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2 @node Fixit, Files, Search, Top
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3 @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos
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4 @cindex typos
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5 @cindex mistakes, correcting
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6
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7 This chapter describes commands that are especially useful when you
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8 catch a mistake in your text just after you have made it, or when you
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9 change your mind while composing text on line.
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10
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11 @menu
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12 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
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13 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
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14 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
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15 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.
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16 @end menu
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17
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18 @node Kill Errors, Transpose, Fixit, Fixit
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19 @section Killing Your Mistakes
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20
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21 @table @kbd
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22 @item @key{DEL}
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23 Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}).
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24 @item M-@key{DEL}
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25 Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}).
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26 @item C-x @key{DEL}
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27 Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}).
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28 @end table
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29
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30 @kindex DEL
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31 @findex delete-backward-char
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32 The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most
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33 important correction command. When used among graphic (self-inserting)
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34 characters, it can be thought of as canceling the last character typed.
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35
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36 @kindex M-DEL
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37 @kindex C-x DEL
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38 @findex backward-kill-word
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39 @findex backward-kill-sentence
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40 When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be more
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41 convenient to use @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}.
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42 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x
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43 @key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence. @kbd{C-x
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44 @key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you are thinking of what to write as
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45 you type it, in case you change your mind about phrasing.
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46 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}} save the killed text for
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47 @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to retrieve. @xref{Yanking}.@refill
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48
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49 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} is often useful even when you have typed only a few
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50 characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't
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51 sure exactly what you typed. At such a time, you cannot correct with
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52 @key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did. It requires
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53 less thought to kill the whole word and start over.
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54
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55 @node Transpose, Fixing Case, Kill Errors, Fixit
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56 @section Transposing Text
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57
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58 @table @kbd
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59 @item C-t
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60 Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}).
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61 @item M-t
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62 Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}).
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63 @item C-M-t
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64 Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}).
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65 @item C-x C-t
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66 Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}).
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67 @end table
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68
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69 @cindex transposition
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70 @kindex C-t
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71 @findex transpose-chars
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72 The common error of transposing two adjacent characters can be fixed
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73 with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}). Normally,
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74 @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point. When
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75 given at the end of a line, @kbd{C-t} transposes the last two characters
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76 on the line, rather than transposing the last character of the line with
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77 the newline, which would be useless. If you catch a
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78 transposition error right away, you can fix it with just @kbd{C-t}.
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79 If you catch the error later, move the cursor back to between
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80 the two transposed characters. If you transposed a space with the last
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81 character of the word before it, the word motion commands are a good way
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82 of getting there. Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r}) is often the
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83 best way. @xref{Search}.
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84
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85 @kindex C-x C-t
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86 @findex transpose-lines
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87 @kindex M-t
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88 @findex transpose-words
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89 @kindex C-M-t
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90 @findex transpose-sexps
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91 @kbd{Meta-t} (@code{transpose-words}) transposes the word before point
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92 with the word after point. It moves point forward over a word, dragging
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93 the word preceding or containing point forward as well. The punctuation
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94 characters between the words do not move. For example, @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}}
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95 transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}.
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96
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97 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for transposing
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98 two expressions (@pxref{Lists}), and @kbd{C-x C-t} (@code{transpose-lines})
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99 exchanges lines. It works like @kbd{M-t} but in determines the
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100 division of the text into syntactic units differently.
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101
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102 A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it
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103 tells the transpose command to move the character (word, sexp, line) before
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104 or containing point across several other characters (words, sexps, lines).
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105 For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before point forward
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106 across three other characters. This is equivalent to repeating @kbd{C-t}
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107 three times. @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word before point backward across
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108 four words. @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel the effect of plain
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109 @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill
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110
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111 A numeric argument of zero transposes the character (word, sexp, line)
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112 ending after point with the one ending after the mark (otherwise a
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113 command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing).
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114
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115 @node Fixing Case, Spelling, Transpose, Fixit
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116 @section Case Conversion
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117
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118 @table @kbd
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119 @item M-- M-l
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120 Convert last word to lower case. Note that @kbd{Meta--} is ``Meta-minus.''
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121 @item M-- M-u
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122 Convert last word to all upper case.
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123 @item M-- M-c
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124 Convert last word to lower case with capital initial.
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125 @end table
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126
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127 @findex downcase-word
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128 @findex upcase-word
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129 @findex capitalize-word
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130 @kindex M-@t{-} M-l
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131 @kindex M-@t{-} M-u
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132 @kindex M-@t{-} M-c
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133 @cindex case conversion
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134 @cindex words
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135 A common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this,
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136 the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u}, and @kbd{M-c} do
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137 not move the cursor when used with a negative argument.
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138 As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply
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139 case-convert it and continue typing. @xref{Case}.@refill
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140
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141 @node Spelling,, Fixing Case, Fixit
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142 @section Checking and Correcting Spelling
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143 @cindex spelling
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144
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145 @c doublewidecommands
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146 @table @kbd
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147 @item M-$
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148 Check and correct spelling of word (@code{spell-word}).
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149 @item M-x spell-buffer
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150 Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer.
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151 @item M-x spell-region
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152 Check and correct spelling of each word in the region.
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153 @item M-x spell-string
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154 Check spelling of specified word.
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155 @end table
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156
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157 @kindex M-$
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158 @findex spell-word
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159 To check the spelling of the word before point, and optionally correct
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160 it, use the command @kbd{M-$} (@code{spell-word}). This command runs an
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161 inferior process containing the @code{spell} program to see whether the
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162 word is correct English. If it is not, it asks you to edit the word (in
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163 the minibuffer) into a corrected spelling, and then performs a
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164 @code{query-replace} to substitute the corrected spelling for the old
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165 one throughout the buffer.
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166
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167 If you exit the minibuffer without altering the original spelling, it
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168 means you do not want to do anything to that word. In that case, the
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169 @code{query-replace} is not done.
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170
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171 @findex spell-buffer
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172 @kbd{M-x spell-buffer} checks each word in the buffer the same way that
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173 @code{spell-word} does, doing a @code{query-replace} for
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174 every incorrect word if appropriate.@refill
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175
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176 @findex spell-region
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177 @kbd{M-x spell-region} is similar to @code{spell-buffer} but operates
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178 only on the region, not the entire buffer.
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179
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180 @findex spell-string
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181 @kbd{M-x spell-string} reads a string as an argument and checks
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182 whether that is a correctly spelled English word. It prints a message
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183 giving the answer in the echo area.
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