package in XEmacs, a |
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71 general-purpose editor. At present, only the XEmacs reader supports |
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72 using a mouse. |
428 | 73 |
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74 @ifinfo |
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75 If you are new to the Info reader and want to learn how to use it, |
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76 type the command @kbd{h} now. It brings you to a programmed |
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77 instruction sequence. |
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78 |
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79 To read about advanced Info commands, type @kbd{n} twice. This |
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80 brings you to @cite{Advanced Info Commands}, skipping over the `Getting |
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81 Started' chapter. |
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82 @end ifinfo |
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83 @end ifnottex |
428 | 84 |
85 @menu | |
86 * Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader. | |
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87 * Advanced:: Advanced Info commands. |
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88 * Expert Info:: Info commands for experts. |
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89 * Index:: An index of topics, commands, and variables. |
428 | 90 @end menu |
91 | |
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92 @node Getting Started, Advanced, Top, Top |
428 | 93 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
94 @chapter Getting Started | |
95 | |
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96 This first part of this Info manual describes how to get around inside |
428 | 97 of Info. The second part of the manual describes various advanced |
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98 Info commands. The third part briefly explains how to generate Info |
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99 files from Texinfo files, and describes how to write an Info file |
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100 by hand. |
428 | 101 |
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102 @ifnotinfo |
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103 This manual is primarily designed for browsing with an Info reader |
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104 program on a computer, so that you can try Info commands while reading |
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105 about them. Reading it on paper or with an HTML browser is less |
428 | 106 effective, since you must take it on faith that the commands described |
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107 really do what the manual says. By all means go through this manual |
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108 now that you have it; but please try going through the on-line version |
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109 as well. |
428 | 110 |
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111 @cindex Info reader, how to invoke |
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112 @cindex entering Info |
428 | 113 There are two ways of looking at the online version of this manual: |
114 | |
115 @enumerate | |
116 @item | |
117 Type @code{info} at your shell's command line. This approach uses a | |
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118 stand-alone program designed just to read Info files. |
428 | 119 |
120 @item | |
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121 Type @code{xemacs} at the command line; then type @kbd{C-h i} |
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122 (@kbd{Control-h}, followed by @kbd{i}). This approach uses the Info |
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123 mode of the XEmacs editor. |
428 | 124 @end enumerate |
125 | |
126 In either case, then type @kbd{mInfo} (just the letters), followed by | |
127 @key{RET}---the ``Return'' or ``Enter'' key. At this point, you should | |
128 be ready to follow the instructions in this manual as you read them on | |
129 the screen. | |
130 @c FIXME! (pesch@cygnus.com, 14 dec 1992) | |
131 @c Is it worth worrying about what-if the beginner goes to somebody | |
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132 @c else's XEmacs session, which already has an Info running in the middle |
428 | 133 @c of something---in which case these simple instructions won't work? |
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134 @end ifnotinfo |
428 | 135 |
136 @menu | |
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137 * Help-Small-Screen:: Starting Info on a Small Screen. |
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138 * Help:: How to use Info. |
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139 * Help-P:: Returning to the Previous node. |
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140 * Help-^L:: The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
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141 * Help-Inv:: Invisible text in XEmacs Info. |
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142 * Help-M:: Menus. |
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143 * Help-Xref:: Following cross-references. |
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144 * Help-Int:: Some intermediate Info commands. |
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145 * Help-Q:: Quitting Info. |
428 | 146 @end menu |
147 | |
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148 @node Help-Small-Screen |
428 | 149 @section Starting Info on a Small Screen |
150 | |
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151 @ifnotinfo |
428 | 152 (In Info, you only see this section if your terminal has a small |
153 number of lines; most readers pass by it without seeing it.) | |
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154 @end ifnotinfo |
428 | 155 |
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156 @cindex small screen, moving around |
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157 Since your terminal has a relatively small number of lines on its |
428 | 158 screen, it is necessary to give you special advice at the beginning. |
159 | |
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160 If the entire text you are looking at fits on the screen, the text |
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161 @samp{All} will be displayed at the bottom of the screen. In the |
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162 stand-alone Info reader, it is displayed at the bottom right corner of |
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163 the screen; in XEmacs, it is displayed on the modeline. If you see the |
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164 text @samp{Top} instead, it means that there is more text below that |
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165 does not fit. To move forward through the text and see another screen |
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166 full, press @key{SPC}, the Space bar. To move back up, press the key |
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167 labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{DEL} (on some keyboards, this key |
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168 might be labeled @samp{Delete}). |
428 | 169 |
170 @ifinfo | |
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171 Here are 40 lines of junk, so you can try @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} and |
428 | 172 see what they do. At the end are instructions of what you should do |
173 next. | |
174 | |
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175 @format |
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176 This is line 20 |
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177 This is line 21 |
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178 This is line 22 |
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179 This is line 23 |
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180 This is line 24 |
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181 This is line 25 |
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182 This is line 26 |
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183 This is line 27 |
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184 This is line 28 |
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185 This is line 29 |
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186 This is line 30 |
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187 This is line 31 |
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188 This is line 32 |
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189 This is line 33 |
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190 This is line 34 |
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191 This is line 35 |
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192 This is line 36 |
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193 This is line 37 |
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194 This is line 38 |
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195 This is line 39 |
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196 This is line 40 |
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197 This is line 41 |
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198 This is line 42 |
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199 This is line 43 |
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200 This is line 44 |
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201 This is line 45 |
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202 This is line 46 |
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203 This is line 47 |
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204 This is line 48 |
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205 This is line 49 |
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206 This is line 50 |
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207 This is line 51 |
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208 This is line 52 |
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209 This is line 53 |
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210 This is line 54 |
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211 This is line 55 |
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212 This is line 56 |
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213 This is line 57 |
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214 This is line 58 |
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215 This is line 59 |
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216 @end format |
428 | 217 |
218 If you have managed to get here, go back to the beginning with | |
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219 @kbd{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}), and come back here again, then you |
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220 understand the about the @samp{Space} and @samp{Backspace} keys. So |
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221 now type an @kbd{n}---just one character; don't type the quotes and |
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222 don't type the Return key afterward---to get to the normal start of |
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223 the course. |
428 | 224 @end ifinfo |
225 | |
226 @node Help, Help-P, Help-Small-Screen, Getting Started | |
227 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
228 @section How to use Info | |
229 | |
230 You are talking to the program Info, for reading documentation. | |
231 | |
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232 There are two ways to use Info: from within XEmacs or as a |
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233 stand-alone reader that you can invoke from a shell using the command |
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234 @command{info}. |
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235 |
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236 @cindex node, in Info documents |
428 | 237 Right now you are looking at one @dfn{Node} of Information. |
238 A node contains text describing a specific topic at a specific | |
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239 level of detail. This node's topic is ``how to use Info''. The mode |
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240 line says that this is node @samp{Help} in the file @file{info}. |
428 | 241 |
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242 @cindex header of Info node |
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243 The top line of a node is its @dfn{header}. This node's header |
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244 (look at it now) says that the @samp{Next} node after this one is the |
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245 node called @samp{Help-P}. An advanced Info command lets you go to |
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246 any node whose name you know. In the stand-alone Info reader program, |
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247 the header line shows the names of this node and the Info file as |
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248 well. In XEmacs, the header line is displayed with a special typeface, |
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249 and remains at the top of the window all the time even if you scroll |
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250 through the node. |
428 | 251 |
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252 Besides a @samp{Next}, a node can have a @samp{Previous} link, or an |
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253 @samp{Up} link, or both. As you can see, this node has all of these |
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254 links. |
428 | 255 |
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256 @kindex n @r{(Info mode)} |
428 | 257 Now it is time to move on to the @samp{Next} node, named @samp{Help-P}. |
258 | |
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259 @format |
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260 >> Type @kbd{n} to move there. Type just one character; |
428 | 261 do not type the quotes and do not type a @key{RET} afterward. |
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262 @end format |
428 | 263 |
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264 @noindent |
428 | 265 @samp{>>} in the margin means it is really time to try a command. |
266 | |
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267 @format |
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268 >> If you are in XEmacs and have a mouse, and if you already practiced |
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269 typing @kbd{n} to get to the next node, click now with the left |
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270 mouse button on the @samp{Next} link to do the same ``the mouse way''. |
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271 @end format |
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272 |
428 | 273 @node Help-P, Help-^L, Help, Getting Started |
274 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
275 @section Returning to the Previous node | |
276 | |
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277 @kindex p @r{(Info mode)} |
428 | 278 This node is called @samp{Help-P}. The @samp{Previous} node, as you see, |
279 is @samp{Help}, which is the one you just came from using the @kbd{n} | |
280 command. Another @kbd{n} command now would take you to the next | |
281 node, @samp{Help-^L}. | |
282 | |
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283 @format |
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284 >> But do not type @kbd{n} yet. First, try the @kbd{p} command, or |
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285 (in XEmacs) click on the @samp{Prev} link. That takes you to |
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286 the @samp{Previous} node. Then use @kbd{n} to return here. |
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287 @end format |
428 | 288 |
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289 If you read this in XEmacs, you will see an @samp{Info} item in the |
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290 menu bar, close to its right edge. Clicking the mouse on the |
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291 @samp{Info} menu-bar item opens a menu of commands which include |
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292 @samp{Next} and @samp{Previous} (and also some others which you didn't yet |
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293 learn about). |
428 | 294 |
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295 This all probably seems insultingly simple so far, but @emph{please |
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296 don't} start skimming. Things will get complicated soon enough! |
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297 Also, please do not try a new command until you are told it is time |
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298 to. You could make Info skip past an important warning that was |
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299 coming up. |
428 | 300 |
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301 @format |
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302 >> Now do an @kbd{n}, or (in XEmacs) click the middle mouse button on |
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303 the @samp{Next} link, to get to the node @samp{Help-^L} and learn more. |
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304 @end format |
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305 |
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306 @node Help-^L, Help-Inv, Help-P, Getting Started |
428 | 307 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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308 @section The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands |
428 | 309 |
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310 This node's mode line tells you that you are now at node |
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311 @samp{Help-^L}, and the header line tells you that @kbd{p} would get |
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312 you back to @samp{Help-P}. The node's title is highlighted and may be |
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313 underlined as well; it says what the node is about. |
428 | 314 |
315 This is a big node and it does not all fit on your display screen. | |
316 You can tell that there is more that is not visible because you | |
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317 can see the text @samp{Top} rather than @samp{All} near the bottom of |
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318 the screen. |
428 | 319 |
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320 @kindex SPC @r{(Info mode)} |
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321 @kindex DEL @r{(Info mode)} |
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322 @kindex BACKSPACE @r{(Info mode)} |
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323 @findex Info-scroll-up |
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324 @findex Info-scroll-down |
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325 The @key{SPC}, @key{BACKSPACE} (or @key{DEL})@footnote{The key which |
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326 we call ``Backspace or DEL'' in this manual is labeled differently on |
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327 different keyboards. Look for a key which is a little ways above the |
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328 @key{ENTER} or @key{RET} key and which you normally use outside XEmacs |
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329 to erase the character before the cursor, i.e.@: the character you |
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330 typed last. It might be labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{<-} or |
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331 @samp{DEL}, or sometimes @samp{Delete}.} and @kbd{b} commands exist to |
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332 allow you to ``move around'' in a node that does not all fit on the |
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333 screen at once. @key{SPC} moves forward, to show what was below the |
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334 bottom of the screen. @key{DEL} or @key{BACKSPACE} moves backward, to |
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335 show what was above the top of the screen (there is not anything above |
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336 the top until you have typed some spaces). |
428 | 337 |
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338 @format |
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339 >> Now try typing a @key{SPC} (afterward, type a @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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340 return here). |
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341 @end format |
428 | 342 |
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343 When you type the @key{SPC}, the two lines that were at the bottom of |
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344 the screen appear at the top, followed by more lines. @key{DEL} or |
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345 @key{BACKSPACE} takes the two lines from the top and moves them to the |
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346 bottom, @emph{usually}, but if there are not a full screen's worth of |
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347 lines above them they may not make it all the way to the bottom. |
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348 |
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349 If you are reading this in XEmacs, note that the header line is |
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350 always visible, never scrolling off the display. That way, you can |
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351 always see the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links, and you |
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352 can conveniently go to one of these links at any time by |
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353 clicking the middle mouse button on the link. |
428 | 354 |
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355 @cindex reading Info documents top to bottom |
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356 @cindex Info documents as tutorials |
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357 @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} not only move forward and backward through |
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358 the current node. They also move between nodes. @key{SPC} at the end |
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359 of a node moves to the next node; @key{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}) at |
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360 the beginning of a node moves to the previous node. In effect, these |
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361 commands scroll through all the nodes in an Info file as a single |
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362 logical sequence. You can read an entire manual top to bottom by just |
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363 typing @key{SPC}, and move backward through the entire manual from |
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364 bottom to top by typing @key{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}). |
428 | 365 |
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366 In this sequence, a node's subnodes appear following their parent. |
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367 If a node has a menu, @key{SPC} takes you into the subnodes listed in |
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368 the menu, one by one. Once you reach the end of a node, and have seen |
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369 all of its subnodes, @key{SPC} takes you to the next node or to the |
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370 parent's next node. |
428 | 371 |
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372 @kindex PAGEUP @r{(Info mode)} |
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373 @kindex PAGEDOWN @r{(Info mode)} |
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374 Many keyboards nowadays have two scroll keys labeled @samp{PageUp} |
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375 and @samp{PageDown} (or maybe @samp{Prior} and @samp{Next}). If your |
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376 keyboard has these keys, you can use them to move forward and backward |
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377 through the text of one node, like @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
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378 @key{DEL}). However, @key{PAGEUP} and @key{PAGEDOWN} keys never |
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379 scroll beyond the beginning or the end of the current node. |
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380 |
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381 @kindex C-l @r{(Info mode)} |
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382 If your screen is ever garbaged, you can tell Info to display it |
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383 again by typing @kbd{C-l} (@kbd{Control-L}---that is, hold down |
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384 @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{L} or @kbd{l}). |
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385 |
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386 @format |
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387 >> Type @kbd{C-l} now. |
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388 @end format |
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389 |
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390 @kindex b @r{(Info mode)} |
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391 To move back to the beginning of the node you are on, you can type |
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392 the @key{BACKSPACE} key (or @key{DEL}) many times. You can also type |
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393 @kbd{b} just once. @kbd{b} stands for ``beginning.'' |
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394 |
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395 @format |
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396 >> Try that now. (We have put in enough verbiage to push this past |
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397 the first screenful, but screens are so big nowadays that perhaps it |
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398 isn't enough. You may need to shrink your XEmacs or Info window.) |
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399 Then come back, by typing @key{SPC} one or more times. |
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400 @end format |
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401 |
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402 @kindex ? @r{(Info mode)} |
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403 @findex Info-summary |
428 | 404 You have just learned a considerable number of commands. If you |
405 want to use one but have trouble remembering which, you should type | |
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406 @kbd{?}, which displays a brief list of commands. When you are |
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407 finished looking at the list, make it go away by typing @key{SPC} |
428 | 408 repeatedly. |
409 | |
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410 @format |
428 | 411 >> Type a @key{?} now. Press @key{SPC} to see consecutive screenfuls of |
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412 the list until finished. Then type @key{SPC} several times. If |
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413 you are using XEmacs, the help will then go away automatically. |
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414 @end format |
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415 |
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416 (If you are using the stand-alone Info reader, type @kbd{C-x 0} to |
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417 return here, that is---press and hold @key{CTRL}, type an @kbd{x}, |
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418 then release @key{CTRL} and @kbd{x}, and press @kbd{0}; that's a zero, |
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419 not the letter ``o''.) |
428 | 420 |
421 From now on, you will encounter large nodes without warning, and | |
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422 will be expected to know how to use @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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423 move around in them without being told. Since not all terminals have |
428 | 424 the same size screen, it would be impossible to warn you anyway. |
425 | |
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426 @format |
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427 >> Now type @kbd{n}, or click the middle mouse button on the @samp{Next} link, |
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428 to visit the next node. |
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429 @end format |
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430 |
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431 @node Help-Inv, Help-M, Help-^L, Getting Started |
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432 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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433 @section Invisible text in XEmacs Info |
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434 |
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435 Before discussing menus, we need to make some remarks that are only |
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436 relevant to users reading Info using XEmacs. Users of the stand-alone |
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437 version can skip this node by typing @kbd{]} now. |
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438 |
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439 @cindex invisible text in XEmacs |
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440 In XEmacs, certain text that appears in the stand-alone version is |
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441 normally hidden, technically because it has the @samp{invisibility} |
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442 property. Invisible text is really a part of the text. It becomes |
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443 visible (by default) after killing and yanking, it appears in printed |
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444 output, it gets saved to file just like any other text, and so on. |
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445 Thus it is useful to know it is there. |
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446 |
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447 @findex visible-mode |
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448 You can make invisible text visible by using the command @kbd{M-x |
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449 visible-mode}. Visible mode is a minor mode, so using the command a |
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450 second time will make the text invisible again. Watch the effects of |
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451 the command on the ``menu'' below and the top line of this node. |
428 | 452 |
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453 If you prefer to @emph{always} see the invisible text, you can set |
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454 @code{Info-hide-note-references} to @code{nil}. Enabling Visible mode |
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455 permanently is not a real alternative, because XEmacs Info also uses |
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456 (although less extensively) another text property that can change the |
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457 text being displayed, the @samp{display} property. Only the |
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458 invisibility property is affected by Visible mode. When, in this |
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459 tutorial, we refer to the @samp{XEmacs} behavior, we mean the |
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460 @emph{default} XEmacs behavior. |
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461 |
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462 Now type @kbd{]}, to learn about the @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands. |
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463 |
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464 @menu |
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465 * ]: Help-]. Node telling about ]. |
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466 * stuff: Help-]. Same node. |
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467 * Help-]:: Yet again, same node. |
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468 @end menu |
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469 |
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470 @node Help-], , , Help-Inv |
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471 @subsection The @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands |
428 | 472 |
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473 If you type @kbd{n} now, you get an error message saying that this |
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474 node has no next node. Similarly, if you type @kbd{p}, the error |
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475 message tells you that there is no previous node. (The exact message |
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476 depends on the Info reader you use.) This is because @kbd{n} and |
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477 @kbd{p} carry you to the next and previous node @emph{at the same |
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478 level}. The present node is contained in a menu (see next) of the |
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479 node you came from, and hence is considered to be at a lower level. |
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480 It is the only node in the previous node's menu (even though it was |
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481 listed three times). Hence it has no next or previous node that |
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482 @kbd{n} or @kbd{p} could move to. |
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483 |
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484 If you systematically move through a manual by typing @kbd{n}, you run |
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485 the risk of skipping many nodes. You do not run this risk if you |
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486 systematically use @kbd{@key{SPC}}, because, when you scroll to the |
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487 bottom of a node and type another @kbd{@key{SPC}}, then this carries |
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488 you to the following node in the manual @emph{regardless of level}. |
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489 If you immediately want to go to that node, without having to scroll |
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490 to the bottom of the screen first, you can type @kbd{]}. |
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491 |
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492 Similarly, @kbd{@key{BACKSPACE}} carries you to the preceding node |
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493 regardless of level, after you scrolled to the beginning of the |
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494 present node. If you want to go to the preceding node immediately, |
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495 you can type @kbd{[}. |
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496 |
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497 For instance, typing this sequence will come back here in three steps: |
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498 @kbd{[ n [}. To do the same backward, type @kbd{] p ]}. |
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499 |
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500 Now type @kbd{]} to go to the next node and learn about menus. |
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501 |
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502 @node Help-M, Help-Xref, Help-Inv, Getting Started |
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503 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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504 @section Menus and the @kbd{m} command |
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505 |
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506 @cindex menus in an Info document |
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507 @cindex Info menus |
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508 With only the @kbd{n} (next), @kbd{p} (previous), @kbd{@key{SPC}}, |
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509 @kbd{@key{BACKSPACE}}, @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands for moving between |
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510 nodes, nodes are restricted to a linear sequence. Menus allow a |
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511 branching structure. A menu is a list of other nodes you can move to. |
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512 It is actually just part of the text of the node formatted specially |
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513 so that Info can interpret it. The beginning of a menu is always |
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514 identified by a line which starts with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. A node |
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515 contains a menu if and only if it has a line in it which starts that |
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516 way. The only menu you can use at any moment is the one in the node |
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517 you are in. To use a menu in any other node, you must move to that |
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518 node first. |
428 | 519 |
520 After the start of the menu, each line that starts with a @samp{*} | |
5507
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521 identifies one subtopic. The line usually contains a brief name for |
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522 the subtopic (followed by a @samp{:}, normally hidden in XEmacs), the |
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523 name of the node that talks about that subtopic (again, normally |
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524 hidden in XEmacs), and optionally some further description of the |
428 | 525 subtopic. Lines in the menu that do not start with a @samp{*} have no |
526 special meaning---they are only for the human reader's benefit and do | |
527 not define additional subtopics. Here is an example: | |
528 | |
529 @example | |
5507
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530 * Foo: Node about FOO. This tells about FOO. |
428 | 531 @end example |
532 | |
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533 The subtopic name is Foo, and the node describing it is @samp{Node |
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534 about FOO}. The rest of the line is just for the reader's |
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535 Information. [[ But this line is not a real menu item, simply because |
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536 there is no line above it which starts with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. Also, |
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537 in a real menu item, the @samp{*} would appear at the very start of |
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538 the line. This is why the ``normally hidden'' text in XEmacs, namely |
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539 @samp{: Node about FOO.}, is actually visible in this example, even |
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540 when Visible mode is off.]] |
428 | 541 |
542 When you use a menu to go to another node (in a way that will be | |
543 described soon), what you specify is the subtopic name, the first | |
544 thing in the menu line. Info uses it to find the menu line, extracts | |
545 the node name from it, and goes to that node. The reason that there | |
546 is both a subtopic name and a node name is that the node name must be | |
547 meaningful to the computer and may therefore have to be ugly looking. | |
548 The subtopic name can be chosen just to be convenient for the user to | |
549 specify. Often the node name is convenient for the user to specify | |
550 and so both it and the subtopic name are the same. There is an | |
551 abbreviation for this: | |
552 | |
553 @example | |
5507
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554 * Foo:: This tells about FOO. |
428 | 555 @end example |
556 | |
557 @noindent | |
558 This means that the subtopic name and node name are the same; they are | |
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559 both @samp{Foo}. (The @samp{::} is normally hidden in XEmacs.) |
428 | 560 |
5507
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561 @format |
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562 >> Now use @key{SPC} to find the menu in this node, then come back to |
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563 the front with a @kbd{b} and some @key{SPC}s. As you see, a menu is |
428 | 564 actually visible in its node. If you cannot find a menu in a node |
565 by looking at it, then the node does not have a menu and the | |
566 @kbd{m} command is not available. | |
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567 @end format |
428 | 568 |
5507
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569 If you keep typing @key{SPC} once the menu appears on the screen, it |
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570 will move to another node (the first one in the menu). If that |
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571 happens, type @key{BACKSPACE} to come back. |
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572 |
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573 @kindex m @r{(Info mode)} |
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574 The command to go to one of the subnodes is @kbd{m}. This is very |
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575 different from the commands you have used: it is a command that |
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576 prompts you for more input. |
428 | 577 |
5507
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578 The Info commands you know do not need additional input; when you |
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579 type one of them, Info processes it instantly and then is ready for |
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580 another command. The @kbd{m} command is different: it needs to know |
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581 the @dfn{name of the subtopic}. Once you have typed @kbd{m}, Info |
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582 tries to read the subtopic name. |
428 | 583 |
5507
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584 Now, in the stand-alone Info, look for the line containing many |
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585 dashes near the bottom of the screen. (This is the stand-alone |
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586 equivalent for the mode line in XEmacs.) There is one more line |
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587 beneath that one, but usually it is blank. (In XEmacs, this is the |
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588 echo area.) When it is blank, Info is ready for a command, such as |
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589 @kbd{n} or @kbd{b} or @key{SPC} or @kbd{m}. If that line contains |
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590 text ending in a colon, it means Info is reading more input for the |
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591 last command. You can't type an Info command then, because Info is |
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592 trying to read input, not commands. You must either give the input |
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593 and finish the command you started, or type @kbd{Control-g} to cancel |
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594 the command. When you have done one of those things, the input entry |
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595 line becomes blank again. Then you can type Info commands again. |
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596 |
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597 @findex Info-menu |
428 | 598 The command to go to a subnode via a menu is @kbd{m}. After you type |
599 the @kbd{m}, the line at the bottom of the screen says @samp{Menu item: }. | |
600 You must then type the name of the subtopic you want, and end it with | |
601 a @key{RET}. | |
602 | |
5507
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603 @cindex abbreviating Info subnodes |
428 | 604 You can abbreviate the subtopic name. If the abbreviation is not |
605 unique, the first matching subtopic is chosen. Some menus put | |
606 the shortest possible abbreviation for each subtopic name in capital | |
607 letters, so you can see how much you need to type. It does not | |
608 matter whether you use upper case or lower case when you type the | |
609 subtopic. You should not put any spaces at the end, or inside of the | |
610 item name, except for one space where a space appears in the item in | |
611 the menu. | |
612 | |
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613 @cindex completion of Info node names |
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614 You can also use the @dfn{completion} feature to help enter the |
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615 subtopic name. If you type the @key{TAB} key after entering part of a |
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616 name, it will fill in more of the name---as much as Info can deduce |
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617 from the part you have entered. |
428 | 618 |
619 If you move the cursor to one of the menu subtopic lines, then you do | |
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620 not need to type the argument: you just type a @key{RET}, and it |
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621 stands for the subtopic of the line you are on. You can also click |
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622 the middle mouse button directly on the subtopic line to go there. |
428 | 623 |
624 Here is a menu to give you a chance to practice. This menu gives you | |
625 three ways of going to one place, Help-FOO: | |
626 | |
627 @menu | |
628 * Foo: Help-FOO. A node you can visit for fun. | |
5507
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629 * Bar: Help-FOO. We have made two ways to get to the same place. |
428 | 630 * Help-FOO:: And yet another! |
631 @end menu | |
632 | |
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633 (Turn Visible mode on if you are using XEmacs.) |
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634 |
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635 @format |
428 | 636 >> Now type just an @kbd{m} and see what happens: |
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637 @end format |
428 | 638 |
639 Now you are ``inside'' an @kbd{m} command. Commands cannot be used | |
640 now; the next thing you will type must be the name of a subtopic. | |
641 | |
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642 You can change your mind about doing the @kbd{m} by typing |
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643 @kbd{Control-g}. |
428 | 644 |
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645 @format |
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646 >> Try that now; notice the bottom line clear. |
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647 @end format |
428 | 648 |
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649 @format |
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650 >> Then type another @kbd{m}. |
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651 @end format |
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652 |
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653 @format |
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654 >> Now type @kbd{BAR}, the item name. Do not type @key{RET} yet. |
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655 @end format |
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656 |
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657 While you are typing the item name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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658 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to cancel one character at a time if you make a |
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659 mistake. |
428 | 660 |
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661 @format |
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662 >> Press @key{DEL} to cancel the @samp{R}. You could type another @kbd{R} |
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663 to replace it. But you do not have to, since @samp{BA} is a valid |
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664 abbreviation. |
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665 @end format |
428 | 666 |
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667 @format |
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668 >> Now you are ready to go. Type a @key{RET}. |
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669 @end format |
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670 |
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671 After visiting @samp{Help-FOO}, you should return here. |
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672 |
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673 Another way to move to the menu subtopic lines and between them is |
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674 to type @key{TAB}. Each time you type a @key{TAB}, you move to the |
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675 next subtopic line. To move to a previous subtopic line in the |
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676 stand-alone reader, type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}---that is, press and hold |
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677 the @key{META} key and then press @key{TAB}. (On some keyboards, the |
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678 @key{META} key might be labeled @samp{Alt}.) In XEmacs Info, type |
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679 @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} to move to a previous subtopic line (press and hold |
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680 the @key{Shift} key and then press @key{TAB}). |
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681 |
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682 Once you move cursor to a subtopic line, press @key{RET} to go to |
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683 that subtopic's node. |
428 | 684 |
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685 @cindex mouse support in Info mode |
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686 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(Info mode)} |
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687 If your terminal supports a mouse, you have yet another way of going |
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688 to a subtopic. Move your mouse pointer to the subtopic line, |
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689 somewhere between the beginning @samp{*} and the colon @samp{:} which |
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690 ends the subtopic's brief name. You will see the subtopic's name |
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691 change its appearance (usually, its background color will change), and |
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692 the shape of the mouse pointer will change if your platform supports |
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693 that. After a while, if you leave the mouse on that spot, a small |
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694 window will pop up, saying ``Mouse-2: go to that node,'' or the same |
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695 message may appear at the bottom of the screen. |
428 | 696 |
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697 @kbd{Mouse-2} is the second button of your mouse counting from the |
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698 left---the middle button on a 3-button mouse. (On a 2-button mouse, |
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699 you may have to press both buttons together to ``press the middle |
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700 button''.) The message tells you pressing @kbd{Mouse-2} with the |
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701 current position of the mouse pointer (on subtopic in the menu) will |
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702 go to that subtopic. |
428 | 703 |
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704 @findex Info-mouse-follow-nearest-node |
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705 More generally, @kbd{Mouse-2} in an Info buffer finds the nearest |
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706 link to another node and goes there. For example, near a cross |
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707 reference it acts like @kbd{f}, in a menu it acts like @kbd{m}, on the |
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708 node's header line it acts like @kbd{n}, @kbd{p}, or @kbd{u}, etc. At |
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709 end of the node's text @kbd{Mouse-2} moves to the next node, or up if |
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710 there's no next node. |
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711 |
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712 @format |
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713 >> Type @kbd{n} to see more commands. |
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714 @end format |
428 | 715 |
716 @node Help-FOO, , , Help-M | |
717 @subsection The @kbd{u} command | |
718 | |
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719 Congratulations! This is the node @samp{Help-FOO}. It has an @samp{Up} |
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720 pointer @samp{Help-M}, the node you just came from via the @kbd{m} |
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721 command. This is the usual convention---the nodes you reach from a menu |
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722 have @samp{Up} nodes that lead back to the menu. Menus move Down in the |
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723 tree, and @samp{Up} moves Up. @samp{Previous}, on the other hand, is |
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724 usually used to ``stay on the same level but go backwards''. |
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725 |
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726 @kindex u @r{(Info mode)} |
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727 @findex Info-up |
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728 You can go back to the node @samp{Help-M} by typing the command |
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729 @kbd{u} for ``Up''. This puts you at the menu subtopic line pointing |
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730 to the subnode that the @kbd{u} command brought you from. (Some Info |
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731 readers may put you at the @emph{front} of the node instead---to get |
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732 back to where you were reading, you have to type some @key{SPC}s.) |
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733 |
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734 Another way to go Up is to click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the @samp{Up} |
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735 pointer shown in the header line (provided that you have a mouse). |
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736 |
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737 @format |
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738 >> Now type @kbd{u} to move back up to @samp{Help-M}. |
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739 @end format |
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740 |
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741 @node Help-Xref, Help-Int, Help-M, Getting Started |
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|
742 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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743 @section Following Cross-References |
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744 |
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745 @cindex cross references in Info documents |
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746 In Info documentation, you will see many @dfn{cross references}. |
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747 Cross references look like this: @xref{Help-Cross, Cross}. That text |
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748 is a real, live cross reference, whose name is @samp{Cross} and which |
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|
749 points to the node named @samp{Help-Cross}. (The node name is hidden |
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|
750 in XEmacs. Do @kbd{M-x visible-mode} to show or hide it.) |
5492
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Merge some stuff in man, fix up Makefile
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|
751 |
5507
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752 @kindex f @r{(Info mode)} |
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753 @findex Info-follow-reference |
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754 You can follow a cross reference by moving the cursor to it and |
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755 press @key{RET}, just as in a menu. In XEmacs, you can also click |
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756 @kbd{Mouse-1} on a cross reference to follow it; you can see that the |
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757 cross reference is mouse-sensitive by moving the mouse pointer to the |
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758 reference and watching how the underlying text and the mouse pointer |
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759 change in response. |
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|
760 |
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761 Another way to follow a cross reference is to type @kbd{f} and then |
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762 specify the name of the cross reference (in this case, @samp{Cross}) |
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763 as an argument. For this command, it does not matter where the cursor |
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764 was. If the cursor is on or near a cross reference, @kbd{f} suggests |
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765 that reference name in parentheses as the default; typing @key{RET} |
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766 will follow that reference. However, if you type a different |
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767 reference name, @kbd{f} will follow the other reference which has that |
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|
768 name. |
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|
769 |
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|
770 @format |
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771 >> Type @kbd{f}, followed by @kbd{Cross}, and then @key{RET}. |
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|
772 @end format |
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|
773 |
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774 As you enter the reference name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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|
775 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to edit your input. If you change your mind |
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|
776 about following any reference, you can use @kbd{Control-g} to cancel |
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|
777 the command. Completion is available in the @kbd{f} command; you can |
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778 complete among all the cross reference names in the current node by |
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|
779 typing a @key{TAB}. |
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|
780 |
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781 To get a list of all the cross references in the current node, you |
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|
782 can type @kbd{?} after an @kbd{f}. The @kbd{f} continues to await a |
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|
783 cross reference name even after displaying the list, so if you don't |
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|
784 actually want to follow a reference, you should type a @kbd{Control-g} |
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|
785 to cancel the @kbd{f}. |
5492
e82f5b7010fe
Merge some stuff in man, fix up Makefile
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changeset
|
786 |
5507
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|
787 @format |
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|
788 >> Type @kbd{f?} to get a list of the cross references in this node. Then |
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|
789 type a @kbd{Control-g} and see how the @samp{f} gives up. |
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|
790 @end format |
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|
791 |
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|
792 The @key{TAB}, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} and @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} keys, |
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|
793 which move between menu items in a menu, also move between cross |
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|
794 references outside of menus. |
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|
795 |
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|
796 Sometimes a cross reference (or a node) can lead to another file (in |
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|
797 other words another ``manual''), or, on occasion, even a file on a |
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|
798 remote machine (although Info files distributed with XEmacs or the |
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changeset
|
799 stand-alone Info avoid using remote links). Such a cross reference |
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|
800 looks like this: @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: |
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|
801 The GNU Documentation Format}. (After following this link, type |
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|
802 @kbd{l} to get back to this node.) Here the name @samp{texinfo} |
64be8a494bdc
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changeset
|
803 between parentheses refers to the file name. This file name appears |
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|
804 in cross references and node names if it differs from the current |
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|
805 file, so you can always know that you are going to be switching to |
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|
806 another manual and which one. |
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|
807 |
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|
808 However, XEmacs normally hides some other text in cross-references. |
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|
809 If you put your mouse over the cross reference, then the information |
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|
810 appearing in a separate box (tool tip) or in the echo area will show |
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|
811 the full cross-reference including the file name and the node name of |
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|
812 the cross reference. If you have a mouse, just leave it over the |
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|
813 cross reference @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: |
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changeset
|
814 The GNU Documentation Format}, and watch what happens. If you |
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|
815 always like to have that information visible without having to move |
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|
816 your mouse over the cross reference, use @kbd{M-x visible-mode}, or |
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|
817 set @code{Info-hide-note-references} to a value other than @code{t} |
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|
818 (@pxref{XEmacs Info Variables}). |
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|
819 |
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|
820 @format |
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|
821 >> Now type @kbd{n} to learn more commands. |
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|
822 @end format |
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|
823 |
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|
824 @node Help-Int, Help-Q, Help-Xref, Getting Started |
428 | 825 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
5507
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|
826 @section Some intermediate Info commands |
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|
827 |
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|
828 The introductory course is almost over; please continue |
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|
829 a little longer to learn some intermediate-level commands. |
64be8a494bdc
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|
830 |
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changeset
|
831 Most Info files have an index, which is actually a large node |
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|
832 containing little but a menu. The menu has one menu item for each |
64be8a494bdc
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changeset
|
833 topic listed in the index. (As a special feature, menus for indices |
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|
834 may also include the line number within the node of the index entry. |
64be8a494bdc
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|
835 This allows Info readers to go to the exact line of an entry, not just |
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|
836 the start of the containing node.) |
5492
e82f5b7010fe
Merge some stuff in man, fix up Makefile
Ben Wing <ben@xemacs.org>
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|
837 |
5507
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|
838 You can get to the index from the main menu of the file with the |
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|
839 @kbd{m} command and the name of the index node; then you can use the |
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840 @kbd{m} command again in the index node to go to the node that |
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841 describes the topic you want. |
428 | 842 |
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843 There is also a short-cut Info command, @kbd{i}, which does all of |
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844 that for you. It searches the index for a given topic (a string) and |
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845 goes to the node which is listed in the index for that topic. |
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846 @xref{Search Index}, for a full explanation. |
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847 |
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848 @kindex l @r{(Info mode)} |
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849 @findex Info-history-back |
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850 @cindex going back in Info history |
428 | 851 If you have been moving around to different nodes and wish to |
852 retrace your steps, the @kbd{l} command (@kbd{l} for @dfn{last}) will | |
853 do that, one node-step at a time. As you move from node to node, Info | |
854 records the nodes where you have been in a special history list. The | |
855 @kbd{l} command revisits nodes in the history list; each successive | |
856 @kbd{l} command moves one step back through the history. | |
857 | |
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858 @format |
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859 >> Try typing @kbd{p p n} and then three @kbd{l}'s, pausing in between |
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860 to see what each @kbd{l} does. You should wind up right back here. |
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861 @end format |
428 | 862 |
863 Note the difference between @kbd{l} and @kbd{p}: @kbd{l} moves to | |
864 where @emph{you} last were, whereas @kbd{p} always moves to the node | |
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865 which the header says is the @samp{Previous} node (from this node, the |
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866 @samp{Prev} link leads to @samp{Help-Xref}). |
428 | 867 |
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868 @kindex r @r{(Info mode)} |
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869 @findex Info-history-forward |
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870 @cindex going forward in Info history |
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871 You can use the @kbd{r} command (@code{Info-history-forward} in XEmacs) |
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872 to revisit nodes in the history list in the forward direction, so that |
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873 @kbd{r} will return you to the node you came from by typing @kbd{l}. |
428 | 874 |
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875 @kindex L @r{(Info mode)} |
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876 @findex Info-history |
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877 @cindex history list of visited nodes |
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878 The @kbd{L} command (@code{Info-history} in XEmacs) creates a virtual |
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879 node that contains a list of all nodes you visited. You can select |
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880 a previously visited node from this menu to revisit it. |
428 | 881 |
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882 @kindex d @r{(Info mode)} |
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883 @findex Info-directory |
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884 @cindex go to Directory node |
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885 The @kbd{d} command (@code{Info-directory} in XEmacs) gets you |
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886 instantly to the Directory node. This node, which is the first one |
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887 you saw when you entered Info, has a menu which leads (directly or |
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888 indirectly, through other menus), to all the nodes that exist. The |
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889 Directory node lists all the manuals and other Info documents that |
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890 are, or could be, installed on your system. |
428 | 891 |
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892 @format |
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893 >> Try doing a @kbd{d}, then do an @kbd{l} to return here (yes, |
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894 @emph{do} return). |
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895 @end format |
428 | 896 |
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897 @kindex t @r{(Info mode)} |
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898 @findex Info-top-node |
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899 @cindex go to Top node |
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900 The @kbd{t} command moves to the @samp{Top} node of the manual. |
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901 This is useful if you want to browse the manual's main menu, or select |
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902 some specific top-level menu item. The XEmacs command run by @kbd{t} |
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903 is @code{Info-top-node}. |
428 | 904 |
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905 @format |
428 | 906 >> Now type @kbd{n} to see the last node of the course. |
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907 @end format |
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908 |
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909 @xref{Advanced}, for more advanced Info features. |
428 | 910 |
911 @c If a menu appears at the end of this node, remove it. | |
912 @c It is an accident of the menu updating command. | |
913 | |
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914 @node Help-Q, , Help-Int, Getting Started |
428 | 915 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
916 @section Quitting Info | |
917 | |
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918 @kindex q @r{(Info mode)} |
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919 @findex Info-exit |
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920 @cindex quitting Info mode |
428 | 921 To get out of Info, back to what you were doing before, type @kbd{q} |
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922 for @dfn{Quit}. This runs @code{Info-exit} in XEmacs. |
428 | 923 |
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924 This is the end of the basic course on using Info. You have learned |
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925 how to move in an Info document, and how to follow menus and cross |
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926 references. This makes you ready for reading manuals top to bottom, |
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927 as new users should do when they learn a new package. |
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|
928 |
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929 Another set of Info commands is useful when you need to find |
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930 something quickly in a manual---that is, when you need to use a manual |
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931 as a reference rather than as a tutorial. We urge you to learn |
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932 these search commands as well. If you want to do that now, follow this |
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933 cross reference to @ref{Advanced}. |
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934 |
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935 Yet another set of commands are meant for experienced users; you can |
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936 find them by looking in the Directory node for documentation on Info. |
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937 Finding them will be a good exercise in using Info in the usual |
428 | 938 manner. |
939 | |
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940 @format |
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941 >> Type @kbd{d} to go to the Info directory node; then type |
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942 @kbd{mInfo} and Return, to get to the node about Info and |
428 | 943 see what other help is available. |
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944 @end format |
428 | 945 |
946 | |
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947 @node Advanced |
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948 @chapter Advanced Info Commands |
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949 |
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950 This chapter describes various advanced Info commands. (If you |
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951 are using a stand-alone Info reader, there are additional commands |
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952 specific to it, which are documented in several chapters of @ref{Top,, |
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953 GNU Info, info-stnd, GNU Info}.) |
428 | 954 |
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955 @kindex C-q @r{(Info mode)} |
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956 One advanced command useful with most of the others described here |
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957 is @kbd{C-q}, which ``quotes'' the next character so that it is |
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958 entered literally (@pxref{Inserting Text,,,xemacs,XEmacs User's |
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959 Manual}). For example, pressing @kbd{?} ordinarily brings up a list |
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960 of completion possibilities. If you want to (for example) search for |
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961 an actual @samp{?} character, the simplest way is to insert it using |
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962 @kbd{C-q ?}. This works the same in XEmacs and stand-alone Info. |
428 | 963 |
964 @menu | |
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965 * Search Text:: How to search Info documents. |
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966 * Search Index:: How to search the indices for specific subjects. |
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967 * Go to node:: How to go to a node by name. |
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968 * Choose menu subtopic:: How to choose a menu subtopic by its number. |
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969 * Create Info buffer:: How to create a new Info buffer in XEmacs. |
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970 * XEmacs Info Variables:: Variables modifying the behavior of XEmacs Info. |
428 | 971 @end menu |
972 | |
5507
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973 |
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974 @node Search Text, Search Index, , Advanced |
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975 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
5507
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976 @section @kbd{s} searches Info documents |
428 | 977 |
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978 @cindex searching Info documents |
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979 @cindex Info document as a reference |
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980 The commands which move between and inside nodes allow you to read |
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981 the entire manual or its large portions. But what if you need to find |
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982 some information in the manual as fast as you can, and you don't know |
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983 or don't remember in what node to look for it? This need arises when |
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984 you use a manual as a @dfn{reference}, or when it is impractical to |
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985 read the entire manual before you start using the programs it |
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986 describes. |
428 | 987 |
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988 Info has powerful searching facilities that let you find things |
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989 quickly. You can search either the manual text or its indices. |
428 | 990 |
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991 @kindex s @r{(Info mode)} |
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992 @findex Info-search |
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993 The @kbd{s} command allows you to search a whole Info file for a string. |
428 | 994 It switches to the next node if and when that is necessary. You |
995 type @kbd{s} followed by the string to search for, terminated by | |
996 @key{RET}. To search for the same string again, just @kbd{s} followed | |
997 by @key{RET} will do. The file's nodes are scanned in the order | |
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998 they are in the file, which has no necessary relationship to the |
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999 order that they may be in the tree structure of menus and @samp{next} |
428 | 1000 pointers. But normally the two orders are not very different. In any |
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1001 case, you can always look at the mode line to find out what node you have |
428 | 1002 reached, if the header is not visible (this can happen, because @kbd{s} |
1003 puts your cursor at the occurrence of the string, not at the beginning | |
1004 of the node). | |
1005 | |
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1006 @kindex M-s @r{(Info mode)} |
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1007 In XEmacs, @kbd{Meta-s} is equivalent to @kbd{s}. That is for |
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1008 compatibility with other GNU packages that use @kbd{M-s} for a similar |
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1009 kind of search command. Both @kbd{s} and @kbd{M-s} run in XEmacs the |
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|
1010 command @code{Info-search}. |
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1011 |
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1012 @kindex C-s @r{(Info mode)} |
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1013 @kindex C-r @r{(Info mode)} |
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1014 @findex isearch |
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1015 Instead of using @kbd{s} in XEmacs Info and in the stand-alone Info, |
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1016 you can use an incremental search started with @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r}. |
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1017 It can search through multiple Info nodes. @xref{Incremental Search,,, |
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1018 xemacs, XEmacs User's Manual}. In XEmacs, you can disable this behavior |
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1019 by setting the variable @code{Info-isearch-search} to @code{nil} |
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|
1020 (@pxref{XEmacs Info Variables}). |
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|
1021 |
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|
1022 @node Search Index, Go to node, Search Text, Advanced |
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1023 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1024 @section @kbd{i} searches the indices for specific subjects |
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|
1025 |
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1026 @cindex searching Info indices |
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|
1027 @kindex i @r{(Info mode)} |
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|
1028 @findex Info-index |
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1029 Since most topics in the manual should be indexed, you should try |
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1030 the index search first before the text search. The @kbd{i} command |
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1031 prompts you for a subject and then looks up that subject in the |
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1032 indices. If it finds an index entry with the subject you typed, it |
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1033 goes to the node to which that index entry points. You should browse |
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|
1034 through that node to see whether the issue you are looking for is |
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|
1035 described there. If it isn't, type @kbd{,} one or more times to go |
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|
1036 through additional index entries which match your subject. |
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|
1037 |
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1038 The @kbd{i} command and subsequent @kbd{,} commands find all index |
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1039 entries which include the string you typed @emph{as a substring}. |
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1040 For each match, Info shows in the echo area the full index entry it |
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1041 found. Often, the text of the full index entry already gives you |
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1042 enough information to decide whether it is relevant to what you are |
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1043 looking for, so we recommend that you read what Info shows in the echo |
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1044 area before looking at the node it displays. |
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|
1045 |
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1046 Since @kbd{i} looks for a substring, you can search for subjects even |
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1047 if you are not sure how they are spelled in the index. For example, |
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1048 suppose you want to find something that is pertinent to commands which |
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1049 complete partial input (e.g., when you type @key{TAB}). If you want |
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1050 to catch index entries that refer to ``complete,'' ``completion,'' and |
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1051 ``completing,'' you could type @kbd{icomplet@key{RET}}. |
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|
1052 |
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1053 Info documents which describe programs should index the commands, |
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1054 options, and key sequences that the program provides. If you are |
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1055 looking for a description of a command, an option, or a key, just type |
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1056 their names when @kbd{i} prompts you for a topic. For example, if you |
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1057 want to read the description of what the @kbd{C-l} key does, type |
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1058 @kbd{iC-l@key{RET}} literally. |
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|
1059 |
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1060 @findex info-apropos |
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1061 @findex index-apropos |
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1062 If you aren't sure which manual documents the topic you are looking |
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|
1063 for, try the @kbd{M-x info-apropos} command in XEmacs, or the @kbd{M-x |
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|
1064 index-apropos} command in the stand-alone reader. It prompts for |
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|
1065 a string and then looks up that string in all the indices of all the |
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|
1066 Info documents installed on your system. |
428 | 1067 |
5507
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|
1068 @node Go to node, Choose menu subtopic, Search Index, Advanced |
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1069 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1070 @section @kbd{g} goes to a node by name |
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|
1071 |
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1072 @kindex g @r{(Info mode)} |
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1073 @findex Info-goto-node |
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1074 @cindex go to a node by name |
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1075 If you know a node's name, you can go there by typing @kbd{g}, the |
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1076 name, and @key{RET}. Thus, @kbd{gTop@key{RET}} would go to the node |
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1077 called @samp{Top} in this file. (This is equivalent to @kbd{t}, see |
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1078 @ref{Help-Int}.) @kbd{gGo to node@key{RET}} would come back here. |
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1079 |
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1080 Unlike @kbd{m}, @kbd{g} does not allow the use of abbreviations. |
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1081 But it does allow completion, so you can type @key{TAB} to complete a |
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1082 partial node name. |
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1083 |
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1084 @cindex go to another Info file |
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1085 To go to a node in another file, you can include the file name in the |
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1086 node name by putting it at the front, in parentheses. Thus, |
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1087 @kbd{g(dir)Top@key{RET}} would go to the Info Directory node, which is |
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1088 the node @samp{Top} in the Info file @file{dir}. Likewise, |
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1089 @kbd{g(xemacs)Top@key{RET}} goes to the top node of the XEmacs manual. |
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1090 |
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1091 The node name @samp{*} specifies the whole file. So you can look at |
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1092 all of the current file by typing @kbd{g*@key{RET}} or all of any |
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1093 other file with @kbd{g(@var{filename})*@key{RET}}. |
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1094 |
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1095 @node Choose menu subtopic, Create Info buffer, Go to node, Advanced |
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1096 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1097 @section @kbd{1}--@kbd{9} choose a menu subtopic by its number |
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1098 |
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1099 @kindex 1 @r{through} 9 @r{(Info mode)} |
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1100 @findex Info-nth-menu-item |
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1101 @cindex select @var{n}'th menu item |
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1102 If you begrudge each character of type-in which your system requires, |
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1103 you might like to use the commands @kbd{1}, @kbd{2}, @kbd{3}, @kbd{4}, |
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1104 @dots{}, @kbd{9}. They are short for the @kbd{m} command together |
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1105 with a name of a menu subtopic. @kbd{1} goes through the first item |
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1106 in the current node's menu; @kbd{2} goes through the second item, etc. |
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1107 In the stand-alone reader, @kbd{0} goes through the last menu item; |
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1108 this is so you need not count how many entries are there. |
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1109 |
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1110 If your display supports multiple fonts, colors or underlining, and |
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1111 you are using XEmacs' Info mode to read Info files, the third, sixth |
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1112 and ninth menu items have a @samp{*} that stands out, either in color |
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1113 or in some other attribute, such as underline; this makes it easy to |
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1114 see at a glance which number to use for an item. |
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1115 |
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1116 Some terminals don't support either multiple fonts, colors or |
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1117 underlining. If you need to actually count items, it is better to use |
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1118 @kbd{m} instead, and specify the name, or use @key{TAB} to quickly |
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1119 move between menu items. |
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1120 |
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1121 @node Create Info buffer, XEmacs Info Variables, Choose menu subtopic, Advanced |
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1122 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1123 @section @kbd{M-n} creates a new independent Info buffer in XEmacs |
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1124 |
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1125 @kindex M-n @r{(Info mode)} |
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1126 @findex clone-buffer |
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1127 @cindex multiple Info buffers |
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1128 If you are reading Info in XEmacs, you can select a new independent |
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1129 Info buffer in a new XEmacs window by typing @kbd{M-n}. The new buffer |
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1130 starts out as an exact copy of the old one, but you will be able to |
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1131 move independently between nodes in the two buffers. (In Info mode, |
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1132 @kbd{M-n} runs the XEmacs command @code{clone-buffer}.) |
428 | 1133 |
5507
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1134 In XEmacs Info, you can also produce new Info buffers by giving a |
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1135 numeric prefix argument to the @kbd{m} and @kbd{g} commands. @kbd{C-u |
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1136 m} and @kbd{C-u g} go to a new node in exactly the same way that |
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1137 @kbd{m} and @kbd{g} do, but they do so in a new Info buffer which they |
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1138 select in another window. |
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1139 |
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1140 Another way to produce new Info buffers in XEmacs is to use a numeric |
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1141 prefix argument for the @kbd{C-h i} command (@code{info}) which |
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1142 switches to the Info buffer with that number. Thus, @kbd{C-u 2 C-h i} |
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1143 switches to the buffer @samp{*info*<2>}, creating it if necessary. |
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1144 |
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1145 @node XEmacs Info Variables, , Create Info buffer, Advanced |
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1146 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1147 @section XEmacs Info-mode Variables |
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1148 |
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1149 The following variables may modify the behavior of Info-mode in XEmacs; |
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1150 you may wish to set one or several of these variables interactively, |
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1151 or in your init file. @xref{Examining, Examining and Setting |
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1152 Variables, Examining and Setting Variables, xemacs, XEmacs User's |
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1153 Manual}. The stand-alone Info reader program has its own set of |
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1154 variables, described in @ref{Variables,, Manipulating Variables, |
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1155 info-stnd, GNU Info}. |
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1156 |
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1157 @vtable @code |
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1158 @item Info-directory-list |
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1159 The list of directories to search for Info files. Each element is a |
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1160 string (directory name) or @code{nil} (try default directory). If not |
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1161 initialized Info uses the environment variable @env{INFOPATH} to |
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1162 initialize it, or @code{Info-default-directory-list} if there is no |
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1163 @env{INFOPATH} variable in the environment. |
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1164 |
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1165 If you wish to customize the Info directory search list for both XEmacs |
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1166 Info and stand-alone Info, it is best to set the @env{INFOPATH} |
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1167 environment variable, since that applies to both programs. |
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1168 |
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1169 @item Info-additional-directory-list |
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1170 A list of additional directories to search for Info documentation files. |
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1171 These directories are not searched for merging the @file{dir} file. |
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1172 |
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1173 @item Info-mode-hook |
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1174 Hooks run when @code{Info-mode} is called. By default, it contains |
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1175 the hook @code{turn-on-font-lock} which enables highlighting of Info |
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1176 files. You can change how the highlighting looks by customizing the |
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1177 faces @code{info-node}, @code{info-xref}, @code{info-xref-visited}, |
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1178 @code{info-header-xref}, @code{info-header-node}, @code{info-menu-header}, |
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1179 @code{info-menu-star}, and @code{info-title-@var{n}} (where @var{n} |
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1180 is the level of the section, a number between 1 and 4). To customize |
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1181 a face, type @kbd{M-x customize-face @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET}}, |
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1182 where @var{face} is one of the face names listed here. |
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1183 |
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1184 @item Info-fontify-maximum-menu-size |
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1185 Maximum size of menu to fontify if @code{font-lock-mode} is non-@code{nil}. |
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1186 |
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1187 @item Info-fontify-visited-nodes |
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1188 If non-@code{nil}, menu items and cross-references pointing to visited |
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1189 nodes are displayed in the @code{info-xref-visited} face. |
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1190 |
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1191 @item Info-use-header-line |
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1192 If non-@code{nil}, XEmacs puts in the Info buffer a header line showing |
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1193 the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links. A header line does |
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1194 not scroll with the rest of the buffer, making these links always |
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1195 visible. |
428 | 1196 |
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1197 @item Info-hide-note-references |
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1198 As explained in earlier nodes, the XEmacs version of Info normally |
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1199 hides some text in menus and cross-references. You can completely |
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1200 disable this feature, by setting this option to @code{nil}. Setting |
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1201 it to a value that is neither @code{nil} nor @code{t} produces an |
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1202 intermediate behavior, hiding a limited amount of text, but showing |
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1203 all text that could potentially be useful. |
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1204 |
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1205 @item Info-scroll-prefer-subnodes |
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1206 If set to a non-@code{nil} value, @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
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1207 @key{DEL}) keys in a menu visit subnodes of the current node before |
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1208 scrolling to its end or beginning, respectively. For example, if the |
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1209 node's menu appears on the screen, the next @key{SPC} moves to a |
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1210 subnode indicated by the following menu item. Setting this option to |
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1211 @code{nil} results in behavior similar to the stand-alone Info reader |
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1212 program, which visits the first subnode from the menu only when you |
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1213 hit the end of the current node. The default is @code{nil}. |
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1214 |
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1215 @item Info-isearch-search |
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1216 If non-@code{nil}, isearch in Info searches through multiple nodes. |
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1217 |
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1218 @item Info-enable-active-nodes |
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1219 When set to a non-@code{nil} value, allows Info to execute Lisp code |
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1220 associated with nodes. The Lisp code is executed when the node is |
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1221 selected. The Lisp code to be executed should follow the node |
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1222 delimiter (the @samp{DEL} character) and an @samp{execute: } tag, like |
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1223 this: |
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1224 |
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1225 @example |
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1226 ^_execute: (message "This is an active node!") |
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1227 @end example |
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1228 @end vtable |
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1229 |
428 | 1230 |
5507
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1231 @node Expert Info |
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1232 @chapter Info for Experts |
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1233 |
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1234 This chapter explains how to write an Info file by hand. However, |
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1235 in most cases, writing a Texinfo file is better, since you can use it |
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1236 to make a printed manual or produce other formats, such as HTML and |
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1237 DocBook, as well as for generating Info files. |
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1238 |
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1239 The @code{makeinfo} command converts a Texinfo file into an Info file; |
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1240 @code{texinfo-format-region} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer} are |
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1241 XEmacs functions that do the same. |
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|
1242 |
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1243 @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
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1244 Documentation Format}, for how to write a Texinfo file. |
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1245 |
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1246 @xref{Creating an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU Documentation |
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1247 Format}, for how to create an Info file from a Texinfo file. |
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1248 |
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1249 @xref{Installing an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
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1250 Documentation Format}, for how to install an Info file after you |
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1251 have created one. |
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|
1252 |
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1253 However, if you want to edit an Info file manually and install it manually, |
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1254 here is how. |
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|
1255 |
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1256 @menu |
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1257 * Add:: Describes how to add new nodes to the hierarchy. |
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1258 Also tells what nodes look like. |
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1259 * Menus:: How to add to or create menus in Info nodes. |
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1260 * Cross-refs:: How to add cross-references to Info nodes. |
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1261 * Tags:: How to make tags tables for Info files. |
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1262 * Checking:: Checking an Info File. |
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1263 @end menu |
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1264 |
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1265 @node Add, Menus, , Expert Info |
428 | 1266 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1267 @section Adding a new node to Info | |
1268 | |
1269 To add a new topic to the list in the Info directory, you must: | |
5507
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|
1270 |
428 | 1271 @enumerate |
1272 @item | |
1273 Create some nodes, in some file, to document that topic. | |
1274 @item | |
1275 Put that topic in the menu in the directory. @xref{Menus, Menu}. | |
1276 @end enumerate | |
1277 | |
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1278 @cindex node delimiters |
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1279 The new node can live in an existing documentation file, or in a new |
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1280 one. It must have a @samp{^_} character before it (invisible to the |
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1281 user; this node has one but you cannot see it), and it ends with either |
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1282 a @samp{^_}, a @samp{^L} (``formfeed''), or the end of file.@footnote{If |
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1283 you put in a @samp{^L} to end a new node, be sure that there is a |
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1284 @samp{^_} after it to start the next one, since @samp{^L} cannot |
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1285 @emph{start} a node. Also, a nicer way to make a node boundary be a |
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1286 page boundary as well is to put a @samp{^L} @emph{right after} the |
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1287 @samp{^_}.} |
428 | 1288 |
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1289 The @samp{^_} starting a node must be followed by a newline or a |
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1290 @samp{^L} newline, after which comes the node's header line. The |
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1291 header line must give the node's name (by which Info finds it), and |
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1292 state the names of the @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and @samp{Up} |
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1293 nodes (if there are any). As you can see, this node's @samp{Up} node |
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1294 is the node @samp{Expert Info}. The @samp{Next} node is @samp{Menus}. |
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1295 |
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1296 @cindex node header line format |
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1297 @cindex format of node headers |
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1298 The keywords @dfn{Node}, @dfn{Next}, @dfn{Previous}, and @dfn{Up} |
428 | 1299 may appear in any order, anywhere in the header line, but the |
1300 recommended order is the one in this sentence. Each keyword must be | |
1301 followed by a colon, spaces and tabs, and then the appropriate name. | |
1302 The name may be terminated with a tab, a comma, or a newline. A space | |
1303 does not end it; node names may contain spaces. The case of letters | |
1304 in the names is insignificant. | |
1305 | |
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1306 @cindex node name format |
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|
1307 @cindex Directory node |
428 | 1308 A node name has two forms. A node in the current file is named by |
1309 what appears after the @samp{Node: } in that node's first line. For | |
1310 example, this node's name is @samp{Add}. A node in another file is | |
1311 named by @samp{(@var{filename})@var{node-within-file}}, as in | |
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1312 @samp{(info)Add} for this node. If the file name starts with @samp{./}, |
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1313 then it is relative to the current directory; otherwise, it is |
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1314 relative starting from the standard directory for Info files of your |
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1315 site. The name @samp{(@var{filename})Top} can be abbreviated to just |
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1316 @samp{(@var{filename})}. By convention, the name @samp{Top} is used |
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1317 for the ``highest'' node in any single file---the node whose @samp{Up} |
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1318 points out of the file. The @samp{Directory} node is @file{(dir)}, it |
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1319 points to a file @file{dir} which holds a large menu listing all the |
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1320 Info documents installed on your site. The @samp{Top} node of a |
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1321 document file listed in the @samp{Directory} should have an @samp{Up: |
428 | 1322 (dir)} in it. |
1323 | |
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1324 @cindex unstructured documents |
428 | 1325 The node name @kbd{*} is special: it refers to the entire file. |
1326 Thus, @kbd{g*} shows you the whole current file. The use of the | |
1327 node @kbd{*} is to make it possible to make old-fashioned, | |
1328 unstructured files into nodes of the tree. | |
1329 | |
1330 The @samp{Node:} name, in which a node states its own name, must not | |
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1331 contain a file name, since when Info searches for a node, it does not |
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1332 expect a file name to be there. The @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} and |
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1333 @samp{Up} names may contain them. In this node, since the @samp{Up} |
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1334 node is in the same file, it was not necessary to use one. |
428 | 1335 |
1336 Note that the nodes in this file have a file name in the header | |
1337 line. The file names are ignored by Info, but they serve as comments | |
1338 to help identify the node for the user. | |
1339 | |
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1340 @node Menus, Cross-refs, Add, Expert Info |
428 | 1341 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1342 @section How to Create Menus | |
1343 | |
1344 Any node in the Info hierarchy may have a @dfn{menu}---a list of subnodes. | |
1345 The @kbd{m} command searches the current node's menu for the topic which it | |
1346 reads from the terminal. | |
1347 | |
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|
1348 @cindex menu and menu entry format |
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1349 A menu begins with a line starting with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. The |
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1350 rest of the line is a comment. After the starting line, every line |
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1351 that begins with a @samp{* } lists a single topic. The name of the |
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1352 topic---what the user must type at the @kbd{m}'s command prompt to |
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1353 select this topic---comes right after the star and space, and is |
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1354 followed by a colon, spaces and tabs, and the name of the node which |
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1355 discusses that topic. The node name, like node names following |
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1356 @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} and @samp{Up}, may be terminated with a |
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1357 tab, comma, or newline; it may also be terminated with a period. |
428 | 1358 |
1359 If the node name and topic name are the same, then rather than | |
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1360 giving the name twice, the abbreviation @samp{* @var{name}::} may be |
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1361 used (and should be used, whenever possible, as it reduces the visual |
428 | 1362 clutter in the menu). |
1363 | |
1364 It is considerate to choose the topic names so that they differ | |
1365 from each other very near the beginning---this allows the user to type | |
1366 short abbreviations. In a long menu, it is a good idea to capitalize | |
1367 the beginning of each item name which is the minimum acceptable | |
1368 abbreviation for it (a long menu is more than 5 or so entries). | |
1369 | |
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1370 The nodes listed in a node's menu are called its ``subnodes,'' and it |
428 | 1371 is their ``superior''. They should each have an @samp{Up:} pointing at |
1372 the superior. It is often useful to arrange all or most of the subnodes | |
1373 in a sequence of @samp{Next} and @samp{Previous} pointers so that | |
1374 someone who wants to see them all need not keep revisiting the Menu. | |
1375 | |
1376 The Info Directory is simply the menu of the node @samp{(dir)Top}---that | |
1377 is, node @samp{Top} in file @file{.../info/dir}. You can put new entries | |
1378 in that menu just like any other menu. The Info Directory is @emph{not} the | |
1379 same as the file directory called @file{info}. It happens that many of | |
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1380 Info's files live in that file directory, but they do not have to; and |
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1381 files in that directory are not automatically listed in the Info |
428 | 1382 Directory node. |
1383 | |
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1384 Also, although the Info node graph is claimed to be a ``hierarchy,'' |
428 | 1385 in fact it can be @emph{any} directed graph. Shared structures and |
1386 pointer cycles are perfectly possible, and can be used if they are | |
1387 appropriate to the meaning to be expressed. There is no need for all | |
1388 the nodes in a file to form a connected structure. In fact, this file | |
1389 has two connected components. You are in one of them, which is under | |
1390 the node @samp{Top}; the other contains the node @samp{Help} which the | |
1391 @kbd{h} command goes to. In fact, since there is no garbage | |
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1392 collector on the node graph, nothing terrible happens if a substructure |
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1393 is not pointed to, but such a substructure is rather useless since nobody |
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1394 can ever find out that it exists. |
428 | 1395 |
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1396 @node Cross-refs, Tags, Menus, Expert Info |
428 | 1397 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1398 @section Creating Cross References | |
1399 | |
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1400 @cindex cross reference format |
428 | 1401 A cross reference can be placed anywhere in the text, unlike a menu |
1402 item which must go at the front of a line. A cross reference looks | |
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1403 like a menu item except that it has @samp{*note} instead of @samp{*}. |
428 | 1404 It @emph{cannot} be terminated by a @samp{)}, because @samp{)}'s are |
1405 so often part of node names. If you wish to enclose a cross reference | |
1406 in parentheses, terminate it with a period first. Here are two | |
1407 examples of cross references pointers: | |
1408 | |
1409 @example | |
1410 *Note details: commands. (See *note 3: Full Proof.) | |
1411 @end example | |
1412 | |
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1413 @noindent |
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1414 @emph{These are just examples.} The places they ``lead to'' do not |
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1415 really exist! |
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1416 |
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1417 @menu |
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1418 * Help-Cross:: Target of a cross-reference. |
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1419 @end menu |
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1420 |
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1421 |
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1422 @node Help-Cross, , , Cross-refs |
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1423 @subsection The node reached by the cross reference in Info |
5492
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1424 |
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1425 This is the node reached by the cross reference named @samp{Cross}. |
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1426 |
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1427 While this node is specifically intended to be reached by a cross |
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1428 reference, most cross references lead to nodes that ``belong'' |
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1429 someplace else far away in the structure of an Info document. So you |
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1430 cannot expect this node to have a @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} or |
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1431 @samp{Up} links pointing back to where you came from. In general, the |
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1432 @kbd{l} (el) command is the only way to get back there. |
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1433 |
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1434 @format |
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1435 >> Type @kbd{l} to return to the node where the cross reference was. |
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1436 @end format |
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1437 |
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1438 @node Tags, Checking, Cross-refs, Expert Info |
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1439 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1440 @section Tags Tables for Info Files |
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1441 |
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1442 @cindex tags tables in Info files |
428 | 1443 You can speed up the access to nodes of a large Info file by giving |
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1444 it a tags table. Unlike the tags table for a program, the tags table for |
428 | 1445 an Info file lives inside the file itself and is used |
1446 automatically whenever Info reads in the file. | |
1447 | |
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1448 @findex Info-tagify |
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1449 To make a tags table, go to a node in the file using XEmacs Info mode and type |
428 | 1450 @kbd{M-x Info-tagify}. Then you must use @kbd{C-x C-s} to save the |
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1451 file. Info files produced by the @code{makeinfo} command that is part |
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1452 of the Texinfo package always have tags tables to begin with. |
428 | 1453 |
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1454 @cindex stale tags tables |
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1455 @cindex update Info tags table |
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1456 Once the Info file has a tags table, you must make certain it is up |
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1457 to date. If you edit an Info file directly (as opposed to editing its |
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1458 Texinfo source), and, as a result of deletion of text, any node moves back |
428 | 1459 more than a thousand characters in the file from the position |
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1460 recorded in the tags table, Info will no longer be able to find that |
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1461 node. To update the tags table, use the @code{Info-tagify} command |
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1462 again. |
428 | 1463 |
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1464 An Info file tags table appears at the end of the file and looks like |
428 | 1465 this: |
1466 | |
1467 @example | |
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1468 ^_^L |
428 | 1469 Tag Table: |
1470 File: info, Node: Cross-refs^?21419 | |
1471 File: info, Node: Tags^?22145 | |
1472 ^_ | |
1473 End Tag Table | |
1474 @end example | |
1475 | |
1476 @noindent | |
1477 Note that it contains one line per node, and this line contains | |
1478 the beginning of the node's header (ending just after the node name), | |
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1479 a @samp{DEL} character, and the character position in the file of the |
428 | 1480 beginning of the node. |
1481 | |
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1482 @node Checking, , Tags, Expert Info |
428 | 1483 @section Checking an Info File |
1484 | |
1485 When creating an Info file, it is easy to forget the name of a node when | |
1486 you are making a pointer to it from another node. If you put in the | |
1487 wrong name for a node, this is not detected until someone tries to go | |
1488 through the pointer using Info. Verification of the Info file is an | |
1489 automatic process which checks all pointers to nodes and reports any | |
1490 pointers which are invalid. Every @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and | |
1491 @samp{Up} is checked, as is every menu item and every cross reference. In | |
1492 addition, any @samp{Next} which does not have a @samp{Previous} pointing | |
1493 back is reported. Only pointers within the file are checked, because | |
1494 checking pointers to other files would be terribly slow. But those are | |
1495 usually few. | |
1496 | |
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1497 @findex Info-validate |
428 | 1498 To check an Info file, do @kbd{M-x Info-validate} while looking at any |
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1499 node of the file with XEmacs Info mode. |
428 | 1500 |
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1501 @node Index |
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1502 @unnumbered Index |
428 | 1503 |
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1504 This is an alphabetical listing of all the commands, variables, and |
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1505 topics discussed in this document. |
428 | 1506 |
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1507 @printindex cp |
428 | 1508 |
1509 @bye | |
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1510 |
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1511 @ignore |
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1512 arch-tag: 965c1638-01d6-4156-9227-b10418b9d8e8 |
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1513 @end ignore |