annotate etc/TUTORIAL.pl @ 1100:d50ab2546522

[xemacs-hg @ 2002-11-11 18:52:57 by stephent] lesstif PROBLEM <87heeox7mz.fsf@tleepslib.sk.tsukuba.ac.jp>
author stephent
date Mon, 11 Nov 2002 18:52:57 +0000 (2002-11-11)
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children
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1 Copyright (c) 1985, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Szczeg�y na
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2 ko�cu pliku.
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3
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4 Czytasz w�a�nie kr�tki podr�cznik Emacsa.
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5
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6 Polecenia Emacsa og�lnie wymagaj� wci�ni�cia klawisza CONTROL (czasami
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7 oznaczanego CTRL lub CTL) lub klawisza META. Na niekt�rych
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8 klawiaturach klawisz META jest oznaczany ALT lub EDIT, albo jeszcze
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9 inaczej (na przyk�ad na klawiaturach firmy SUN klawisz ze znakiem karo
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10 na lewo od klawisza odst�pu to jest w�a�nie META). Je�li nie masz
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11 klawisza META, mo�esz w jego zast�pstwie u�ywa� ESC. Zamiast pisa�
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12 META czy CONTROL za ka�dym razem, gdy masz przycisn�� ten klawisz,
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13 u�ywa� b�dziemy nast�puj�cych skr�t�w:
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14
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15 C-<znak> oznacza trzymanie klawisza CONTROL podczas
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16 wciskania klawisza <znak>. Na przyk�ad C-f b�dzie odpowiada�o
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17 naci�ni�ciu f, podczas gdy klawisz CONTROL by� wci�ni�ty.
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18
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19 M-<znak> oznacza trzymanie klawisza META wci�ni�tego podczas
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20 wciskania klawisza <znak>. Je�li nie masz klawisza META,
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21 naci�nij i pu�� klawisz ESC, a potem naci�nij
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22 klawisz <znak>.
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23
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24 Uwaga: by zako�czy� sesje Emacsa naci�nij C-x C-c (dwa znaki).
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25
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26 Znaki ">>" na lewym marginesie w dalszej cz�ci tego podr�cznika
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27 oznaczaj� �wiczenia dla Ciebie. Na przyk�ad:
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28 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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29
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30 >> Teraz naci�nij C-v (nast�pny ekran), by przej�� na nast�pny ekran
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31 podr�cznika (zr�b to naciskaj�c jednocze�nie klawisz CONTROL
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32 i v). Od tego momentu powiniene� robi� to zawsze, gdy dojdziesz
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33 do ko�ca ekranu.
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34
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35 Zwr�� uwag� na to, ze kilka linii powtarza si�, gdy przechodzisz z
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36 ekranu na ekran; zachowanie to ma zapewni� pewna ci�g�o�� podczas
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37 przesuwania si� w obr�bie pliku.
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38
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39 Pierwsza umiej�tno�ci�, kt�ra powiniene� opanowa�, jest spos�b
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40 przesuwania si� z miejsca na miejsce. Ju� wiesz, jak przesuwa� si� o
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41 jeden ekran do przodu. By przesun�� si� o jeden ekran do tylu,
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42 wci�nij M-v (wci�nij META i naci�nij v, lub naci�nij <ESC>v je�li nie
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43 masz klawisza META lub EDIT).
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44
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45 >> Spr�buj nacisn�� M-v, a potem C-v by przesun�� si� w prz�d i w ty�
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46 kilka razy.
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47
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48
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49 PODSUMOWANIE
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50 ------------
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51
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52 Nast�puj�ce polecenia s� u�yteczne do przegl�dania po jednym ekranie:
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53
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54 C-v Przesu� si� o jeden ekran do przodu
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55 M-v Przesu� si� o jeden ekran do tylu
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56 C-l Wyczy�� ekran i wy�wietl go na nowo, umieszczaj�c
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57 tekst z okolic kursora w �rodku ekranu.
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58 (Ta kombinacja to CONTROL-L, a nie CONTROL-1.)
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59
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60 >> Znajd� kursor i zapami�taj, jaki tekst jest w jego okolicy.
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61 Naci�nij nast�pnie C-l.
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62 Znajd� kursor jeszcze raz i zwr�� uwag�, �e znajduje
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63 si� on w okolicy tego samego tekstu.
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64
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65
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66 PODSTAWY KIEROWANIA KURSOREM
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67 ----------------------------
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68
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69 Przesuwanie si� z ekranu na ekran jest u�yteczne, ale jak przej�� do
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70 okre�lonego miejsca w obr�bie jednego ekranu?
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71
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72 Mo�na to zrobi� na kilka sposob�w. Najprostszym jest u�ycie polece�
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73 C-p, C-b, C-f oraz C-n. Ka�de z tych polece� przesuwa kursor o jeden
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74 wiersz lub kolumn� w okre�lonym kierunku. Oto schemat, kt�ry to
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75 obrazuje:
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76
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77 Poprzednia linia, C-p
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78 (ang. previous line)
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79 :
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80 :
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81 Wstecz, C-b .... Kursor .... Do przodu, C-f
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82 (ang. back) : (ang. forward)
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83 :
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84 :
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85 Nast�pna linia, C-n
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86 (ang. next line)
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87
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88 >> Przesu� kursor na �rodek schematu za pomoc� C-n lub C-p. Naci�nij
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89 potem C-l, by zobaczy� ca�y diagram na �rodku ekranu.
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90
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91 To s� podstawowe polecenia kieruj�ce po�o�eniem kursora, kt�rych
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92 b�dziesz u�ywa� nieustannnie, warto wi�c je zapami�ta�.
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93
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94 >> Naci�nij kilka razy C-n, by przesun�� kursor do tej linii.
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95
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96 >> Przesu� si� w g��b linii za pomoc� C-f, a potem do g�ry za pomoc�
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97 C-p. Zwr�� uwag� na zachowanie si� C-p, gdy kursor jest w �rodku
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98 linii.
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99
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100 Ka�da linia tekstu ko�czy si� znakiem nowej linii, kt�ry oddziela ja
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101 od nast�pnej. Ka�dy Tw�j plik powinien ko�czy� si� znakiem nowej
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102 linii (ale Emacs nie zmusza Ci� do tego).
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103
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104 >> Spr�buj nacisn�� C-b na pocz�tku linii. Powinno to Ci� przenie��
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105 na koniec poprzedniej linii. Dzieje si� tak dlatego, �e kursor
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106 przechodzi nad znakiem nowej linii.
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107
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108 C-f przechodzi nad znakiem nowej linii tak samo jak C-b.
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109
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110 >> Naci�nij kilka razy C-b, by� dostrzeg�, gdzie jest kursor.
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111 Naci�nij potem C-f, by wr�ci� na koniec linii. W ko�cu naci�nij
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112 jeszcze raz C-f, by przej�� do nast�pnej linii.
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113
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114 Gdy przesuwasz kursor poza dolna kraw�d� ekranu, tekst za kraw�dzi�
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115 przesuwa si� na ekran (ang. scrolling). Dzi�ki temu Emacs mo�e
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116 przesun�� kursor do okre�lonego miejsca bez umieszczania go poza
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117 ekranem.
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118
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119 >> Spr�buj przesun�� kursor poza dolna granice ekranu za pomoc� C-n i
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120 zobacz co si� stanie.
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121
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122 Je�li przesuwanie si� o jeden znak na raz jest dla Ciebie za wolne,
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123 spr�buj przesuwa� si� o s�owa. M-f (Meta-f) przesuwa kursor do przodu
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124 o s�owo, a M-b przesuwa go do tylu o jedno s�owo.
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125
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126 >> Spr�buj nacisn�� kilka M-f i M-b.
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127
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128 Gdy jeste� w �rodku s�owa, M-f przesuwa kursor na koniec s�owa. Je�li
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129 natomiast jeste� w przerwie miedzy s�owami, M-f przesuwa kursor na
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130 koniec nast�pnego s�owa. M-b zachowuje si� podobnie, jak chodzi o
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131 ruch do ty�u.
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132
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133 >> Naci�nij M-f i M-b kilka razy na przemian z C-f i C-b tak, by�
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134 m�g� zauwa�y� dzia�anie M-f i M-b naci�nietych w r�nych miejscach
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135 wewn�trz i pomi�dzy s�owami.
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136
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137 Zauwa� podobie�stwo pomi�dzy C-f i C-b oraz M-f i M-b. Bardzo cz�sto
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138 kombinacje zawieraj�ce Meta opisuj� operacje zwi�zane z jednostkami
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139 j�zykowymi (s�owa, zdania, akapity), podczas gdy kombinacje oparte o
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140 Control dzia�aj� na podstawowych jednostkach niezale�nych od tego, co
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141 edytujesz (znaki, linie, itd.).
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142
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143 Ta zale�no�� stosuje si� do linii i zda�: C-a i C-e przesuwaj� kursor
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144 na pocz�tek i koniec linii, a M-a i M-e przesuwaj� go na pocz�tek i
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145 koniec zdania.
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146
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147 >> Naci�nij kilka razy C-a, a potem kilka razy C-e.
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148 Powt�rz to z M-a, a potem z M-e.
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149
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150 Czy zauwa�y�e�, ze powtarzanie C-a nic nie zmienia, natomiast powt�rne
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151 M-a przesuwa Ci� o jedno zdanie? Chocia� nie jest to do ko�ca
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152 analogiczne, wydaje si� jednak naturalne.
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153
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154 Po�o�enie kursora w tek�cie okre�lane jest mianem "punktu".
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155
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156 Oto podsumowanie prostych polece� s�u��cych do przesuwania kursora,
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157 w��cznie z operacjami dotycz�cymi s��w i zda�:
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158
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159 C-f Do przodu o jeden znak
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160 C-b W ty� o jeden znak
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161
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162 M-f Do przodu o s�owo
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163 M-b W ty� o s�owo
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164
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165 C-n Nast�pna linia
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166 C-p Poprzednia linia
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167
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168 C-a Pocz�tek linii
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169 C-e Koniec linii
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170
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171 M-a W ty� na pocz�tek zdania
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172 M-e Do przodu na koniec zdania
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173
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174 >> Prze�wicz kilka razy wszystkie powy�sze polecenia dla wprawy.
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175 S� one najcz�ciej u�ywanymi poleceniami.
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176
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177 Dwa inne wa�ne polecenia przesuwaj�ce kursor to M-< (Meta i znak
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178 mniejszo�ci), kt�re przesuwa kursor na pocz�tek ca�ego tekstu i M->
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179 (Meta i znak wi�kszo�ci), kt�re przesuwa kursor na koniec ca�ego
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180 tekstu.
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181
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182 Na wi�kszo�ci terminali "<" jest nad przecinkiem, tak wiec musisz u�y�
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183 klawisza Shift by nacisn�� "<". Musisz wiec tak�e u�y� Shift by
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184 nacisn�� M-<. Bez Shift by�oby to M-przecinek.
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185
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186 >> Naci�nij M-< by przej�� na pocz�tek podr�cznika. U�yj potem C-v
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187 kilkukrotnie, by wr�ci� tutaj.
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188
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189 >> Teraz naci�nij M->, by przej�� na koniec podr�cznika. Wr�� do tego
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190 miejsca za pomoc� kilkukrotnego M-v.
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191
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192 Je�li Tw�j terminal ma klawisze strza�ek, to mo�esz ich u�y� do
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193 przesuwania kursora. Zalecamy Ci nauczenie si� kombinacji C-b, C-f,
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194 C-n i C-p z trzech powod�w. Po pierwsze, dzia�aj� one na wszystkich
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195 typach terminali. Po drugie, gdy ju� zdob�dziesz pewna praktyk� w
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196 pos�ugiwaniu si� Emacsem, b�dzie Ci szybciej nacisn�� te kombinacje
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197 ni� klawisze strza�ek (poniewa� nie wymaga to przenoszenia d�oni z
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198 miejsca, kt�re zajmuj� podczas szybkiego pisania za pomoc� 10 palc�w).
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199 Po trzecie wreszcie, gdy ju� wyrobisz sobie zwyczaj pos�ugiwania si�
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200 tymi poleceniami z klawiszem Control, b�dziesz m�g� �atwo nauczy� si�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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201 innych zaawansowanych polece� przesuwaj�cych kursor.
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202
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203 Wi�kszo�� polece� Emacsa akceptuje argument liczbowy; dla wi�kszo�ci
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204 polece� s�u�y on jako liczba powt�rze�. Spos�b, w jaki okre�lasz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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205 liczb� powt�rze� polecenia, to naci�niecie C-u a potem cyfr, zanim
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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206 naci�niesz polecenie. Je�li masz klawisz META (lub EDIT lub ALT),
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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207 alternatywnym sposobem jest wciskanie klawiszy cyfr podczas
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208 wprowadzania argumentu liczbowego. Zalecamy nauczenie si� metody
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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209 klawisza C-u, poniewa� dzia�a ona na wszystkich terminalach.
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210
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211 Na przyk�ad C-u 8 C-f przesuwa kursor do przodu o osiem znak�w.
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212
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213 >> Spr�buj u�y� C-n i C-p z argumentem liczbowym, by przesun�� kursor
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214 do jednej z linii w pobli�u tego zdania za pomoc� tylko jednego
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215 polecenia.
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216
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217 Wi�kszo�� polece� u�ywa argumentu liczbowego jako liczba powt�rze�.
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218 Jest kilka polece�, kt�re u�ywaj� go w inny spos�b. C-v i M-v s�
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219 w�r�d tych wyj�tk�w. Je�li poda si� im argument, przesuwaj� zawarto��
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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220 ekranu w gore lub w d� o podana liczb� linii zamiast o tyle� ekran�w.
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221 Na przyk�ad C-u 4 C-v przewija ekran o 4 linie.
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222
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223 >> Spr�buj nacisn�� C-u 8 C-v.
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224
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225 To powinno by�o przewin�� ekran do g�ry o 8 linii. Je�li chcia�by�
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226 przewin�� go w d�, mo�esz poda� argument przed poleceniem M-v.
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227
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228 Je�li u�ywasz systemu X-Windows, prawdopodobnie po prawej stronie okna
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229 Emacsa znajduje si� prostok�tny obszar, nazywany po angielsku
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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230 "scrollbar". Za jego pomoc� mo�esz przewija� tekst, u�ywaj�c do tego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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231 celu myszy.
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232
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233 >> Spr�buj nacisn�� �rodkowy klawisz myszy u g�ry pod�wietlonego
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diff changeset
234 obszaru na scrollbarze. To powinno przewin�� tekst do miejsca
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
235 okre�lonego wysoko�ci�, na kt�rej nacisn��e� klawisz myszy.
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236
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237 >> Przesu� mysz do miejsca oddalonego od g�rnego ko�ca scrollbaru
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238 mniej wi�cej o trzy linie i naci�nij lewy klawisz myszy kilka razy.
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239
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240
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241 * KIEROWANIE KURSOREM Z X TERMINALA
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242 -----------------------------------
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243
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244 Je�li masz X terminal, prawdopodobnie �atwiej Ci b�dzie u�ywa�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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diff changeset
245 klawiszy strza�ek po prawej stronie klawiatury do kierowania kursorem.
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246 Klawisze strza�ek w lewo, w prawo, w g�r� i w d� dzia�aj� zgodnie z
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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247 oczekiwaniem; odpowiadaj� one dok�adnie C-b, C-f, C-p i C-n, ale s�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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248 �atwiejsze do zapami�tania. Mo�esz tak�e u�ywa� C-lewo i C-prawo by
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249 przesuwa� si� o s�owa oraz C-g�ra i C-d�, by przesuwa� si� o bloki
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cvs
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diff changeset
250 (np. akapity, je�li edytujesz tekst). Je�li masz klawisze oznaczone
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
251 HOME (lub BEGIN) oraz END, zanios� Ci� one na pocz�tek i koniec linii,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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252 a C-home i C-end na pocz�tek i koniec pliku. Je�li Twoja klawiatura
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253 ma klawisze PgUp i PgDn, mo�esz ich u�y� do przesuwania si� o jeden
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254 ekran za jednym razem, tak jak M-v i C-v.
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255
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256 Wszystkie te polecenia akceptuj� argument liczbowy, jak to jest
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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parents:
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257 opisane powy�ej. Mo�esz stosowa� pewne skr�ty w celu wpisania tych
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diff changeset
258 argument�w: naci�nij i trzymaj CONTROL lub META i wpisz liczb�. Na
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parents:
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259 przyk�ad, by przesun�� kursor o 12 s��w w prawo naci�nij C-1 C-2
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parents:
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260 C-prawo. Zwr�� uwag�, ze jest to �atwe do wpisania, poniewa� nie
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261 musisz puszcza� klawisza CONTROL podczas wciskania klawiszy.
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262
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263
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parents:
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264 * GDY EMACS JEST ZABLOKOWANY
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265 ----------------------------
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266
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267 Je�li Emacs przestaje odpowiada� na Twoje polecenia, mo�esz go
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268 bezpiecznie zatrzyma� przyciskaj�c C-g. Mo�esz u�y� C-g do przerwania
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parents:
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269 polecenia, kt�re zabiera zbyt wiele czasu.
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270
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271 Mo�esz u�y� C-g tak�e, by anulowa� argument liczbowy lub pocz�tek
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parents:
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272 polecenia, kt�rego nie chcesz doka�cza�.
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273
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274 >> Napisz C-u 100 jako argument liczbowy, po czym naci�nij C-g.
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parents:
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275 Teraz naci�nij C-f. Powinno przesun�� to kursor o tylko jeden
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parents:
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276 znak, poniewa� anulowa�e� argument za pomoc� C-g.
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parents:
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277
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parents:
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278 Je�li nacisn��e� <ESC> przez pomy�k�, mo�esz tego si� pozby� za pomoc�
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parents:
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279 C-g.
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280
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281
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282 * ZABLOKOWANE POLECENIA
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parents:
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283 -----------------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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284
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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parents:
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285 Pewne polecenia Emacsa s� "zablokowane", tak by pocz�tkuj�cy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
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parents:
diff changeset
286 u�ytkownicy nie mogli ich wywo�a� przez przypadek.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
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287
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
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288 Je�li wywo�asz jedno z zablokowanych polece�, Emacs wypisze komunikat
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cvs
parents:
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289 informuj�cy o tym, co to za polecenie, i zapyta Ci�, czy chcesz je
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cvs
parents:
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290 wywo�a�.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
291
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
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292 Je�li naprawd� chcesz wywo�a� to polecenie, naci�nij spacje w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
293 odpowiedzi na pytanie. Je�li nie chcesz wywo�a� zablokowanego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
294 polecenia, odpowiedz na pytanie naciskaj�c "n".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
295
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
296 >> Napisz `C-x n p' (co jest zablokowanym poleceniem) i odpowiedz "n"
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
297 na zadane pytanie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
298
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
299
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
300 * OKNA
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
301 ------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
302
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
303 Emacs mo�e mi�� kilka okien, ka�de wy�wietlaj�ce w�asny tekst. Zwr��
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
304 uwag�, ze "okno" je�li chodzi o Emacsa, nie odnosi si� do osobnego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
305 okienka systemu okienkowego, ale do pojedynczego panelu wewn�trz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
306 okienka systemu X-Windows. (Emacs mo�e mi�� kilka X-okien, lub
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
307 "ramek" w terminologii Emacsa. Opisane jest to poni�ej.)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
308
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
309 Na tym etapie lepiej jest si� nie zag��bia� w techniki wykorzystuj�ce
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
310 kilka okien. Powiniene� jedynie wiedzie�, w jaki spos�b pozby� si�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
311 nadmiaru okien, kt�re mog� pojawi� si� jako sk�adniki systemu pomocy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
312 lub wynik pewnych polece�. Robi si� to w prosty spos�b:
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
313
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
314 C-x 1 Jedno okno (tzn. zabij wszystkie inne okna).
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
315
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
316 Kombinacja ta to Control-x, po kt�rym wyst�puje cyfra 1. C-x 1
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
317 powi�ksza okno, w kt�rym jest kursor tak, by zaj�o ca�y ekran.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
318 Kasuje to wszystkie inne okna Emacsa.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
319
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
320 >> Przesu� kursor do tej linii i naci�nij C-u 0 C-l.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
321
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
322 (C-l, jak pami�tasz od�wie�a zawarto�� ekranu. Je�li poda si� temu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
323 poleceniu argument liczbowy, b�dzie to oznacza�o "od�wie� zawarto��
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
324 ekranu i umie�� bie��ca linie o tyle linii od g�ry ekranu". Tak wiec
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
325 C-u 0 C-1 oznacza "od�wie� ekran, umieszczaj�c bie��ca linie na samej
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
326 g�rze".)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
327
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
328 >> Naci�nij Control-x 2
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
329 Zauwa� jak okno si� kurczy, podczas gdy nowe okno pojawia si�,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
330 wy�wietlaj�c zawarto�� tego bufora.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
331
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
332 >> Naci�nij C-x 1 i nowe okno zniknie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
333
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
334
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
335 * WSTAWIANIE I USUWANIE
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
336 -----------------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
337
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
338 Je�li chcesz wstawia� tekst, po prostu go napisz. Znaki, kt�re da si�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
339 wy�wietli�, takie jak A, 7, *, itd, Emacs traktuje jako tekst i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
340 wstawia natychmiast do bufora. Naci�nij <Return> (znak powrotu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
341 karetki), by wstawi� znak nowej linii.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
342
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
343 Ostatni znak, kt�ry napisa�e� mo�esz skasowa� przez naci�niecie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
344 klawisza <Delete>. Klawisz ten mo�e by� oznaczony "Del". W pewnych
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
345 wypadkach klawisz "Backspace" mo�e s�u�y� za <Delete>, ale nie jest to
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
346 regu��!
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
347
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
348 Og�lniej, <Delete> usuwa znak bezpo�rednio przed bie��ca pozycj�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
349 kursora.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
350
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
351 >> Zr�b to teraz: wstaw kilka znak�w, po czym usu� je za pomaca
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
352 kilkukrotnego naci�ni�cia <Delete>. Nie przejmuj si� tym,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
353 �e zmieniasz ten plik; nie zmienisz w ten spos�b g��wnego pliku
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
354 podr�cznika. To jest Twoja w�asna kopia.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
355
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
356 Gdy linia tekstu staje si� zbyt d�uga, by zmie�ci� si� w jednym
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
357 wierszu na ekranie, jest ona "kontynuowana" w nast�pnym wierszu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
358 ekranu. Znak "backslash" (`\') na prawym marginesie pozwala Ci
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
359 rozpozna� takie linie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
360
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
361 >> Wpisuj jaki� tekst tak d�ugo, a� dojdziesz do prawego marginesu, i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
362 potem nie przestawaj. Zauwa�ysz, ze pojawi si� linia kontynuacji.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
363
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
364 >> U�yj <Delete> by usun�� tekst tak, by linia znowu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
365 mie�ci�a si� na ekranie. Linia kontynuacji zniknie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
366
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
367 Znak nowej linii mo�e by� kasowany tak, jak ka�dy inny znak.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
368 Usuniecie znaku nowej linii ��czy je w jedna. Je�li powsta�a w wyniku
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
369 tego linia jest zbyt d�uga, by zmie�ci� si� na szeroko�� ekranu,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
370 zostanie ona wy�wietlona z lini� kontynuacji.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
371
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
372 >> Przesu� kursor na pocz�tek linii i naci�nij <Delete>. Bie��ca
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
373 linia zostanie po��czona z poprzednia.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
374
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
375 >> Naci�nij <Return>, by z powrotem wstawi� znak nowej linii, kt�ry
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
376 skasowa�e�.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
377
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
378 Pami�taj, ze wi�kszo�� polece� Emacsa mo�e zosta� wywo�anych z
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
379 parametrem liczby powt�rze�; dotyczy to tak�e znak�w tekstu. Argument
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
380 liczbowy powoduje wstawienie znaku kilkukrotnie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
381
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
382 >> Spr�buj zrobi� to teraz -- naci�nij C-u 8 * by uzyska� ********.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
383
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
384 Nauczy�e� si� ju� wi�kszej cz�ci podstawowych sposob�w pisania oraz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
385 poprawiania b��d�w. W Emacsie mo�esz usuwa� r�wnie� cale s�owa lub
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
386 cale linie. Oto podsumowanie operacji usuwania znak�w:
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
387
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
388 <Delete> usu� znak bezpo�rednio przed kursorem
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
389 C-d usu� znak bezpo�rednio za kursorem
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
390
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
391 M-<Delete> wytnij s�owo bezpo�rednio przed kursorem
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
392 M-d wytnij nast�pne s�owo bezpo�rednio za kursorem
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
393
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
394 C-k wytnij zawarto�� linii od kursora do jej ko�ca
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
395 M-k wytnij wszystkie znaki od kursora do ko�ca zdania
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
396
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
397 Zauwa�, ze <Delete> i C-d w po��czeniu z M-<Delete> i M-d rozszerzaj�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
398 regule rozpocz�t� przez C-f i M-f (C�, <Delete> tak naprawd� nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
399 wymaga wci�ni�cia Control, ale pomi�my to milczeniem). C-k i M-k s�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
400 podobne do C-e i M-e w sensie, �e linie s� odpowiednikami zda�.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
401
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
402 Gdy usuwasz wi�cej ni� jeden znak naraz, Emacs zachowuje usuni�ty
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
403 tekst tak, by� m�g� go gdzie� wstawi� z powrotem. Wstawianie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
404 usuni�tego tekstu to "wklejanie". Mo�esz wkleja� usuni�ty tekst b�d�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
405 to w to samo miejsce, z kt�rego zosta� usuni�ty, b�d� to w inne
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
406 miejsca. Ten sam tekst mo�esz wkleja� kilkukrotnie, w celu uzyskania
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
407 wielu kopii. Poleceniem, kt�re wkleja tekst jest C-y.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
408
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
409 Zauwa� r�nic� pomi�dzy "wycinaniem" i "usuwaniem", polegaj�c� na tym,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
410 ze wyci�te rzeczy mog� by� wklejone na nowo, natomiast usuni�te nie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
411 W og�lno�ci, polecenia, kt�re kasuj� du�o tekstu zachowuj� go, podczas
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
412 gdy polecenia, kt�re usuwaj� po prostu jeden znak lub puste linie i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
413 przerwy, nie zachowuj� usuni�tego tekstu.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
414
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
415 >> Przesu� kursor na pocz�tek linii, kt�ra nie jest pusta. Naci�nij
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
416 C-k, by wyci�� tekst z tej linii.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
417
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
418 >> Naci�nij C-k jeszcze raz. Zauwa�, ze wycina to znak nowej linii,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
419 kt�ry znajduje si� za ta linia.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
420
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
421 Zwr�� uwag�, ze pojedyncze C-k wycina zawarto�� linii, a powt�rne C-k
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
422 wycina sam� linie tak, �e pozosta�e linie przesuwaj� si� do g�ry. C-k
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
423 traktuje argument liczbowy w specjalny spos�b: wycina ono tyle linii
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
424 ORAZ ich zawarto��. To nie jest samo powtarzanie kilka razy C-k. C-u
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
425 2 C-k wycina dwie linie i ich znaki nowej linii; dwukrotne naci�niecie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
426 C-k nie zrobi�oby tego.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
427
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
428 By odzyska� ostatnio wyci�ty tekst i wstawi� go w miejsce kursora,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
429 naci�nij C-y.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
430
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
431 >> Twoja kolej. Naci�nij C-y, by z powrotem wstawi� tekst.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
432
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
433 Zwr�� uwag�, ze je�li naci�niesz C-k kilka razy pod rz�d, ca�y wyci�ty
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
434 tekst jest zachowywany w jednym kawa�ku tak, �e jedno C-y wklei
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
435 wszystkie linie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
436
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
437 >> Naci�nij C-k kilka razy.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
438
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
439 By odzyska� ten wyci�ty tekst...
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
440
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
441 >> ...naci�nij C-y. Przesu� potem kursor o kilka linii w d� i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
442 naci�nij C-y jeszcze raz. Widzisz, ze wstawia to ten sam tekst.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
443
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
444 Co zrobi�, je�li chcesz wstawi� tekst, kt�ry wcze�niej wyci��e�, a
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
445 potem wycinasz cos innego? C-y wstawia tekst ostatnio wyci�ty.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
446 Poprzedni fragment nie jest jednak stracony. Mo�esz wr�ci� do niego,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
447 u�ywaj�c polecenia M-y. Po tym, jak naci�niesz C-y, by wstawi�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
448 ostatnio wyci�ty tekst, naci�niecie M-y zast�puje wstawiony tekst
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
449 poprzednio wyci�tym. Dalsze naciskanie M-y przywo�uje coraz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
450 wcze�niejsze fragmenty tekstu. Gdy dojdziesz do tekstu, kt�rego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
451 szuka�e�, nie musisz robi� nic, by zosta� on we w�a�ciwym miejscu. Po
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
452 prostu kontynuuj edycj� tekstu, pozostawiaj�c wklejony tekst tam,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
453 gdzie si� znajduje.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
454
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
455 Je�li b�dziesz naciska� M-y wystarczaj�co wiele razy, dojdziesz do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
456 punktu, z kt�rego wystartowa�e� (tekst ostatnio wyci�ty).
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
457
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
458 >> Wytnij jak�� line, zmie� pozycj� kursora i wytnij inna. Naci�nij
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
459 potem C-y by wstawi� druga z wyci�tych linii. Potem naci�nij M-y,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
460 i linia ta zostanie zast�piona przez ta pierwsza. Naci�nij M-y
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
461 jeszcze kilka razy, by zobaczy� co si� dzieje. Powtarzaj to tak
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
462 d�ugo, a� druga z linii pojawi si� z powrotem. Je�li chcesz,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
463 mo�esz pod�� M-y dodatnie i ujemne argumenty.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
464
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
465
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
466 * COFNIJ
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
467 --------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
468
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
469 Je�li wprowadzisz zmiany do tekstu, a potem dojdziesz do wniosku, �e
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
470 to by�a pomy�ka, mo�esz cofn�� te zmiany za pomoc� polecenia "cofnij"
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
471 (ang. undo), C-x u.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
472
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
473 C-x u cofa zmiany wprowadzone przez jedno polecenie; je�li powt�rzysz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
474 C-x u kilka razy pod rz�d, ka�de powt�rzenie cofa koleje polecenie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
475
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
476 Od tej regu�y s� dwa wyj�tki: polecenia, kt�re nie zmieniaj� tekstu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
477 nie licz� si� jako polecenia, kt�re mo�na cofn�� (zar�wno przesuni�cia
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
478 kursora, jak i przewijanie tekstu), oraz znaki wstawiane do tekstu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
479 (np. litery) ��czone s� w grupy do 20. (Ma to na celu zredukowanie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
480 liczby naci�ni�� C-x u, kt�re musia�by� wykona�, by cofn�� wstawianie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
481 tekstu.)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
482
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
483 >> Wytnij te linie za pomoc� C-k, a potem naci�nij C-x u i linia
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
484 powinna pojawi� si� tu z powrotem.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
485
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
486 C-_ jest innym sposobem wywo�ania polecenia "cofnij"; dzia�a to
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
487 dok�adnie tak samo jak C-x u, jest jedynie �atwiejsze do naci�ni�cia
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
488 kilka razy pod rz�d. Wada C-_ jest to, ze nie jest to oczywiste w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
489 jaki spos�b nacisn�� te kombinacje na niekt�rych klawiaturach. To
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
490 w�a�nie dlatego C-x u jest tak�e dost�pne. Na niekt�rych terminalach
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
491 mo�esz nacisn�� C-_ poprzez przytrzymanie CTRL i naci�niecie /.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
492
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
493 Argument liczbowy podany przed C-_ lub C-x u okre�la liczb� powt�rze�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
494 tego polecenia.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
495
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
496
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
497 * PLIKI
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
498 -------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
499
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
500 Aby edytowny przez Ciebie tekst zosta� nma trwa�e zachowany, musisz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
501 umie�ci� go w pliku. W przeciwnym wypadku zniknie on, gdy Emacs w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
502 kt�rym go edytowa�e� zostanie zamkni�ty. Zachowywanie Twojego tekstu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
503 w pliku nazywane bywa "odwiedzaniem" lub "znajdywaniem" pliku (ang.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
504 "visiting" lub "finding").
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
505
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
506 Odwiedzanie pliku oznacza, �e jego zawarto�� zostaje wy�wietlona w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
507 Emacsie. Bardzo cz�sto sprowadza si� to do edycji samego pliku.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
508 Jednak�e zmiany, kt�re wprowadzasz nie s� trwa�e do momentu, w kt�rym
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
509 "zachowasz" plik (ang. save). Zapobiega to sytuacji, w kt�rej
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
510 zostawiasz w systemie plik, kt�ry zosta� tylko w po�owie zmieniony, a
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
511 tego nie chcesz zrobi�. Nawet wtedy, gdy zachowujesz plik, Emacs
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
512 zostawia orygina� zachowany pod inna nazwa na wypadek, gdyby� doszed�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
513 do wniosku, �e wprowadzone zmiany by�y b��dne.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
514
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
515 Je�li popatrzysz na d� ekranu, zauwa�ysz linie, kt�ra zaczyna i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
516 ko�czy si� my�lnikami i zawiera tekst "XEmacs: TUTORIAL". W tej
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
517 cz�ci ekranu zawsze mo�esz znale�� nazw� pliku, kt�ry w�a�nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
518 odwiedzasz. W tej chwili odwiedzasz plik o nazwie "TUTORIAL", kt�ry
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
519 jest Twoja w�asn� kopi� podr�cznika Emacsa. Oboj�tnie jaki plik
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
520 odwiedzisz, jego nazwa pojawi si� dok�adnie w tym miejscu.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
521
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
522 Polecenia, kt�re s�u�� do odwiedzania i zachowywania plik�w r�ni� si�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
523 od innych polece�, kt�re pozna�e� tym, �e sk�adaj� si� one z dw�ch
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
524 znak�w. Obydwa zaczynaj� si� od znaku Control-x. Jest mn�stwo
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
525 polece�, kt�re zaczynaj� si� od tego w�a�nie znaku; wiele z nich
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
526 dotyczy plik�w, bufor�w i z tym zwi�zanych rzeczy. Polecenia te maj�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
527 d�ugo�� dw�ch, trzech lub czterech znak�w.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
528
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
529 Kolejn� nowa rzecz� odno�nie polecenia odwiedzania pliku jest to, �e
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
530 musisz mu pod�� nazw� pliku, kt�ry chcesz znale��. M�wimy o tym, �e
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
531 polecenie "czyta argument z terminala" (w tym wypadku argument jest
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
532 nazwa pliku). Po tym, gdy wpiszesz polecenie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
533
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
534 C-x C-f znajd� plik (ang. find a file)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
535
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
536 Emacs poprosi Ci� o wpisanie nazwy pliku. Nazwa ta pojawia si� w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
537 dolnej linii ekranu. Lini� t� nazywa si� "minibuforem" (ang.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
538 "minibuffer") wtedy, gdy jest u�ywana do wprowadzania tego typu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
539 danych. Do edycji nazwy pliku u�ywasz zwyk�ych polece� Emacsa.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
540
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
541 Wprowadzanie nazwy pliku (lub jakichkolwiek innych danych w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
542 minibuforze) mo�e zosta� anulowane za pomoc� C-g.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
543
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
544 >> Naci�nij C-x C-f, po czym naci�nij C-g. Na skutek tego zniknie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
545 minibufor oraz przerwane zostanie polecenie C-x C-f, kt�re tego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
546 minibufora u�ywa�o. W rezultacie wi�c nie odwiedzisz �adnego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
547 pliku.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
548
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
549 Gdy sko�czysz wpisywa� nazw� pliku, naci�nij <Return>, po czym
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
550 polecenie C-x C-f zabierze si� do roboty i znajdzie plik, kt�ry
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
551 wybra�e�. Minibufor znika z chwil� zako�czenia wykonywania polecenia
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
552 C-x C-f.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
553
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
554 Po chwili zawarto�� pliku pojawia si� na ekranie i mo�esz j� edytowa�.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
555 Gdy chcesz zachowa� zmiany, tak by je utrwali�, wydaj polecenie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
556
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
557 C-x C-s zachowaj plik (ang. save).
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
558
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
559 Kopiuje to tekst z Emacsa do pliku. Za pierwszym razem gdy to robisz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
560 Emacs zmienia nazw� oryginalnego pliku poprzez dodanie "~" na ko�cu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
561 jego nazwy.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
562
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
563 Gdy zachowywanie sko�czy si�, Emacs wypisuje nazw� zapisanego pliku.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
564 Pliki powiniene� zachowywa� stosunkowo cz�sto, tak by nie straci� za
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
565 du�o w przypadku za�amania systemu.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
566
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
567 >> Naci�nij C-x C-s by zachowa� swoja kopie podr�cznika. Emacs
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
568 powinien wypisa� "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" na dole ekranu.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
569
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
570 UWAGA: W niekt�rych systemach naci�niecie C-x C-s zamrozi ekran i nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
571 zobaczysz �adnego tekstu z Emacsa. Oznacza to, �e sk�adowa systemu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
572 operacyjnego, zwana kontrol� przep�ywu (ang. flow control)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
573 przechwyci�a C-s i nie pozwoli�a mu doj�� do Emacsa. By odzyska�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
574 kontrole nad ekranem, naci�nij C-q. Dodatkowej pomocy poszukaj w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
575 rozdziale "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" w podr�czniku
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
576 Emacsa.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
577
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
578 Mo�esz odwiedzi� istniej�ce pliki w celu ich edycji lub czytania.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
579 Mo�esz tak�e odwiedzi� plik, kt�ry jeszcze nie istnieje. W ten
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
580 w�a�nie spos�b tworzy si� w Emacsie nowe pliki: odwied� plik, co da Ci
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
581 nowe puste miejsce, a potem zacznij wstawia� tekst. Gdy za��dasz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
582 zachowania pliku, wtedy Emacs naprawd� utworzy plik z tekstem, kt�ry
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
583 wpisa�e�. Od tego momentu mo�esz uwa�a�, �e edytujesz istniej�cy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
584 plik.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
585
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
586
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
587 * BUFORY
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
588 --------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
589
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
590 Je�li odwiedzisz inny plik za pomoc� C-x C-f, poprzedni plik pozostaje
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
591 w Emacsie. Mo�esz prze��czy� si� do niego, odwiedzaj�c go jeszcze raz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
592 za pomoc� C-x C-f. W ten spos�b mo�esz w Emacsie mi�� ca�kiem du�o
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
593 plik�w.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
594
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
595 >> Utw�rz plik o nazwie "foo" za pomoc� C-x C-f foo <Return>.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
596 Wpisz w niego jaki� tekst i zachowaj "foo" za pomoc� C-x C-s.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
597 W ko�cu napisz C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>, by wr�ci� do podr�cznika.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
598
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
599 Emacs przechowuje tekst ka�dego pliku w obiekcie, zwanym "buforem".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
600 Odwiedzenie pliku tworzy nowy bufor wewn�trz Emacsa. By zobaczy�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
601 list� bufor�w, kt�re istniej� w Twoim Emacsie, naci�nij
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
602
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
603 C-x C-b lista bufor�w (ang. list buffers).
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
604
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
605 >> Naci�nij C-x C-b.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
606
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
607 Zwr�� uwag�, ze ka�dy bufor ma w�asn� nazw�, mo�e tak�e mie�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
608 skojarzon� z sob� nazw� pliku, kt�ry zawiera. Pewne bufory nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
609 odpowiadaj� �adnym plikom. Na przyk�ad bufor "*Buffer List*" nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
610 odwiedza �adnego pliku. Jest to bufor, kt�ry zawiera list� bufor�w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
611 stworzona przez Twoje naci�niecie C-x C-b. DOWOLNY tekst, kt�ry
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
612 ogl�dasz w oknie Emacsa jest zawsze cz�ci� jakiego� bufora.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
613
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
614 >> Naci�nij C-x 1 by pozby� si� listy bufor�w.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
615
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
616 Je�li dokonujesz zmian tekstu w jakim� pliku, a potem odwiedzisz inny
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
617 plik, zawarto�� tego pierwszego NIE jest automatycznie zachowywana.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
618 Zmiany, kt�re wprowadzi�e� pozostaj� w Emacsie, w buforze tego� pliku.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
619 Tworzenie czy edytowanie innego bufora nie ma �adnego wp�ywu na ten
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
620 pierwszy. Jest to bardzo przydatne, ale oznacza tak�e, �e potrzebny
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
621 jest Ci wygodny spos�b zachowywania zawarto�ci Twoich bufor�w.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
622 Prze��czanie si� z powrotem do pierwszego bufora zawsze przy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
623 wykonywaniu C-x C-f tylko po to, by nacisn�� tam C-x C-s by�oby
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
624 niewygodne. Dlatego istnieje polecenie:
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
625
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
626 C-x s Zachowaj bufory (ang. save some buffers)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
627
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
628 C-x s pyta Ci�, czy chcesz zachowa� ka�dy z bufor�w, w kt�rym
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
629 dokona�e� pewnych nie zachowanych jeszcze zmian.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
630
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
631 >> Wstaw jak�� lini� tekstu, a potem naci�nij C-x s.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
632 Powiniene� zosta� zapytany o to, czy chcesz zachowa� bufor
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
633 TUTORIAL. Odpowiedz na to pytanie twierdz�co naciskaj�c "y".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
634
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
635 * U�YWANIE MENU
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
636 ---------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
637
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
638 Je�li siedzisz przy X-terminalu zauwa�ysz u g�ry okna Emacsa pasek
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
639 menu. Mo�esz u�ywa� menu by dotrze� do najpopularniejszych polece�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
640 Emacsa, takich jak "find file". Na pocz�tku b�dziesz s�dzi�, ze jest
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
641 to �atwiejsze ni� klawiatura, poniewa� nie musisz uczy� si� na pami��
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
642 kombinacji klawiszy uruchamiaj�cych jakie� polecenie. Gdy ju�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
643 zaznajomisz si� z Emacsem, b�dziesz m�g� zacz�� uczy� si� klawiszy ---
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
644 elementy menu pokazuj� kombinacje klawiszy, kt�ra wywo�uje dane
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
645 polecenie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
646
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
647 Zwr�� uwag�, ze pewne polecenia w menu nie maja jednoznacznych
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
648 odpowiednik�w klawiszowych. Na przyk�ad menu "Buffers" zawiera list�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
649 wszystkich dost�pnych bufor�w. Mo�esz prze��czy� si� do dowolnego z
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
650 nich wybieraj�c jego nazw� z menu Buffers.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
651
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
652
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
653 * U�YWANIE MYSZY
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
654 ----------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
655
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
656 Emacs potrafi w pe�ni wykorzystywa� mysz, je�li tylko jest uruchomiony
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
657 pod X-Windows. Mo�esz zmienia� pozycje kursora poprzez naci�niecie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
658 lewego klawisza myszy w po��danym miejscu, mo�esz tak�e zaznacza�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
659 tekst przez przesuniecie myszy z wci�ni�tym lewym klawiszem nad
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
660 tekstem, kt�ry chcesz zaznaczy�. (Innym sposobem jest klikni�cie na
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
661 jednym z ko�c�w obszaru, przesuni�cie myszy na drugi koniec i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
662 klikni�cie tam z jednoczesnym wci�ni�ciem klawisza Shift.)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
663
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
664 By wyci�� zaznaczony tekst mo�esz nacisn�� C-w lub wybra� Cut z menu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
665 Edit. Zwr�� uwag� na to, ze *nie* s� to r�wnowa�ne polecenia: C-w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
666 zapami�tuje zaznaczony tekst tylko wewn�trz Emacsa (podobnie jak
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
667 om�wione powy�ej C-k), natomiast Cut robi to oraz umieszcza ten tekst
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
668 w schowku systemu X, sk�d mo�e on zosta� pobrany przez inne programy.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
669
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
670 By wklei� tekst ze schowka systemu X-Windows u�yj polecenia Paste z
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
671 menu Edit.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
672
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
673 �rodkowy klawisz myszy jest cz�sto u�ywany do wybierania element�w,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
674 kt�re s� wy�wietlone na ekranie. Na przyk�ad, je�li uruchomisz Info
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
675 (system dokumentacji Emacsa) naciskaj�c C-h i, lub wybieraj�c ten
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
676 element z menu Help, przej�cie pod�wietlonym po��czeniem (ang. link)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
677 odbywa si� poprzez naci�niecie �rodkowego klawisza myszy. Podobnie,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
678 je�li wpisujesz nazw� pliku (np. podczas wykonywania "Find File") i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
679 naci�niesz TAB, by zobaczy� wszystkie mo�liwe doko�czenia nazwy,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
680 mo�esz wybra� jedno z nich z wy�wietlonej listy, w�a�nie naciskaj�c
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
681 �rodkowy klawisz myszy.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
682
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
683 Prawy klawisz myszy pokazuje lokalne menu. Zawarto�� tego menu zale�y
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
684 od trybu pracy Emacsa, w kt�rym aktualnie jeste�, i zawiera kilka
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
685 cz�sto u�ywanych polece�, tak by by�y one �atwiejsze w dost�pie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
686
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
687 >> Naci�nij prawy klawisz myszy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
688
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
689 Prawy klawisz myszy musi by� trzymany, by menu nie znik�o
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
690 automatycznie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
691
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
692
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
693 * ROZSZERZANIE ZESTAWU POLECEN
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
694 ------------------------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
695
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
696 Polece� Emacsa jest du�o du�o wi�cej, ni� mo�na by skojarzy�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
697 kombinacjami zwyk�ych klawiszy oraz META czy CTRL. Emacs radzi sobie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
698 z tym za pomoc� polecenia X (ang. eXtend). Istniej� jego dwa rodzaje:
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
699
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
700 C-x Rozszerzenie o znak. Nast�puje po nim jeden znak.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
701 M-x Rozszerzenie o nazwane polecenie. Nast�puje po nim
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
702 pe�na d�uga nazwa polecenia.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
703
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
704 Polecenia te w og�lno�ci s� u�yteczne, ale s� u�ywane nie tak cz�sto
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
705 jak polecenia, kt�rych ju� si� nauczy�e�. Mia�e� ju� okazje pozna�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
706 dwa z nich: C-x C-f s�u��ce do odwiedzania plik�w oraz C-x C-s do ich
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
707 zachowywania. Innym przyk�adem mo�e by� polecenie, kt�re ko�czy sesje
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
708 Emacsa C-x C-c. (Nie martw si�, ze mo�esz w ten spos�b straci�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
709 zmiany, kt�re dokona�e�; C-x C-c oferuje Ci mo�liwo�� zachowania
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
710 ka�dego ze zmodyfikowanych plik�w przed zamkni�ciem Emacsa.)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
711
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
712 C-z jest poleceniem, kt�re wychodzi z Emacsa *na chwile*, tak by� m�g�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
713 wr�ci� do tej samej sesji Emacsa po jakim� czasie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
714
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
715 W systemach, w kt�rych jest to mo�liwe, C-z zawiesza proces Emacsa;
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
716 powoduje to powr�t do pow�oki (ang. shell), ale nie niszczy Emacsa.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
717 W najpopularniejszych pow�okach mo�esz wr�ci� do Emacsa za pomoc�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
718 polecenia `fg' lub `%emacs'.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
719
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
720 W systemach, w kt�rych zawieszanie proces�w nie dzia�a, C-z tworzy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
721 proces podpow�oki (ang. "subshell"), kt�ry dzia�a pod Emacsem i daje
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
722 Ci szans� uruchamiania innych program�w i powrotu do Emacsa po ich
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
723 sko�czeniu; w tych systemach C-z nie wychodzi naprawd� z Emacsa. W
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
724 tych wypadkach normalnym poleceniem powrotu do Emacsa jest wyj�cie z
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
725 podpow�oki za pomoc� "exit".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
726
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
727 Polecenia C-x C-c powiniene� u�ywa�, gdy masz si� wylogowa�. Zalecane
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
728 jest tak�e wychodzenie z Emacsa wystartowanego przez np. programy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
729 obs�uguj�ce poczt� elektroniczna lub innego rodzaju narz�dzia,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
730 poniewa� mog� one nie wiedzie� jak sobie poradzi� z zawieszeniem
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
731 Emacsa. Jednak�e w zwyk�ych okoliczno�ciach, je�li nie musisz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
732 wylogowywa� si� z systemu, lepiej jest zawiesi� Emacsa za pomoc� C-z
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
733 ni� z niego wyj��.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
734
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
735 Istnieje wiele polece� zaczynaj�cych si� od C-x. Oto lista tych,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
736 kt�rych si� ju� nauczy�e�:
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
737
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
738 C-x C-f odwied� plik
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
739 C-x C-s zachowaj plik
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
740 C-x C-b wy�wietl list� bufor�w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
741 C-x C-c wyjd� z Emacsa
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
742 C-x u cofnij
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
743
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
744 Polece� podawanych za pomoc� nazwy u�ywa si� jeszcze rzadziej lub
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
745 u�ywa si� tylko w pewnych trybach. Przyk�adem mo�e by� polecenie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
746 replace-string, kt�re globalnie zast�puje jeden �a�cuch innym. Gdy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
747 naciskasz M-x, Emacs czeka na ci�g dalszy, wy�wietlaj�c "M-x" na dole
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
748 ekranu. Powiniene� po tym wpisa� nazw� polecenia, w tym wypadku
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
749 "replace-string". Napisz tylko "repl s<TAB>", a Emacs doko�czy nazw�.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
750 Zako�cz wprowadzanie nazwy przez naci�niecie klawisza <Return>.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
751
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
752 Polecenie replace-string wymaga dw�ch argument�w: �a�cucha, kt�ry ma
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
753 zosta� zast�powany i �a�cucha, kt�ry ma by� wstawiony w miejsce tego�.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
754 Obydwa �a�cuchy musza by� zako�czone przyci�ni�ciem <Return>.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
755
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
756 >> Przesu� kursor do czystej linii, dwie linie poni�ej tej.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
757 Naci�nij M-x repl s<Return>zmieni<Return>zmodyfikuje<Return>.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
758
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
759 Zwr�� uwag� na to, jak ta linia si� zmieni: zast�pi�e� s�owem
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
760 "zmodyfikuje" ka�de wyst�pienie s�owa z-m-i-e-n-i poni�ej pocz�tkowej
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
761 pozycji kursora.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
762
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
763
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
764 * AUTOMATYCZNE ZACHOWYWANIE
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
765 ---------------------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
766
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
767 Gdy wprowadzisz zmiany do pliku i ich nie zachowasz, mog� one zosta�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
768 stracone, je�li Tw�j komputer przestanie dzia�a�. By uchroni� Ci�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
769 przed tym, Emacs okresowo zapisuje specjalny plik z wprowadzonymi
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
770 zmianami. Plik ten ma znak # na pocz�tku i na ko�cu swojej nazwy. Na
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
771 przyk�ad, za��my, ze Tw�j plik nazywa si� "hello.c". Odpowiadaj�cy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
772 mu plik automatycznie zachowywany b�dzie nosi� nazw� "#hello.c#". Gdy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
773 zachowujesz plik w zwyk�y spos�b, Emacs kasuje plik automatycznie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
774 zachowany.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
775
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
776 Je�li Tw�j komputer przestanie dzia�a�, mo�esz odzyska� Twoje dane z
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
777 pliku automatycznie zachowanego przez zwykle odwiedzenie pliku (tego,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
778 kt�ry edytowa�e�, a nie pliku automatycznie zachowanego) i napisanie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
779 M-x recover file<return>. Gdy Emacs zapyta o potwierdzenie, napisz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
780 yes<return> by odzyska� dane, kt�re zosta�y automatycznie zachowane.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
781
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
782
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
783 * OBSZAR ECHA
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
784 -------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
785
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
786 Je�li polecenia dla Emacsa wpisujesz dostatecznie wolno, zostan� one
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
787 pokazywane w specjalnym obszarze na dole ekranu, zwanym obszarem echa
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
788 (ang. echo area). Obszar echa zawiera ostatnia dolna linie ekranu.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
789
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
790
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
791 * LINIA STANU
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
792 -------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
793
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
794 Linia, kt�ra znajduje si� bezpo�rednio nad obszarem echa, zwana jest
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
795 "lini� trybu" (ang. modeline). Pokazuje ona tekst podobny do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
796 nast�puj�cego:
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
797
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
798 --**-XEmacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
799
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
800 Linia ta podaje u�yteczne informacje o stanie Emacsa i tekstu, kt�ry
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
801 edytujesz. Wiesz ju�, jakie jest znaczenie nazwy pliku: jest to plik,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
802 kt�ry odwiedzi�e�. --NN%-- opisuje Twoja bie��c� pozycje wewn�trz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
803 tekstu; oznacza to, �e NN procent tekstu znajduje si� ponad g�rnym
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
804 brzegiem ekranu. Je�li pocz�tek pliku znajduje si� na pocz�tku
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
805 ekranu, zamiast liczby --00%-- zobaczysz w tym miejscu --Top--.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
806 Podobnie dla ko�ca tekstu pojawi si� tam napis --Bot-- (od
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
807 ang. bottom). Je�li wy�wietlasz tekst na tyle kr�tki, ze mie�ci si� w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
808 ca�o�ci na ekranie, linia stanu poka�e --All--.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
809
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
810 Gwiazdki blisko pocz�tku linii trybu oznaczaj�, ze wprowadzi�e� do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
811 tekstu jakie� zmiany. Bezpo�rednio po odwiedzeniu lub po zachowaniu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
812 pliku nie b�dzie w tym miejscu �adnych gwiazdek, a tylko my�lniki.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
813
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
814 Wewn�trz nawias�w znajdziesz informacje na temat trybu edycji, w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
815 kt�rym w�a�nie jest Emacs. Domy�lnym trybem edycji jest tryb
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
816 podstawowy (ang. fundamental), kt�ry jest trybem (w�a�nie w tej chwili
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
817 u�ywanym--) u�ywanym w�a�nie w tej chwili. Jest to przyk�ad "trybu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
818 g��wnego" (ang. major mode).
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
819
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
820 Emacs mo�e dzia�a� w wielu trybach g��wnych. Pewne z nich zosta�y
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
821 zaprojektowane do edycji rozmaitych j�zyk�w i/lub rodzaj�w tekstu,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
822 takie jak tryb Lispu, tryb tekstowy, itd. W danej chwili mo�e by�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
823 aktywny tylko jeden g��wny tryb pracy, i to jego nazwa jest
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
824 wy�wietlana w linii trybu w miejscu, w kt�rym teraz jest
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
825 "Fundamental".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
826
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
827 Ka�dy z g��wnych tryb�w edycyjnych mo�e zmieni� zachowanie niekt�rych
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
828 polece�. Na przyk�ad, w Emacsie istniej� polecenia s�u��ce do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
829 tworzenia komentarzy w programach. Ka�dy j�zyk programowania na sw�j
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
830 spos�b okre�la, jak powinien wygl�da� komentarz, tak wiec ka�dy z
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
831 g��wnych tryb�w edycyjnych musi wstawia� komentarze w specyficzny
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
832 spos�b. Ka�dy tryb edycyjny jest nazw� polecenia, kt�re mo�esz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
833 wykona�, by prze��czy� si� w ten tryb lub wy��czy� ten tryb.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
834 Przyk�adem mo�e by� M-x fundamental-mode, kt�re jest poleceniem
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
835 prze��czaj�cym tryb podstawowy.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
836
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
837 Je�li zamierzasz edytowa� tekst w j�zyku angielskim, taki jak na
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
838 przyk�ad oryginalna wersja tego podr�cznika, prawdopodobnie powiniene�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
839 u�ywa� trybu tekstowego (ang. text mode).
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
840
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
841 >> Napisz M-x text-mode<Return>.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
842
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
843 Nie musisz si� martwi�, �adne z polece�, kt�re do tej pory pozna�e�,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
844 nie zmienia Emacsa w powa�ny spos�b. Mo�esz jednak zauwa�y�, ze teraz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
845 M-f i M-b traktuj� apostrofy jako cz�ci s��w. Poprzednio, w trybie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
846 podstawowym, polecenia te traktowa�y apostrofy jako separatory s��w.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
847
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
848 G��wne tryby edycji wprowadzaj� zwykle subtelne zmiany, takie jak
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
849 opisana powy�ej: wi�kszo�� polece� robi dalej "to samo", robi to
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
850 jednak w spos�b troszeczk� inny.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
851
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
852 By zobaczy� dokumentacj� na temat bie��cego g��wnego trybu edycji,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
853 naci�nij C-h m.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
854
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
855 >> Naci�nij C-u C-v raz lub wi�cej razy tak, by ta linia znalaz�a si�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
856 blisko g�ry ekranu.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
857
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
858 >> Naci�nij C-h m, by zobaczy� jak tryb tekstowy r�ni si� od trybu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
859 podstawowego.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
860
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
861 >> Naci�nij q, by usun�� dokumentacje z ekranu.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
862
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
863 G��wne tryby edycji nazywaj� si� "g��wnymi", poniewa� s� tak�e
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
864 podrz�dne tryby edycji (ang. minor modes). Podrz�dne tryby edycji nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
865 s� alternatyw� dla g��wnych tryb�w edycji, a jedynie ich niewielk�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
866 modyfikacj�. Ka�dy podrz�dny tryb edycji mo�e zosta� w��czony lub
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
867 wy��czony niezale�nie od pozosta�ych podrz�dnych tryb�w edycji oraz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
868 niezale�nie od g��wnego trybu edycji. Mo�esz wiec u�ywa� jednego,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
869 kombinacji dowolnych, lub nie u�ywa� �adnego trybu podrz�dnego.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
870
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
871 Jednym z podrz�dnych tryb�w edycji, kt�ry jest bardzo u�yteczny
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
872 szczeg�lnie do edycji tekstu angielskiego, jest tryb automatycznego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
873 wype�niania (ang. auto fill mode). Je�li ten tryb jest w��czony,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
874 Emacs lamie linie pomi�dzy s�owami automatycznie, gdy wstawiasz tekst
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
875 i linia robi si� za szeroka.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
876
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
877 Tryb automatycznego wstawiania w��cza si� na przyk�ad poprzez
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
878 wywo�anie polecenia M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. Je�li ten tryb jest
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
879 w��czony to samo polecenie wy��cza go, i vice versa. M�wimy, ze
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
880 polecenie to "prze��cza ten tryb".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
881
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
882 >> Napisz M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. Wstawiaj potem lini� pe�n�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
883 "asdf " tak d�ugo, a� zobaczysz, �e si� podzieli na dwie linie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
884 Musisz wstawi� spacje pomi�dzy znaki, poniewa� tryb automatycznego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
885 wype�niania �amie linie tylko tam, gdzie s� spacje.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
886
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
887 Margines jest zazwyczaj ustawiony na 70 znak�w, ale mo�esz go zmieni�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
888 za pomoc� polecenia C-x f. Powiniene� poda� mu argument liczbowy
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
889 m�wi�cy, w kt�rej kolumnie ma zosta� ustawiony margines.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
890
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
891 >> Wywo�aj C-x f z argumentem r�wnym 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
892 Napisz potem jaki� tekst i zauwa�, ze Emacs wype�nia linie do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
893 d�ugo�ci co najwy�ej 20 znak�w. Ustaw margines z powrotem na
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
894 70 znak�w, wywo�uj�c jeszcze raz C-x f.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
895
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
896 Je�li dokonujesz zmian wewn�trz akapitu, tryb
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
897 automatycznego wype�niania nie wyr�wna marginesu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
898 sam z siebie. By wywo�a� polecenie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
899 wyr�wnania marginesu, naci�nij M-q (Meta-q),
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
900 podczas gdy kursor znajduje si� wewn�trz akapitu.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
901
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
902 >> Przesu� kursor do poprzedniego akapitu i naci�nij M-q.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
903
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
904
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
905 * SZUKANIE
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
906 ----------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
907
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
908 Emacs potrafi szuka� �a�cuch�w (zwartych ci�g�w znak�w lub s��w)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
909 zar�wno wstecz jaki i do przodu. Szukanie �a�cucha jest poleceniem,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
910 kt�re przesuwa kursor; przesuwa ono kursor do nast�pnego miejsca, w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
911 kt�rym dany �a�cuch wyst�puje.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
912
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
913 Polecenie Emacsa "search" r�ni si� od podobnych polece� innych
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
914 edytor�w w tym sensie, ze jest ono przyrostowe. Znaczy to, ze
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
915 szukanie odbywa si� w trakcie, gdy Ty wpisujesz kolejne znaki
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
916 �a�cucha, kt�ry ma zosta� odnaleziony.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
917
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
918 Poleceniami zapocz�tkowuj�cymi szukanie s�: C-s dla szukania w prz�d
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
919 oraz C-r dla szukania wstecz. POCZEKAJ PROSZ�! Nie pr�buj ich w tej
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
920 chwili.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
921
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
922 Gdy naci�niesz C-s zauwa�ysz, ze tekst "I-search" pojawi si� w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
923 obszarze echa. Informuje Ci� to, �e Emacs znajduje si� w trybie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
924 "incremental search", czekaj�c by� napisa� tekst, kt�ry ma on znale��.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
925 Naci�niecie <Return> ko�czy proces szukania.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
926
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
927 >> Teraz naci�nij C-s, by rozpocz�� szukanie. POWOLI, litera po
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
928 literze, napisz s�owo "kursor", zatrzymuj�c si� po ka�dym znaku i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
929 obserwuj�c, gdzie zatrzymuje si� kursor. Gdy naci�niesz drugie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
930 "r", b�dzie mo�na powiedzie�, �e szuka�e� s�owa "kursor"
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
931 jednokrotnie. Naci�nij C-s jeszcze raz, by znale�� nast�pne
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
932 wyst�pienie s�owa "kursor". Naci�nij teraz <Delete> cztery
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
933 razy i zobacz, co si� dzieje z kursorem. Naci�nij <RET>, by sko�czy�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
934 szukanie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
935
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
936 Widzia�e�, co si� dzia�o? Emacs podczas szukania przyrostowego pr�buje
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
937 przej�� do miejsca wyst�pienia �a�cucha, kt�ry do tej pory wpisa�e�,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
938 pod�wietlaj�c go dla Twojej wygody. By znale�� nast�pne wyst�pienie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
939 s�owa "kursor", po prostu naci�nij C-s jeszcze raz. Je�li takiego nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
940 ma, Emacs zapiszczy i powie Ci, ze szukanie "sko�czy�o si� pora�k�".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
941 Naci�niecie C-g tak�e przerywa proces szukania.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
942
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
943 UWAGA: W niekt�rych systemach naci�niecie C-s zamrozi ekran i nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
944 zobaczysz �adnego tekstu z Emacsa. Oznacza to, �e sk�adowa systemu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
945 operacyjnego, zwana kontrol� przep�ywu (ang. "flow control")
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
946 przechwyci�a C-s i nie pozwoli�a mu dojs� do Emacsa. By odzyska�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
947 kontrole nad ekranem, nacisnij C-q. Dodatkowej pomocy poszukaj w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
948 rozdziale "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" w podr�czniku
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
949 Emacsa.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
950
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
951 Jesli podczas szukania przyrostowego naci�niesz <Delete> zauwa�ysz, ze
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
952 ostatni znak, kt�ry wcisn��es znika i kursor wraca do poprzedniego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
953 miejsca. Na przyk�ad, za��my, ze nacisn��es "k" i znalaz�es pierwsze
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
954 wyst�pienie tej litery. Jesli teraz naci�niesz "u", kursor przesunie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
955 si� do pierwszego wyst�pienia "ku". Teraz nacisnij <Delete>. Skasuje
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
956 to "u" z �a�cucha, kt�rego poszukujesz, a kursor wr�ci do pierwszego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
957 wyst�pienia "k".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
958
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
959 Je�li podczas szukania nacisniesz jaki� klawisz razem z META lub CTRL
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
960 (z nielicznymi wyj�tkami --- znakami, kt�re maj� specjalne znaczenie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
961 podczas szukania, takimi jak C-s i C-r) szukanie zostanie przerwane.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
962
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
963 C-s rozpoczyna proces szukania, kt�ry poszukuje �a�cucha, kt�ry
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
964 znajduje si� ZA bie��c� pozycja kursora. Je�li chcesz szuka� czego�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
965 wcze�niej w tek�cie, naci�nij C-r. Wszystko, co powiedzieli�my o C-s
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
966 stosuje si� do C-r, oczywi�cie ze zmian� kierunku szukania na wstecz.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
967
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
968
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
969 * WIELE OKIEN
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
970 -------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
971
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
972 Jedn� z przyjemnych cech Emacsa jest mo�liwo�� wy�wietlania wi�cej ni�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
973 jednego okna na raz.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
974
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
975 >> Przesu� kursor do tej linii i naci�nij C-u 0 C-l.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
976
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
977 >> Naci�nij teraz C-x 2, co podzieli ekran na dwa okna. Obydwa okna
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
978 wy�wietlaj� ten podr�cznik. Kursor pozostaje w g�rnym oknie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
979
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
980 >> Naci�nij C-M-v by przewin�� dolne okno. (Je�li nie masz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
981 prawdziwego klawisza Meta, naci�nij ESC C-v.)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
982
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
983 >> Naci�nij C-x o ("o" jak angielskie "other") by przesun�� kursor do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
984 dolnego okna. U�yj C-v i M-v w dolnym oknie by przewin�� jego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
985 zawarto��. Polecenia, kt�re masz wykona� czytaj w g�rnym oknie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
986
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
987 >> Naci�nij C-x o jeszcze raz tak, by kursor wr�ci� do g�rnego okna.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
988 Kursor w g�rnym oknie nie zmieni� po�o�enia.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
989
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
990 Ka�de okno pami�ta po�o�enie swojego w�asnego kursora, lecz tylko
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
991 jedno okno w danej chwili wy�wietla kursor. Wszystkie polecenia
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
992 edycyjne stosuj� si� do okna, w kt�rym jest kursor. To okno nazywane
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
993 jest "wybranym oknem".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
994
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
995 Polecenie C-M-v jest bardzo u�yteczne gdy edytujesz tekst w jednym
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
996 oknie, a drugiego u�ywasz tylko jako punkt odniesienia. Dzi�ki temu
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
997 kursor mo�e zawsze znajdowa� si� w oknie, zawarto�� kt�rego edytujesz,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
998 a Ty mo�esz przesuwa� drugie okno za pomoc� C-M-v.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
999
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1000 C-M-v to przyk�ad znaku, kt�ry uzyskuje si� za pomoc� CONTROL-META.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1001 Je�li masz prawdziwy klawisz META, C-M-v mo�esz uzyska� przytrzymuj�c
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1002 jednocze�nie CTRL oraz META i naciskaj�c v. Nie jest wa�ne, co
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1003 zosta�o naci�niete wcze�niej, CTRL czy META, poniewa� obydwa te
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1004 klawisze dzia�aj� jako modyfikatory znaczenia klawiszy, kt�re
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1005 naciskasz.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1006
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1007 Je�li nie masz klawisza META i u�ywasz w jego zast�pstwie ESC,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1008 kolejno�� naciskania klawiszy jest znacz�ca: musisz najpierw nacisn��
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1009 i pu�ci� ESC, po czym nacisn�� CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v nie b�dzie dzia�a�.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1010 Dzieje si� tak dlatego, ze ESC jest znakiem, a nie modyfikatorem.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1011
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1012 >> Naci�nij C-x 1 (w g�rnym oknie), by pozby� si� dolnego okna.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1013
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1014 (Je�li nacisn��by� C-x 1 w dolnym oknie, to znik�oby g�rne. Mo�esz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1015 sobie t�umaczy� to polecenie jako "zatrzymaj tylko jedno okno --- to w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1016 kt�rym w�a�nie jestem".)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1017
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1018 Nie musisz wy�wietla� tego samego bufora w obydwu oknach. Je�li
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1019 u�yjesz C-x C-f by wy�wietli� plik w jednym z okien, zawarto��
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1020 drugiego nie zmieni si�. W ka�dym oknie mo�esz wy�wietla� r�ne pliki
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1021 niezale�nie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1022
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1023 Oto inny spos�b u�ywania dw�ch okien do wy�wietlania dw�ch r�nych
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1024 rzeczy:
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1025
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1026 >> Naci�nij C-x 4 C-f i nazw� jednego z Twoich plik�w. Zako�cz
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1027 wprowadzanie klawiszem <Return>. Podany plik pojawi si� w dolnym
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1028 oknie razem z kursorem, kt�ry tam przeskakuje.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1029
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1030 >> Naci�nij C-x o, by wr�ci� do g�rnego okna, oraz C-x 1 by
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1031 usun�� dolne okno.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1032
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1033
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1034 * REKURSYWNE POZIOMY EDYCJI
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1035 ---------------------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1036
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1037 Czasami mo�esz znale�� si� w czym�, co nazywa si� "rekursywnym
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1038 poziomem edycji". Mo�esz to rozpozna� po nawiasach kwadratowych w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1039 linii trybu, obejmuj�cych nawiasy okr�g�e zawieraj�ce nazw� g��wnego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1040 trybu edycji. Na przyk�ad, m�g�by� widzie� [(Fundamental)] zamiast
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1041 (Fundamental).
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1042
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1043 By wyj�� z rekursywnego poziomu edycji naci�nij ESC ESC ESC. Jest to
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1044 og�lnego przeznaczenia "wychodzimy". Mo�esz go u�y� tak�e by pozby�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1045 si� nadmiaru okien lub wyj�� z minibufora.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1046
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1047 >> Naci�nij M-x by wej�� do minibufora; naci�nij potem ESC ESC ESC, by
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1048 z niego wyj��.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1049
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1050 Nie mo�esz u�y� C-g, by wyj�� z rekursywnego poziomu edycji. Dzieje
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1051 si� tak dlatego, ze C-g jest u�ywane do anulowania polece� i
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1052 argument�w WEWN�TRZ rekursywnego poziomu edycji.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1053
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1054
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1055 SZUKANIE DODATKOWEJ POMOCY
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1056 --------------------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1057
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1058 W tym podr�czniku spr�bowali�my dostarczy� tylko tyle informacji, ile
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1059 jest niezb�dne, by� m�g� zacz�� u�ywa� Emacsa. Emacs jest istn�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1060 kopalni� najr�niejszych rzeczy, kt�rych nie spos�b tutaj opisa�.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1061 Zapewne b�dziesz chcia� dowiedzie� si� wi�cej o Emacsie, poniewa�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1062 posiada on wiele po��danych cech, o kt�rych na razie nic nie wiesz.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1063 Jest w nim zaszyte mn�stwo wewn�trznej dokumentacji, kt�ra mo�e by�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1064 osi�gni�ta za pomoc� Control-h, kt�re okre�lamy mianem "znaku pomocy"
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1065 z powodu spe�nianej przez niego roli.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1066
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1067 By uzyska� pomoc, naci�nij C-h a potem znak, kt�ry okre�la jakiego
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1068 typu pomocy oczekujesz. Je�li poczujesz si� NAPRAWD� zagubiony,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1069 napisz C-h ? i Emacs spr�buje powiedzie� Ci, jakiego typu pomocy mo�e
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1070 Ci dostarczy�. Je�li naci�niesz C-h a potem zadecydujesz, �e pomoc
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1071 nie jest Ci jednak potrzebna, po prostu wci�nij C-g by anulowa� C-h.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1072
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1073 Najprostsz� pomoc mo�esz uzyska� naciskaj�c C-h c. Naci�nij C-h a
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1074 potem c, po czym kombinacje klawiszy polecenia, i Emacs wy�wietli
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1075 bardzo kr�tki opis polecenia.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1076
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1077 >> Naci�nij C-h c Control-p.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1078 Powinno to przywo�a� komunikat, o tre�ci podobnej do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1079
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1080 C-p runs the command previous-line
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1081
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1082 W ten spos�b mo�esz uzyska� "nazw� funkcji". Przydaje si� to podczas
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1083 pisania kodu w Lispie, kt�ry rozszerza Emacsa; wystarcza to tak�e do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1084 przypomnienia Ci, co dane polecenie robi, je�li widzia�e� je ju�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1085 wcze�niej, ale nie zapami�ta�e� go.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1086
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1087 Polecenia wywo�ywane za pomoc� wieloznakowej kombinacji klawiszy, na
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1088 przyk�ad C-x C-s oraz (je�li nie masz klawisza META lub EDIT) <ESC>v,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1089 s� tak�e dopuszczalne po C-h c.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1090
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1091 By uzyska� wi�cej informacji na temat polecenia, naci�nij C-h k
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1092 zamiast C-h c.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1093
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1094 >> Naci�nij C-h k Control-p.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1095
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1096 To polecenie wy�wietla dokumentacj� na temat danej funkcji oraz jej
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1097 nazw� w oknie Emacsa. Gdy sko�czysz �ledzi� wynik tego polecenia
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1098 naci�nij C-x 1, by pozby� si� tekstu pomocy. Nie musisz tego robi� od
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1099 razu. Mo�esz wykona� pewne operacje w oparciu o tekst pomocy zanim
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1100 naci�niesz C-x 1.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1101
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1102 Oto kilka innych u�ytecznych wariant�w C-h:
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1103
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1104 C-h f Opisz funkcje o podanej nazwie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1105
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1106 >> Napisz C-h f previous-line<Return>. Wypisze to na ekranie ca��
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1107 informacje, jak� Emacs ma na temat funkcji, kt�ra implementuje
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1108 polecenie C-p.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1109
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1110 C-h a Apropos. Wpisz s�owo kluczowe, a Emacs wypisze list�
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1111 wszystkich polece�, kt�rych nazwa zawiera to s�owo.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1112 Polecenia te mog� zosta� wywo�ane za pomoc� Meta-x.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1113 Dla niekt�rych polece� Apropos wypisze jedno- lub
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1114 dwuznakowe sekwencje, kt�re wywo�uj� dane polecenie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1115
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1116 >> Napisz C-h a file<Return>. Zobaczysz list� wszystkich polece�,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1117 dost�pnych za pomoc� M-x, kt�re maja s�owo "file" w swojej nazwie.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1118 Zauwa�ysz tam tak�e polecenia takie, jak C-x C-f oraz C-x C-w,
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1119 umieszczone obok nazw polece� "find-file" i "write-file".
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1120
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1121
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1122 PODSUMOWANIE
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1123 ------------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1124
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1125 Pami�taj, �e by wyj�� z Emacsa na sta�e, u�ywaj C-x C-c. By wyj�� do
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1126 pow�oki na chwil� tak, by� m�g� wr�ci�, u�yj C-z. (To nie dzia�a pod
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1127 X-Windows, poniewa� tam nie ma prawdziwego konceptu przej�cia na
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1128 chwile do pow�oki. Zamiast tego C-z ikonizuje okno Emacsa.)
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1129
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1130 Ten podr�cznik by� pisany tak, by wszyscy nowi u�ytkownicy mogli go
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1131 zrozumie�. Je�li co� pozostawi� niejasnym, nie sied� cicho i nie
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1132 obwiniaj siebie, tylko daj nam zna�!
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1133
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1134
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1135 KOPIOWANIE
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1136 ----------
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1137
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1138 Niniejszy podr�cznik jest potomkiem w d�ugiej linii podr�cznik�w
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1139 Emacsa, kt�ra rozpoczyna si� od tego, kt�ry zosta� napisany przez
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1140 Stuarta Cracrafta dla oryginalnego Emacsa. Zosta� on zmodyfikowany we
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1141 wrze�niu 1994 przez Bena Winga, kt�ry zaktualizowa� go, je�li chodzi o
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1142 X-Windows.
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1143
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1144 T�umaczenia na j�zyk polski dokona� Remek Trzaska z pomoc� Ryszarda
1f0dabaa0855 Import from CVS: tag r20-4b6
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1145 Kubiaka. Jesli polskie znaki nie byly poprawnie wyswietlane w tym
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1146 buforze, oznacza to, ze nie masz zainstalowanych polskich fontow.
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1147 Pomoc w tym zakresie mozesz znalezc pod adresem:
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1148 <URL:http://www.agh.edu.pl/ogonki>
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1149
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1150 Ta wersja podr�cznika, podobnie jak GNU Emacs, jest zastrze�ona, a
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1151 pozwolenie na kopiowanie udzielone jest pod nast�puj�cymi warunkami:
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1152
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1153 Copyright (c) 1985, 1994 Free Software Foundation
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1154
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1155 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim
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1156 copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that
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1157 the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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1158 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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1159 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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1160
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1161 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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1162 of this document, or of portions of it,
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1163 under the above conditions, provided also that they
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1164 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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1165
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1166 Warunki kopiowania samego Emacsa s� w pewnym stopniu inne, aczkolwiek
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1167 zachowuj� te sama idee. Prosz�, przeczytaj plik COPYING, po czym
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1168 rozdaj swoim znajomym kopie Emacsa. Pom� zwalczy� przeszkody w
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1169 rozpowszechnianiu oprogramowania przez tworzenie i dzielenie si�
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1170 oprogramowaniem.