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1
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2 @node Customization, Quitting, Emulation, Top
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3 @chapter Customization
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4 @cindex customization
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5
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6 This chapter talks about various topics relevant to adapting the
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7 behavior of Emacs in minor ways.
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8
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9 All kinds of customization affect only the particular Emacs job that you
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10 do them in. They are completely lost when you kill the Emacs job, and
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11 have no effect on other Emacs jobs you may run at the same time or
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12 later. The only way an Emacs job can affect anything outside of it is
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13 by writing a file; in particular, the only way to make a customization
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14 `permanent' is to put something in your init file or other appropriate
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15 file to do the customization in each session. @xref{Init File}.
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16
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17 @menu
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18 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
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19 independently of any others.
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20 * Behaviors:: Like minor modes, behaviors are independent of other
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21 features, but behaviors are usually enabled globally,
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22 while minor modes are per-buffer and often temporary.
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23 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
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24 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
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25 you can control their functioning.
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26 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes
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27 to be replayed with a single command.
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28 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
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29 By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
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30 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and expressions
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31 are parsed.
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32 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the init file.
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33 * Audible Bell:: Changing how Emacs sounds the bell.
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34 * Faces:: Changing the fonts and colors of a region of text.
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35 * Frame Components:: Controlling the presence and positions of the
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36 menubar, toolbars, and gutters.
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37 * X Resources:: X resources controlling various aspects of the
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38 behavior of XEmacs.
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39 @end menu
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40
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41 @node Minor Modes
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42 @section Minor Modes
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43 @cindex minor modes
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44
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45 @cindex mode line
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46 Minor modes are options which you can use or not. For example, Auto
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47 Fill mode is a minor mode in which @key{SPC} breaks lines between words
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48 as you type. All the minor modes are independent of each other and of
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49 the selected major mode. Most minor modes inform you in the mode line
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50 when they are on; for example, @samp{Fill} in the mode line means that
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51 Auto Fill mode is on.
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52
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53 Append @code{-mode} to the name of a minor mode to get the name of a
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54 command function that turns the mode on or off. Thus, the command to
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55 enable or disable Auto Fill mode is called @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode}. These
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56 commands are usually invoked with @kbd{M-x}, but you can bind keys to them
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57 if you wish. With no argument, the function turns the mode on if it was
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58 off and off if it was on. This is known as @dfn{toggling}. A positive
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59 argument always turns the mode on, and an explicit zero argument or a
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60 negative argument always turns it off.
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61
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62 @cindex Auto Fill mode
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63 @findex auto-fill-mode
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64 Auto Fill mode allows you to enter filled text without breaking lines
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65 explicitly. Emacs inserts newlines as necessary to prevent lines from
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66 becoming too long. @xref{Filling}.
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67
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68 @cindex Overwrite mode
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69 @findex overwrite-mode
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70 Overwrite mode causes ordinary printing characters to replace existing
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71 text instead of moving it to the right. For example, if point is in
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72 front of the @samp{B} in @samp{FOOBAR}, and you type a @kbd{G} in Overwrite
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73 mode, it changes to @samp{FOOGAR}, instead of @samp{FOOGBAR}.@refill
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74
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75 @cindex Abbrev mode
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76 @findex abbrev-mode
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77 Abbrev mode allows you to define abbreviations that automatically expand
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78 as you type them. For example, @samp{amd} might expand to @samp{abbrev
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79 mode}. @xref{Abbrevs}, for full information.
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80
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81 @c Updated for 21.5.6 2002/03/13 sjt
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82 @node Behaviors
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83 @section Behaviors
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84 @cindex behavior
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85
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86 Some functionality requires a fair amount of effort to enable globally
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87 in a session. For example, someone who discovers filladapt and really
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88 likes it must toggle it separately in each buffer. On the other hand,
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89 after trying it for a while she might like to disable it everywhere,
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90 having decided it doesn't work very well for her. Such a functionality
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91 is called a @dfn{behavior}.
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92
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93 The package developer will register behaviors with XEmacs. Then the
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94 user invokes the @code{enable-behavior} and @code{disable-behavior}
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95 functions to enable or disable a given behavior. The behavior registry
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96 was introduced in XEmacs 21.5.6.
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97
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98 @defun enable-behavior behavior [force]
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99 Called interactively, prompt the user, read a behavior symbol name with
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100 completion for @var{behavior}, and take @var{force} from the prefix
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101 argument. Then enable the behavior registered under the symbol
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102 @var{behavior}.
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103
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104 The optional argument @var{force} is unimplemented in 21.5.6.
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105 @end defun
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106
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107 @defun disable-behavior behavior [force]
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108 Called interactively, prompt the user, read a behavior symbol name with
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109 completion for @var{behavior}, and take @var{force} from the prefix
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110 argument. Then disable the behavior registered under the symbol
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111 @var{behavior}.
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112
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113 The optional argument @var{force} is unimplemented in 21.5.6.
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114 @end defun
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115
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116
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428
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117 @node Variables
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118 @section Variables
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119 @cindex variable
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120 @cindex option
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121
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122 A @dfn{variable} is a Lisp symbol which has a value. Variable names
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123 can contain any characters, but by convention they are words separated
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124 by hyphens. A variable can also have a documentation string, which
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125 describes what kind of value it should have and how the value will be
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126 used.
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127
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128 Lisp allows any variable to have any kind of value, but most variables
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129 that Emacs uses require a value of a certain type. Often the value has
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130 to be a string or a number. Sometimes we say that a certain feature is
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131 turned on if a variable is ``non-@code{nil},'' meaning that if the
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132 variable's value is @code{nil}, the feature is off, but the feature is
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133 on for @i{any} other value. The conventional value to turn on the
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134 feature---since you have to pick one particular value when you set the
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135 variable---is @code{t}.
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136
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137 Emacs uses many Lisp variables for internal recordkeeping, as any Lisp
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138 program must, but the most interesting variables for you are the ones that
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139 exist for the sake of customization. Emacs does not (usually) change the
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140 values of these variables; instead, you set the values, and thereby alter
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141 and control the behavior of certain Emacs commands. These variables are
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142 called @dfn{options}. Most options are documented in this manual and
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143 appear in the Variable Index (@pxref{Variable Index}).
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144
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145 One example of a variable which is an option is @code{fill-column}, which
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146 specifies the position of the right margin (as a number of characters from
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147 the left margin) to be used by the fill commands (@pxref{Filling}).
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148
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149 @menu
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150 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
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151 * Easy Customization:: Convenient and easy customization of variables.
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152 * Edit Options:: Examining or editing list of all variables' values.
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153 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
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154 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
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155 @end menu
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156
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157 @node Examining
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158 @subsection Examining and Setting Variables
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159 @cindex setting variables
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160
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161 @table @kbd
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162 @item C-h v
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163 @itemx M-x describe-variable
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164 Print the value and documentation of a variable.
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165 @findex set-variable
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166 @item M-x set-variable
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167 Change the value of a variable.
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168 @end table
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169
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170 @kindex C-h v
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171 @findex describe-variable
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172 To examine the value of a single variable, use @kbd{C-h v}
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173 (@code{describe-variable}), which reads a variable name using the
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174 minibuffer, with completion. It prints both the value and the
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175 documentation of the variable.
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176
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177 @example
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178 C-h v fill-column @key{RET}
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179 @end example
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180
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181 @noindent
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182 prints something like:
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183
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184 @smallexample
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185 fill-column's value is 75
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186
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187 Documentation:
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188 *Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen.
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189 Automatically becomes local when set in any fashion.
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190 @end smallexample
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191
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192 @cindex option
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193 @noindent
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194 The star at the beginning of the documentation indicates that this variable
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195 is an option. @kbd{C-h v} is not restricted to options; it allows any
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196 variable name.
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197
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198 @findex set-variable
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199 If you know which option you want to set, you can use @kbd{M-x
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200 set-variable} to set it. This prompts for the variable name in the
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201 minibuffer (with completion), and then prompts for a Lisp expression for the
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202 new value using the minibuffer a second time. For example,
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203
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204 @example
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205 M-x set-variable @key{RET} fill-column @key{RET} 75 @key{RET}
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206 @end example
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207
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208 @noindent
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209 sets @code{fill-column} to 75, as if you had executed the Lisp expression
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210 @code{(setq fill-column 75)}.
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211
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212 Setting variables in this way, like all means of customizing Emacs
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213 except where explicitly stated, affects only the current Emacs session.
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214
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215 @node Easy Customization
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216 @subsection Easy Customization Interface
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217
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218 @findex customize
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219 @cindex customization buffer
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220 A convenient way to find the user option variables that you want to
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221 change, and then change them, is with @kbd{C-h C} (@code{customize}).
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222 This command creates a @dfn{customization buffer} with which you can
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223 browse through the Emacs user options in a logically organized
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224 structure, then edit and set their values. You can also use the
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225 customization buffer to save settings permanently. (Not all Emacs user
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226 options are included in this structure as of yet, but we are adding the
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227 rest.)
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228
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229 @menu
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230 * Groups: Customization Groups.
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231 How options are classified in a structure.
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232 * Changing an Option:: How to edit a value and set an option.
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233 * Face Customization:: How to edit the attributes of a face.
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234 * Specific Customization:: Making a customization buffer for specific
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235 options, faces, or groups.
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236 @end menu
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237
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238 @node Customization Groups
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239 @subsubsection Customization Groups
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240 @cindex customization groups
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241
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242 For customization purposes, user options are organized into
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243 @dfn{groups} to help you find them. Groups are collected into bigger
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244 groups, all the way up to a master group called @code{Emacs}.
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245
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246 @kbd{C-h C} (@code{customize}) creates a customization buffer that
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247 shows the top-level @code{Emacs} group and the second-level groups
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248 immediately under it. It looks like this, in part:
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249
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250 @smallexample
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251 /- Emacs group: ---------------------------------------------------\
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252 [State]: visible group members are all at standard settings.
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253 Customization of the One True Editor.
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254 See also [Manual].
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255
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256 [Open] Editing group
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257 Basic text editing facilities.
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258
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259 [Open] External group
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260 Interfacing to external utilities.
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261
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262 @var{more second-level groups}
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263
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264 \- Emacs group end ------------------------------------------------/
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265
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266 @end smallexample
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267
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268 @noindent
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269 This says that the buffer displays the contents of the @code{Emacs}
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270 group. The other groups are listed because they are its contents. But
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271 they are listed differently, without indentation and dashes, because
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272 @emph{their} contents are not included. Each group has a single-line
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273 documentation string; the @code{Emacs} group also has a @samp{[State]}
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274 line.
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275
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276 @cindex editable fields (customization buffer)
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277 @cindex active fields (customization buffer)
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278 Most of the text in the customization buffer is read-only, but it
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279 typically includes some @dfn{editable fields} that you can edit. There
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280 are also @dfn{active fields}; this means a field that does something
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281 when you @dfn{invoke} it. To invoke an active field, either click on it
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282 with @kbd{Mouse-1}, or move point to it and type @key{RET}.
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283
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284 For example, the phrase @samp{[Open]} that appears in a second-level
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285 group is an active field. Invoking the @samp{[Open]} field for a group
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286 opens up a new customization buffer, which shows that group and its
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287 contents. This field is a kind of hypertext link to another group.
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288
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289 The @code{Emacs} group does not include any user options itself, but
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290 other groups do. By examining various groups, you will eventually find
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291 the options and faces that belong to the feature you are interested in
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292 customizing. Then you can use the customization buffer to set them.
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293
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294 @findex customize-browse
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295 You can view the structure of customization groups on a larger scale
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296 with @kbd{M-x customize-browse}. This command creates a special kind of
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297 customization buffer which shows only the names of the groups (and
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298 options and faces), and their structure.
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299
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300 In this buffer, you can show the contents of a group by invoking
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301 @samp{[+]}. When the group contents are visible, this button changes to
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302 @samp{[-]}; invoking that hides the group contents.
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303
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304 Each group, option or face name in this buffer has an active field
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305 which says @samp{[Group]}, @samp{[Option]} or @samp{[Face]}. Invoking
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306 that active field creates an ordinary customization buffer showing just
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307 that group and its contents, just that option, or just that face.
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308 This is the way to set values in it.
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309
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310 @node Changing an Option
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311 @subsubsection Changing an Option
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312
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313 Here is an example of what a user option looks like in the
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314 customization buffer:
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315
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316 @smallexample
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317 Kill Ring Max: [Hide] 30
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318 [State]: this option is unchanged from its standard setting.
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319 Maximum length of kill ring before oldest elements are thrown away.
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320 @end smallexample
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321
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322 The text following @samp{[Hide]}, @samp{30} in this case, indicates
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323 the current value of the option. If you see @samp{[Show]} instead of
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324 @samp{[Hide]}, it means that the value is hidden; the customization
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325 buffer initially hides values that take up several lines. Invoke
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326 @samp{[Show]} to show the value.
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327
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328 The line after the option name indicates the @dfn{customization state}
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329 of the option: in the example above, it says you have not changed the
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330 option yet. The word @samp{[State]} at the beginning of this line is
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331 active; you can get a menu of various operations by invoking it with
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332 @kbd{Mouse-1} or @key{RET}. These operations are essential for
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333 customizing the variable.
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334
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335 The line after the @samp{[State]} line displays the beginning of the
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336 option's documentation string. If there are more lines of
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337 documentation, this line ends with @samp{[More]}; invoke this to show
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338 the full documentation string.
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339
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340 To enter a new value for @samp{Kill Ring Max}, move point to the value
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341 and edit it textually. For example, you can type @kbd{M-d}, then insert
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342 another number.
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343
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344 When you begin to alter the text, you will see the @samp{[State]} line
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345 change to say that you have edited the value:
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346
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347 @smallexample
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348 [State]: you have edited the value as text, but not set the option.
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349 @end smallexample
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350
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351 @cindex setting option value
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352 Editing the value does not actually set the option variable. To do
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353 that, you must @dfn{set} the option. To do this, invoke the word
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354 @samp{[State]} and choose @samp{Set for Current Session}.
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355
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356 The state of the option changes visibly when you set it:
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357
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358 @smallexample
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359 [State]: you have set this option, but not saved it for future sessions.
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360 @end smallexample
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361
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362 You don't have to worry about specifying a value that is not valid;
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363 setting the option checks for validity and will not really install an
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364 unacceptable value.
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365
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366 @kindex M-TAB @r{(customization buffer)}
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367 @findex widget-complete
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368 While editing a value or field that is a file name, directory name,
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369 command name, or anything else for which completion is defined, you can
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370 type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{widget-complete}) to do completion.
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371
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372 Some options have a small fixed set of possible legitimate values.
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373 These options don't let you edit the value textually. Instead, an
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374 active field @samp{[Value Menu]} appears before the value; invoke this
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375 field to edit the value. For a boolean ``on or off'' value, the active
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376 field says @samp{[Toggle]}, and it changes to the other value.
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377 @samp{[Value Menu]} and @samp{[Toggle]} edit the buffer; the changes
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378 take effect when you use the @samp{Set for Current Session} operation.
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379
|
|
|
380 Some options have values with complex structure. For example, the
|
|
|
381 value of @code{load-path} is a list of directories. Here is how it
|
|
|
382 appears in the customization buffer:
|
|
|
383
|
|
|
384 @smallexample
|
|
|
385 Load Path:
|
|
|
386 [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /usr/local/share/emacs/19.34.94/site-lisp
|
|
|
387 [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp
|
|
|
388 [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /usr/local/share/emacs/19.34.94/leim
|
|
|
389 [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /usr/local/share/emacs/19.34.94/lisp
|
|
|
390 [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /build/emacs/e19/lisp
|
|
|
391 [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /build/emacs/e19/lisp/gnus
|
|
|
392 [INS]
|
|
|
393 [State]: this item has been changed outside the customization buffer.
|
|
|
394 List of directories to search for files to load....
|
|
|
395 @end smallexample
|
|
|
396
|
|
|
397 @noindent
|
|
|
398 Each directory in the list appears on a separate line, and each line has
|
|
|
399 several editable or active fields.
|
|
|
400
|
|
|
401 You can edit any of the directory names. To delete a directory from
|
|
|
402 the list, invoke @samp{[DEL]} on that line. To insert a new directory in
|
|
|
403 the list, invoke @samp{[INS]} at the point where you want to insert it.
|
|
|
404
|
|
|
405 You can also invoke @samp{[Current dir?]} to switch between including
|
|
|
406 a specific named directory in the path, and including @code{nil} in the
|
|
|
407 path. (@code{nil} in a search path means ``try the current
|
|
|
408 directory.'')
|
|
|
409
|
|
|
410 @kindex TAB @r{(customization buffer)}
|
|
|
411 @kindex S-TAB @r{(customization buffer)}
|
|
|
412 @findex widget-forward
|
|
|
413 @findex widget-backward
|
|
|
414 Two special commands, @key{TAB} and @kbd{S-@key{TAB}}, are useful for
|
|
|
415 moving through the customization buffer. @key{TAB}
|
|
|
416 (@code{widget-forward}) moves forward to the next active or editable
|
|
|
417 field; @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} (@code{widget-backward}) moves backward to the
|
|
|
418 previous active or editable field.
|
|
|
419
|
|
|
420 Typing @key{RET} on an editable field also moves forward, just like
|
|
|
421 @key{TAB}. The reason for this is that people have a tendency to type
|
|
|
422 @key{RET} when they are finished editing a field. If you have occasion
|
|
|
423 to insert a newline in an editable field, use @kbd{C-o} or @kbd{C-q
|
|
|
424 C-j},
|
|
|
425
|
|
|
426 @cindex saving option value
|
|
|
427 Setting the option changes its value in the current Emacs session;
|
|
|
428 @dfn{saving} the value changes it for future sessions as well. This
|
|
442
|
429 works by writing code into your init file so as to set the option
|
|
|
430 variable again each time you start Emacs. @xref{Init File}. To save
|
|
|
431 the option, invoke @samp{[State]} and select the @samp{Save for Future
|
|
|
432 Sessions} operation.
|
|
428
|
433
|
|
|
434 You can also restore the option to its standard value by invoking
|
|
|
435 @samp{[State]} and selecting the @samp{Reset} operation. There are
|
|
|
436 actually three reset operations:
|
|
|
437
|
|
|
438 @table @samp
|
|
|
439 @item Reset to Current
|
|
|
440 If you have made some modifications and not yet set the option,
|
|
|
441 this restores the text in the customization buffer to match
|
|
|
442 the actual value.
|
|
|
443
|
|
|
444 @item Reset to Saved
|
|
|
445 This restores the value of the option to the last saved value,
|
|
|
446 and updates the text accordingly.
|
|
|
447
|
|
|
448 @item Reset to Standard Settings
|
|
|
449 This sets the option to its standard value, and updates the text
|
|
|
450 accordingly. This also eliminates any saved value for the option,
|
|
|
451 so that you will get the standard value in future Emacs sessions.
|
|
|
452 @end table
|
|
|
453
|
|
|
454 The state of a group indicates whether anything in that group has been
|
|
|
455 edited, set or saved. You can select @samp{Set for Current Session},
|
|
|
456 @samp{Save for Future Sessions} and the various kinds of @samp{Reset}
|
|
|
457 operation for the group; these operations on the group apply to all
|
|
|
458 options in the group and its subgroups.
|
|
|
459
|
|
|
460 Near the top of the customization buffer there are two lines
|
|
|
461 containing several active fields:
|
|
|
462
|
|
|
463 @smallexample
|
|
|
464 [Set] [Save] [Reset] [Done]
|
|
|
465 @end smallexample
|
|
|
466
|
|
|
467 @noindent
|
|
|
468 Invoking @samp{[Done]} buries this customization buffer. Each of the
|
|
|
469 other fields performs an operation---set, save or reset---on each of the
|
|
|
470 items in the buffer that could meaningfully be set, saved or reset.
|
|
|
471
|
|
|
472 @node Face Customization
|
|
|
473 @subsubsection Customizing Faces
|
|
|
474 @cindex customizing faces
|
|
|
475 @cindex bold font
|
|
|
476 @cindex italic font
|
|
|
477 @cindex fonts and faces
|
|
|
478
|
|
|
479 In addition to user options, some customization groups also include
|
|
|
480 faces. When you show the contents of a group, both the user options and
|
|
|
481 the faces in the group appear in the customization buffer. Here is an
|
|
|
482 example of how a face looks:
|
|
|
483
|
|
|
484 @smallexample
|
|
|
485 Custom Changed Face: (sample)
|
|
|
486 [State]: this face is unchanged from its standard setting.
|
|
|
487 Face used when the customize item has been changed.
|
|
|
488 Parent groups: [Custom Magic Faces]
|
|
|
489 Attributes: [ ] Bold: [Toggle] off (nil)
|
|
|
490 [ ] Italic: [Toggle] off (nil)
|
|
|
491 [ ] Underline: [Toggle] off (nil)
|
|
|
492 [ ] Foreground: white (sample)
|
|
|
493 [ ] Background: blue (sample)
|
|
|
494 [ ] Inverse: [Toggle] off (nil)
|
|
1137
|
495 [ ] Stipple:
|
|
|
496 [ ] Font Family:
|
|
|
497 [ ] Size:
|
|
428
|
498 [ ] Strikethru: off
|
|
|
499 @end smallexample
|
|
|
500
|
|
|
501 Each face attribute has its own line. The @samp{[@var{x}]} field
|
|
|
502 before the attribute name indicates whether the attribute is
|
|
|
503 @dfn{enabled}; @samp{X} means that it is. You can enable or disable the
|
|
|
504 attribute by invoking that field. When the attribute is enabled, you
|
|
|
505 can change the attribute value in the usual ways.
|
|
|
506
|
|
1142
|
507 @xref{Faces}, for description of how @code{face-frob-from-locale-first}
|
|
|
508 variable affects changing @samp{Bold} and @samp{Italic} attributes.
|
|
|
509
|
|
428
|
510 @c Is this true for XEmacs?
|
|
|
511 @c On a black-and-white display, the colors you can use for the
|
|
|
512 @c background are @samp{black}, @samp{white}, @samp{gray}, @samp{gray1},
|
|
|
513 @c and @samp{gray3}. Emacs supports these shades of gray by using
|
|
|
514 @c background stipple patterns instead of a color.
|
|
1137
|
515 @c
|
|
428
|
516 Setting, saving and resetting a face work like the same operations for
|
|
|
517 options (@pxref{Changing an Option}).
|
|
|
518
|
|
|
519 A face can specify different appearances for different types of
|
|
|
520 display. For example, a face can make text red on a color display, but
|
|
|
521 use a bold font on a monochrome display. To specify multiple
|
|
|
522 appearances for a face, select @samp{Show Display Types} in the menu you
|
|
|
523 get from invoking @samp{[State]}.
|
|
|
524
|
|
|
525 @c It would be cool to implement this
|
|
|
526 @c @findex modify-face
|
|
|
527 @c Another more basic way to set the attributes of a specific face is
|
|
|
528 @c with @kbd{M-x modify-face}. This command reads the name of a face, then
|
|
|
529 @c reads the attributes one by one. For the color and stipple attributes,
|
|
|
530 @c the attribute's current value is the default---type just @key{RET} if
|
|
|
531 @c you don't want to change that attribute. Type @samp{none} if you want
|
|
|
532 @c to clear out the attribute.
|
|
|
533
|
|
|
534 @node Specific Customization
|
|
|
535 @subsubsection Customizing Specific Items
|
|
|
536
|
|
|
537 Instead of finding the options you want to change by moving down
|
|
|
538 through the structure of groups, you can specify the particular option,
|
|
|
539 face or group that you want to customize.
|
|
|
540
|
|
|
541 @table @kbd
|
|
|
542 @item M-x customize-option @key{RET} @var{option} @key{RET}
|
|
|
543 Set up a customization buffer with just one option, @var{option}.
|
|
|
544 @item M-x customize-face @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET}
|
|
|
545 Set up a customization buffer with just one face, @var{face}.
|
|
|
546 @item M-x customize-group @key{RET} @var{group} @key{RET}
|
|
|
547 Set up a customization buffer with just one group, @var{group}.
|
|
|
548 @item M-x customize-apropos @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
|
549 Set up a customization buffer with all the options, faces and groups
|
|
|
550 that match @var{regexp}.
|
|
1137
|
551 @item M-x customize-saved
|
|
428
|
552 Set up a customization buffer containing all options and faces that you
|
|
|
553 have saved with customization buffers.
|
|
|
554 @item M-x customize-customized
|
|
|
555 Set up a customization buffer containing all options and faces that you
|
|
|
556 have customized but not saved.
|
|
|
557 @end table
|
|
|
558
|
|
|
559 @findex customize-option
|
|
|
560 If you want to alter a particular user option variable with the
|
|
|
561 customization buffer, and you know its name, you can use the command
|
|
|
562 @kbd{M-x customize-option} and specify the option name. This sets up
|
|
|
563 the customization buffer with just one option---the one that you asked
|
|
|
564 for. Editing, setting and saving the value work as described above, but
|
|
|
565 only for the specified option.
|
|
|
566
|
|
|
567 @findex customize-face
|
|
|
568 Likewise, you can modify a specific face, chosen by name, using
|
|
|
569 @kbd{M-x customize-face}.
|
|
|
570
|
|
|
571 @findex customize-group
|
|
|
572 You can also set up the customization buffer with a specific group,
|
|
|
573 using @kbd{M-x customize-group}. The immediate contents of the chosen
|
|
|
574 group, including option variables, faces, and other groups, all appear
|
|
|
575 as well. However, these subgroups' own contents start out hidden. You
|
|
|
576 can show their contents in the usual way, by invoking @samp{[Show]}.
|
|
|
577
|
|
|
578 @findex customize-apropos
|
|
|
579 To control more precisely what to customize, you can use @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
580 customize-apropos}. You specify a regular expression as argument; then
|
|
|
581 all options, faces and groups whose names match this regular expression
|
|
|
582 are set up in the customization buffer. If you specify an empty regular
|
|
|
583 expression, this includes @emph{all} groups, options and faces in the
|
|
|
584 customization buffer (but that takes a long time).
|
|
|
585
|
|
|
586 @findex customize-saved
|
|
|
587 @findex customize-customized
|
|
|
588 If you change option values and then decide the change was a mistake,
|
|
|
589 you can use two special commands to revisit your previous changes. Use
|
|
|
590 @kbd{customize-saved} to look at the options and faces that you have
|
|
|
591 saved. Use @kbd{M-x customize-customized} to look at the options and
|
|
|
592 faces that you have set but not saved.
|
|
|
593
|
|
|
594 @node Edit Options
|
|
|
595 @subsection Editing Variable Values
|
|
|
596
|
|
|
597 @table @kbd
|
|
|
598 @item M-x list-options
|
|
|
599 Display a buffer listing names, values, and documentation of all options.
|
|
|
600 @item M-x edit-options
|
|
|
601 Change option values by editing a list of options.
|
|
|
602 @end table
|
|
|
603
|
|
|
604 @findex list-options
|
|
|
605 @kbd{M-x list-options} displays a list of all Emacs option variables in
|
|
|
606 an Emacs buffer named @samp{*List Options*}. Each option is shown with its
|
|
|
607 documentation and its current value. Here is what a portion of it might
|
|
|
608 look like:
|
|
|
609
|
|
|
610 @smallexample
|
|
|
611 ;; exec-path:
|
|
|
612 ("." "/usr/local/bin" "/usr/ucb" "/bin" "/usr/bin" "/u2/emacs/etc")
|
|
|
613 *List of directories to search programs to run in subprocesses.
|
|
|
614 Each element is a string (directory name)
|
|
|
615 or nil (try the default directory).
|
|
|
616 ;;
|
|
|
617 ;; fill-column:
|
|
|
618 75
|
|
|
619 *Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen.
|
|
|
620 Automatically becomes local when set in any fashion.
|
|
|
621 ;;
|
|
|
622 @end smallexample
|
|
|
623
|
|
|
624 @findex edit-options
|
|
|
625 @kbd{M-x edit-options} goes one step further and immediately selects the
|
|
|
626 @samp{*List Options*} buffer; this buffer uses the major mode Options mode,
|
|
|
627 which provides commands that allow you to point at an option and change its
|
|
|
628 value:
|
|
|
629
|
|
|
630 @table @kbd
|
|
|
631 @item s
|
|
|
632 Set the variable point is in or near to a new value read using the
|
|
|
633 minibuffer.
|
|
|
634 @item x
|
|
|
635 Toggle the variable point is in or near: if the value was @code{nil},
|
|
|
636 it becomes @code{t}; otherwise it becomes @code{nil}.
|
|
|
637 @item 1
|
|
|
638 Set the variable point is in or near to @code{t}.
|
|
|
639 @item 0
|
|
|
640 Set the variable point is in or near to @code{nil}.
|
|
|
641 @item n
|
|
|
642 @itemx p
|
|
|
643 Move to the next or previous variable.
|
|
|
644 @end table
|
|
|
645
|
|
|
646 @node Locals
|
|
|
647 @subsection Local Variables
|
|
|
648
|
|
|
649 @table @kbd
|
|
|
650 @item M-x make-local-variable
|
|
|
651 Make a variable have a local value in the current buffer.
|
|
|
652 @item M-x kill-local-variable
|
|
|
653 Make a variable use its global value in the current buffer.
|
|
|
654 @item M-x make-variable-buffer-local
|
|
|
655 Mark a variable so that setting it will make it local to the
|
|
|
656 buffer that is current at that time.
|
|
|
657 @end table
|
|
|
658
|
|
|
659 @cindex local variables
|
|
|
660 You can make any variable @dfn{local} to a specific Emacs buffer.
|
|
|
661 This means that the variable's value in that buffer is independent of
|
|
|
662 its value in other buffers. A few variables are always local in every
|
|
|
663 buffer. All other Emacs variables have a @dfn{global} value which is in
|
|
|
664 effect in all buffers that have not made the variable local.
|
|
|
665
|
|
|
666 Major modes always make the variables they set local to the buffer.
|
|
|
667 This is why changing major modes in one buffer has no effect on other
|
|
|
668 buffers.
|
|
|
669
|
|
|
670 @findex make-local-variable
|
|
|
671 @kbd{M-x make-local-variable} reads the name of a variable and makes it
|
|
|
672 local to the current buffer. Further changes in this buffer will not
|
|
|
673 affect others, and changes in the global value will not affect this
|
|
|
674 buffer.
|
|
|
675
|
|
|
676 @findex make-variable-buffer-local
|
|
|
677 @cindex per-buffer variables
|
|
|
678 @kbd{M-x make-variable-buffer-local} reads the name of a variable and
|
|
|
679 changes the future behavior of the variable so that it automatically
|
|
|
680 becomes local when it is set. More precisely, once you have marked a
|
|
|
681 variable in this way, the usual ways of setting the
|
|
|
682 variable will automatically invoke @code{make-local-variable} first. We
|
|
|
683 call such variables @dfn{per-buffer} variables.
|
|
|
684
|
|
|
685 Some important variables have been marked per-buffer already. They
|
|
|
686 include @code{abbrev-mode}, @code{auto-fill-function},
|
|
|
687 @code{case-fold-search}, @code{comment-column}, @code{ctl-arrow},
|
|
|
688 @code{fill-column}, @code{fill-prefix}, @code{indent-tabs-mode},
|
|
|
689 @code{left-margin}, @*@code{mode-line-format}, @code{overwrite-mode},
|
|
|
690 @code{selective-display-ellipses}, @*@code{selective-display},
|
|
|
691 @code{tab-width}, and @code{truncate-lines}. Some other variables are
|
|
|
692 always local in every buffer, but they are used for internal
|
|
|
693 purposes.@refill
|
|
|
694
|
|
|
695 Note: the variable @code{auto-fill-function} was formerly named
|
|
|
696 @code{auto-fill-hook}.
|
|
|
697
|
|
|
698 @findex kill-local-variable
|
|
|
699 If you want a variable to cease to be local to the current buffer,
|
|
|
700 call @kbd{M-x kill-local-variable} and provide the name of a variable to
|
|
|
701 the prompt. The global value of the variable
|
|
|
702 is again in effect in this buffer. Setting the major mode kills all
|
|
|
703 the local variables of the buffer.
|
|
|
704
|
|
|
705 @findex setq-default
|
|
|
706 To set the global value of a variable, regardless of whether the
|
|
|
707 variable has a local value in the current buffer, you can use the
|
|
|
708 Lisp function @code{setq-default}. It works like @code{setq}.
|
|
|
709 If there is a local value in the current buffer, the local value is
|
|
|
710 not affected by @code{setq-default}; thus, the new global value may
|
|
|
711 not be visible until you switch to another buffer, as in the case of:
|
|
|
712
|
|
|
713 @example
|
|
|
714 (setq-default fill-column 75)
|
|
|
715 @end example
|
|
|
716
|
|
|
717 @noindent
|
|
|
718 @code{setq-default} is the only way to set the global value of a variable
|
|
|
719 that has been marked with @code{make-variable-buffer-local}.
|
|
|
720
|
|
|
721 @findex default-value
|
|
|
722 Programs can look at a variable's default value with @code{default-value}.
|
|
|
723 This function takes a symbol as an argument and returns its default value.
|
|
|
724 The argument is evaluated; usually you must quote it explicitly, as in
|
|
|
725 the case of:
|
|
|
726
|
|
|
727 @example
|
|
|
728 (default-value 'fill-column)
|
|
|
729 @end example
|
|
|
730
|
|
|
731 @node File Variables
|
|
|
732 @subsection Local Variables in Files
|
|
|
733 @cindex local variables in files
|
|
|
734
|
|
|
735 A file can contain a @dfn{local variables list}, which specifies the
|
|
|
736 values to use for certain Emacs variables when that file is edited.
|
|
|
737 Visiting the file checks for a local variables list and makes each variable
|
|
|
738 in the list local to the buffer in which the file is visited, with the
|
|
|
739 value specified in the file.
|
|
|
740
|
|
|
741 A local variables list goes near the end of the file, in the last page.
|
|
|
742 (It is often best to put it on a page by itself.) The local variables list
|
|
|
743 starts with a line containing the string @samp{Local Variables:}, and ends
|
|
|
744 with a line containing the string @samp{End:}. In between come the
|
|
|
745 variable names and values, one set per line, as @samp{@var{variable}:@:
|
|
|
746 @var{value}}. The @var{value}s are not evaluated; they are used literally.
|
|
|
747
|
|
|
748 The line which starts the local variables list does not have to say
|
|
|
749 just @samp{Local Variables:}. If there is other text before @samp{Local
|
|
|
750 Variables:}, that text is called the @dfn{prefix}, and if there is other
|
|
|
751 text after, that is called the @dfn{suffix}. If a prefix or suffix are
|
|
|
752 present, each entry in the local variables list should have the prefix
|
|
|
753 before it and the suffix after it. This includes the @samp{End:} line.
|
|
|
754 The prefix and suffix are included to disguise the local variables list
|
|
|
755 as a comment so the compiler or text formatter will ignore it.
|
|
|
756 If you do not need to disguise the local variables list as a comment in
|
|
|
757 this way, there is no need to include a prefix or a suffix.@refill
|
|
|
758
|
|
|
759 Two ``variable'' names are special in a local variables list: a value
|
|
|
760 for the variable @code{mode} sets the major mode, and a value for the
|
|
|
761 variable @code{eval} is simply evaluated as an expression and the value
|
|
|
762 is ignored. These are not real variables; setting them in any other
|
|
|
763 context does not have the same effect. If @code{mode} is used in a
|
|
|
764 local variables list, it should be the first entry in the list.
|
|
|
765
|
|
|
766 Here is an example of a local variables list:
|
|
|
767 @example
|
|
|
768 ;;; Local Variables: ***
|
|
|
769 ;;; mode:lisp ***
|
|
|
770 ;;; comment-column:0 ***
|
|
|
771 ;;; comment-start: ";;; " ***
|
|
|
772 ;;; comment-end:"***" ***
|
|
|
773 ;;; End: ***
|
|
|
774 @end example
|
|
|
775
|
|
|
776 Note that the prefix is @samp{;;; } and the suffix is @samp{ ***}.
|
|
|
777 Note also that comments in the file begin with and end with the same
|
|
|
778 strings. Presumably the file contains code in a language which is
|
|
|
779 enough like Lisp for Lisp mode to be useful but in which comments
|
|
|
780 start and end differently. The prefix and suffix are used in the local
|
|
|
781 variables list to make the list look like several lines of comments when
|
|
1137
|
782 the compiler or interpreter for that language reads the file.
|
|
428
|
783
|
|
|
784 The start of the local variables list must be no more than 3000
|
|
|
785 characters from the end of the file, and must be in the last page if the
|
|
|
786 file is divided into pages. Otherwise, Emacs will not notice it is
|
|
|
787 there. The purpose is twofold: a stray @samp{Local Variables:}@: not in
|
|
|
788 the last page does not confuse Emacs, and Emacs never needs to search a
|
|
|
789 long file that contains no page markers and has no local variables list.
|
|
|
790
|
|
|
791 You may be tempted to turn on Auto Fill mode with a local variable
|
|
|
792 list. That is inappropriate. Whether you use Auto Fill mode or not is
|
|
|
793 a matter of personal taste, not a matter of the contents of particular
|
|
|
794 files. If you want to use Auto Fill, set up major mode hooks with your
|
|
442
|
795 init file to turn it on (when appropriate) for you alone
|
|
428
|
796 (@pxref{Init File}). Don't try to use a local variable list that would
|
|
|
797 impose your taste on everyone working with the file.
|
|
|
798
|
|
|
799 XEmacs allows you to specify local variables in the first line
|
|
|
800 of a file, in addition to specifying them in the @code{Local Variables}
|
|
|
801 section at the end of a file.
|
|
|
802
|
|
|
803 If the first line of a file contains two occurrences of @code{`-*-'},
|
|
|
804 XEmacs uses the information between them to determine what the major
|
|
|
805 mode and variable settings should be. For example, these are all legal:
|
|
|
806
|
|
|
807 @example
|
|
440
|
808 ;;; -*- mode: emacs-lisp -*-
|
|
|
809 ;;; -*- mode: postscript; version-control: never -*-
|
|
|
810 ;;; -*- tags-file-name: "/foo/bar/TAGS" -*-
|
|
428
|
811 @end example
|
|
|
812
|
|
|
813 For historical reasons, the syntax @code{`-*- modename -*-'} is allowed
|
|
|
814 as well; for example, you can use:
|
|
|
815
|
|
|
816 @example
|
|
440
|
817 ;;; -*- emacs-lisp -*-
|
|
428
|
818 @end example
|
|
|
819
|
|
|
820 @vindex enable-local-variables
|
|
|
821 The variable @code{enable-local-variables} controls the use of local
|
|
|
822 variables lists in files you visit. The value can be @code{t},
|
|
|
823 @code{nil}, or something else. A value of @code{t} means local variables
|
|
|
824 lists are obeyed; @code{nil} means they are ignored; anything else means
|
|
|
825 query.
|
|
|
826
|
|
|
827 The command @code{M-x normal-mode} always obeys local variables lists
|
|
|
828 and ignores this variable.
|
|
|
829
|
|
|
830 @node Keyboard Macros
|
|
|
831 @section Keyboard Macros
|
|
|
832
|
|
|
833 @cindex keyboard macros
|
|
|
834 A @dfn{keyboard macro} is a command defined by the user to abbreviate a
|
|
|
835 sequence of keys. For example, if you discover that you are about to type
|
|
|
836 @kbd{C-n C-d} forty times, you can speed your work by defining a keyboard
|
|
|
837 macro to invoke @kbd{C-n C-d} and calling it with a repeat count of forty.
|
|
|
838
|
|
|
839 @c widecommands
|
|
|
840 @table @kbd
|
|
|
841 @item C-x (
|
|
|
842 Start defining a keyboard macro (@code{start-kbd-macro}).
|
|
|
843 @item C-x )
|
|
|
844 End the definition of a keyboard macro (@code{end-kbd-macro}).
|
|
|
845 @item C-x e
|
|
|
846 Execute the most recent keyboard macro (@code{call-last-kbd-macro}).
|
|
|
847 @item C-u C-x (
|
|
|
848 Re-execute last keyboard macro, then add more keys to its definition.
|
|
|
849 @item C-x q
|
|
|
850 When this point is reached during macro execution, ask for confirmation
|
|
|
851 (@code{kbd-macro-query}).
|
|
|
852 @item M-x name-last-kbd-macro
|
|
|
853 Give a command name (for the duration of the session) to the most
|
|
|
854 recently defined keyboard macro.
|
|
|
855 @item M-x insert-kbd-macro
|
|
|
856 Insert in the buffer a keyboard macro's definition, as Lisp code.
|
|
|
857 @end table
|
|
|
858
|
|
|
859 Keyboard macros differ from other Emacs commands in that they are
|
|
|
860 written in the Emacs command language rather than in Lisp. This makes it
|
|
|
861 easier for the novice to write them and makes them more convenient as
|
|
|
862 temporary hacks. However, the Emacs command language is not powerful
|
|
|
863 enough as a programming language to be useful for writing anything
|
|
|
864 general or complex. For such things, Lisp must be used.
|
|
|
865
|
|
|
866 You define a keyboard macro by executing the commands which are its
|
|
|
867 definition. Put differently, as you are defining a keyboard macro, the
|
|
|
868 definition is being executed for the first time. This way, you see
|
|
|
869 what the effects of your commands are, and don't have to figure
|
|
|
870 them out in your head. When you are finished, the keyboard macro is
|
|
|
871 defined and also has been executed once. You can then execute the same
|
|
|
872 set of commands again by invoking the macro.
|
|
|
873
|
|
|
874 @menu
|
|
|
875 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
|
|
|
876 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
|
|
|
877 * Kbd Macro Query:: Keyboard macros that do different things each use.
|
|
|
878 @end menu
|
|
|
879
|
|
|
880 @node Basic Kbd Macro
|
|
|
881 @subsection Basic Use
|
|
|
882
|
|
|
883 @kindex C-x (
|
|
|
884 @kindex C-x )
|
|
|
885 @kindex C-x e
|
|
|
886 @findex start-kbd-macro
|
|
|
887 @findex end-kbd-macro
|
|
|
888 @findex call-last-kbd-macro
|
|
|
889 To start defining a keyboard macro, type @kbd{C-x (}
|
|
|
890 (@code{start-kbd-macro}). From then on, anything you type continues to be
|
|
|
891 executed, but also becomes part of the definition of the macro. @samp{Def}
|
|
|
892 appears in the mode line to remind you of what is going on. When you are
|
|
|
893 finished, the @kbd{C-x )} command (@code{end-kbd-macro}) terminates the
|
|
1137
|
894 definition, without becoming part of it.
|
|
428
|
895
|
|
|
896 For example,
|
|
|
897
|
|
|
898 @example
|
|
|
899 C-x ( M-f foo C-x )
|
|
|
900 @end example
|
|
|
901
|
|
|
902 @noindent
|
|
|
903 defines a macro to move forward a word and then insert @samp{foo}.
|
|
|
904
|
|
|
905 You can give @kbd{C-x )} a repeat count as an argument, in which case it
|
|
|
906 repeats the macro that many times right after defining it, but defining
|
|
|
907 the macro counts as the first repetition (since it is executed as you
|
|
|
908 define it). If you give @kbd{C-x )} an argument of 4, it executes the
|
|
|
909 macro immediately 3 additional times. An argument of zero to @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
910 e} or @kbd{C-x )} means repeat the macro indefinitely (until it gets an
|
|
|
911 error or you type @kbd{C-g}).
|
|
|
912
|
|
|
913 Once you have defined a macro, you can invoke it again with the
|
|
|
914 @kbd{C-x e} command (@code{call-last-kbd-macro}). You can give the
|
|
|
915 command a repeat count numeric argument to execute the macro many times.
|
|
|
916
|
|
|
917 To repeat an operation at regularly spaced places in the
|
|
|
918 text, define a macro and include as part of the macro the commands to move
|
|
|
919 to the next place you want to use it. For example, if you want to change
|
|
|
920 each line, you should position point at the start of a line, and define a
|
|
|
921 macro to change that line and leave point at the start of the next line.
|
|
|
922 Repeating the macro will then operate on successive lines.
|
|
|
923
|
|
|
924 After you have terminated the definition of a keyboard macro, you can add
|
|
|
925 to the end of its definition by typing @kbd{C-u C-x (}. This is equivalent
|
|
|
926 to plain @kbd{C-x (} followed by retyping the whole definition so far. As
|
|
|
927 a consequence it re-executes the macro as previously defined.
|
|
|
928
|
|
|
929 @node Save Kbd Macro
|
|
|
930 @subsection Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros
|
|
|
931
|
|
|
932 @findex name-last-kbd-macro
|
|
|
933 To save a keyboard macro for longer than until you define the
|
|
|
934 next one, you must give it a name using @kbd{M-x name-last-kbd-macro}.
|
|
|
935 This reads a name as an argument using the minibuffer and defines that name
|
|
|
936 to execute the macro. The macro name is a Lisp symbol, and defining it in
|
|
|
937 this way makes it a valid command name for calling with @kbd{M-x} or for
|
|
|
938 binding a key to with @code{global-set-key} (@pxref{Keymaps}). If you
|
|
|
939 specify a name that has a prior definition other than another keyboard
|
|
|
940 macro, Emacs prints an error message and nothing is changed.
|
|
|
941
|
|
|
942 @findex insert-kbd-macro
|
|
|
943 Once a macro has a command name, you can save its definition in a file.
|
|
|
944 You can then use it in another editing session. First visit the file
|
|
|
945 you want to save the definition in. Then use the command:
|
|
|
946
|
|
|
947 @example
|
|
|
948 M-x insert-kbd-macro @key{RET} @var{macroname} @key{RET}
|
|
|
949 @end example
|
|
|
950
|
|
|
951 @noindent
|
|
|
952 This inserts some Lisp code that, when executed later, will define the same
|
|
|
953 macro with the same definition it has now. You need not understand Lisp
|
|
|
954 code to do this, because @code{insert-kbd-macro} writes the Lisp code for you.
|
|
|
955 Then save the file. You can load the file with @code{load-file}
|
|
|
956 (@pxref{Lisp Libraries}). If the file you save in is your initialization file
|
|
442
|
957 (@pxref{Init File}), then the macro will be defined each
|
|
428
|
958 time you run Emacs.
|
|
|
959
|
|
|
960 If you give @code{insert-kbd-macro} a prefix argument, it creates
|
|
|
961 additional Lisp code to record the keys (if any) that you have bound to the
|
|
|
962 keyboard macro, so that the macro is reassigned the same keys when you
|
|
|
963 load the file.
|
|
|
964
|
|
|
965 @node Kbd Macro Query
|
|
|
966 @subsection Executing Macros With Variations
|
|
|
967
|
|
|
968 @kindex C-x q
|
|
|
969 @findex kbd-macro-query
|
|
|
970 You can use @kbd{C-x q} (@code{kbd-macro-query}), to get an effect similar
|
|
|
971 to that of @code{query-replace}. The macro asks you each time
|
|
|
972 whether to make a change. When you are defining the macro, type @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
973 q} at the point where you want the query to occur. During macro
|
|
|
974 definition, the @kbd{C-x q} does nothing, but when you invoke the macro,
|
|
|
975 @kbd{C-x q} reads a character from the terminal to decide whether to
|
|
|
976 continue.
|
|
|
977
|
|
|
978 The special answers to a @kbd{C-x q} query are @key{SPC}, @key{DEL},
|
|
|
979 @kbd{C-d}, @kbd{C-l}, and @kbd{C-r}. Any other character terminates
|
|
|
980 execution of the keyboard macro and is then read as a command.
|
|
|
981 @key{SPC} means to continue. @key{DEL} means to skip the remainder of
|
|
|
982 this repetition of the macro, starting again from the beginning in the
|
|
|
983 next repetition. @kbd{C-d} means to skip the remainder of this
|
|
|
984 repetition and cancel further repetition. @kbd{C-l} redraws the frame
|
|
|
985 and asks you again for a character to specify what to do. @kbd{C-r} enters
|
|
|
986 a recursive editing level, in which you can perform editing that is not
|
|
|
987 part of the macro. When you exit the recursive edit using @kbd{C-M-c},
|
|
|
988 you are asked again how to continue with the keyboard macro. If you
|
|
|
989 type a @key{SPC} at this time, the rest of the macro definition is
|
|
|
990 executed. It is up to you to leave point and the text in a state such
|
|
|
991 that the rest of the macro will do what you want.@refill
|
|
|
992
|
|
|
993 @kbd{C-u C-x q}, which is @kbd{C-x q} with a numeric argument, performs a
|
|
|
994 different function. It enters a recursive edit reading input from the
|
|
|
995 keyboard, both when you type it during the definition of the macro and
|
|
|
996 when it is executed from the macro. During definition, the editing you do
|
|
|
997 inside the recursive edit does not become part of the macro. During macro
|
|
|
998 execution, the recursive edit gives you a chance to do some particularized
|
|
|
999 editing. @xref{Recursive Edit}.
|
|
|
1000
|
|
|
1001 @node Key Bindings
|
|
|
1002 @section Customizing Key Bindings
|
|
|
1003
|
|
|
1004 This section deals with the @dfn{keymaps} that define the bindings
|
|
|
1005 between keys and functions, and shows how you can customize these bindings.
|
|
|
1006 @cindex command
|
|
|
1007 @cindex function
|
|
|
1008 @cindex command name
|
|
|
1009
|
|
|
1010 A command is a Lisp function whose definition provides for interactive
|
|
|
1011 use. Like every Lisp function, a command has a function name, which is
|
|
|
1012 a Lisp symbol whose name usually consists of lower case letters and
|
|
|
1013 hyphens.
|
|
|
1014
|
|
|
1015 @menu
|
|
|
1016 * Keymaps:: Definition of the keymap data structure.
|
|
|
1017 Names of Emacs's standard keymaps.
|
|
|
1018 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
|
|
|
1019 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
|
|
|
1020 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
|
|
|
1021 beginners from surprises.
|
|
|
1022 @end menu
|
|
|
1023
|
|
|
1024 @node Keymaps
|
|
|
1025 @subsection Keymaps
|
|
|
1026 @cindex keymap
|
|
|
1027
|
|
|
1028 @cindex global keymap
|
|
|
1029 @vindex global-map
|
|
|
1030 The bindings between characters and command functions are recorded in
|
|
|
1031 data structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Emacs has many of these. One, the
|
|
|
1032 @dfn{global} keymap, defines the meanings of the single-character keys that
|
|
|
1033 are defined regardless of major mode. It is the value of the variable
|
|
|
1034 @code{global-map}.
|
|
|
1035
|
|
|
1036 @cindex local keymap
|
|
|
1037 @vindex c-mode-map
|
|
|
1038 @vindex lisp-mode-map
|
|
|
1039 Each major mode has another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which
|
|
|
1040 contains overriding definitions for the single-character keys that are
|
|
|
1041 redefined in that mode. Each buffer records which local keymap is
|
|
|
1042 installed for it at any time, and the current buffer's local keymap is
|
|
|
1043 the only one that directly affects command execution. The local keymaps
|
|
|
1044 for Lisp mode, C mode, and many other major modes always exist even when
|
|
|
1045 not in use. They are the values of the variables @code{lisp-mode-map},
|
|
|
1046 @code{c-mode-map}, and so on. For less frequently used major modes, the
|
|
|
1047 local keymap is sometimes constructed only when the mode is used for the
|
|
|
1048 first time in a session, to save space.
|
|
|
1049
|
|
|
1050 @cindex minibuffer
|
|
|
1051 @vindex minibuffer-local-map
|
|
|
1052 @vindex minibuffer-local-ns-map
|
|
|
1053 @vindex minibuffer-local-completion-map
|
|
|
1054 @vindex minibuffer-local-must-match-map
|
|
|
1055 @vindex repeat-complex-command-map
|
|
|
1056 @vindex isearch-mode-map
|
|
|
1057 There are local keymaps for the minibuffer, too; they contain various
|
|
|
1058 completion and exit commands.
|
|
|
1059
|
|
|
1060 @itemize @bullet
|
|
|
1061 @item
|
|
|
1062 @code{minibuffer-local-map} is used for ordinary input (no completion).
|
|
|
1063 @item
|
|
|
1064 @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} is similar, except that @key{SPC} exits
|
|
|
1065 just like @key{RET}. This is used mainly for Mocklisp compatibility.
|
|
|
1066 @item
|
|
|
1067 @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} is for permissive completion.
|
|
|
1068 @item
|
|
|
1069 @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map} is for strict completion and
|
|
|
1070 for cautious completion.
|
|
|
1071 @item
|
|
|
1072 @code{repeat-complex-command-map} is for use in @kbd{C-x @key{ESC}}.
|
|
|
1073 @item
|
|
|
1074 @code{isearch-mode-map} contains the bindings of the special keys which
|
|
|
1075 are bound in the pseudo-mode entered with @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-r}.
|
|
|
1076 @end itemize
|
|
|
1077
|
|
|
1078 @vindex ctl-x-map
|
|
|
1079 @vindex help-map
|
|
|
1080 @vindex esc-map
|
|
|
1081 Finally, each prefix key has a keymap which defines the key sequences
|
|
|
1082 that start with it. For example, @code{ctl-x-map} is the keymap used for
|
|
|
1083 characters following a @kbd{C-x}.
|
|
|
1084
|
|
|
1085 @itemize @bullet
|
|
|
1086 @item
|
|
|
1087 @code{ctl-x-map} is the variable name for the map used for characters that
|
|
|
1088 follow @kbd{C-x}.
|
|
|
1089 @item
|
|
|
1090 @code{help-map} is used for characters that follow @kbd{C-h}.
|
|
|
1091 @item
|
|
|
1092 @code{esc-map} is for characters that follow @key{ESC}. All Meta
|
|
|
1093 characters are actually defined by this map.
|
|
|
1094 @item
|
|
|
1095 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is for characters that follow @kbd{C-x 4}.
|
|
|
1096 @item
|
|
|
1097 @code{mode-specific-map} is for characters that follow @kbd{C-c}.
|
|
|
1098 @end itemize
|
|
|
1099
|
|
|
1100 The definition of a prefix key is the keymap to use for looking up
|
|
|
1101 the following character. Sometimes the definition is actually a Lisp
|
|
|
1102 symbol whose function definition is the following character keymap. The
|
|
|
1103 effect is the same, but it provides a command name for the prefix key that
|
|
|
1104 you can use as a description of what the prefix key is for. Thus the
|
|
|
1105 binding of @kbd{C-x} is the symbol @code{Ctl-X-Prefix}, whose function
|
|
|
1106 definition is the keymap for @kbd{C-x} commands, the value of
|
|
|
1107 @code{ctl-x-map}.@refill
|
|
|
1108
|
|
|
1109 Prefix key definitions can appear in either the global
|
|
|
1110 map or a local map. The definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h},
|
|
|
1111 and @key{ESC} as prefix keys appear in the global map, so these prefix
|
|
|
1112 keys are always available. Major modes can locally redefine a key as a
|
|
|
1113 prefix by putting a prefix key definition for it in the local
|
|
|
1114 map.@refill
|
|
|
1115
|
|
|
1116 A mode can also put a prefix definition of a global prefix character such
|
|
|
1117 as @kbd{C-x} into its local map. This is how major modes override the
|
|
|
1118 definitions of certain keys that start with @kbd{C-x}. This case is
|
|
|
1119 special, because the local definition does not entirely replace the global
|
|
|
1120 one. When both the global and local definitions of a key are other
|
|
|
1121 keymaps, the next character is looked up in both keymaps, with the local
|
|
|
1122 definition overriding the global one. The character after the
|
|
|
1123 @kbd{C-x} is looked up in both the major mode's own keymap for redefined
|
|
|
1124 @kbd{C-x} commands and in @code{ctl-x-map}. If the major mode's own keymap
|
|
|
1125 for @kbd{C-x} commands contains @code{nil}, the definition from the global
|
|
|
1126 keymap for @kbd{C-x} commands is used.@refill
|
|
|
1127
|
|
|
1128 @node Rebinding
|
|
|
1129 @subsection Changing Key Bindings
|
|
|
1130 @cindex key rebinding, this session
|
|
|
1131 @cindex rebinding keys, this session
|
|
|
1132
|
|
|
1133 You can redefine an Emacs key by changing its entry in a keymap.
|
|
|
1134 You can change the global keymap, in which case the change is effective in
|
|
|
1135 all major modes except those that have their own overriding local
|
|
|
1136 definitions for the same key. Or you can change the current buffer's
|
|
|
1137 local map, which affects all buffers using the same major mode.
|
|
|
1138
|
|
|
1139 @menu
|
|
1137
|
1140 * Interactive Rebinding:: Changing Key Bindings Interactively
|
|
438
|
1141 * Programmatic Rebinding:: Changing Key Bindings Programmatically
|
|
1137
|
1142 * Key Bindings Using Strings:: Using Strings for Changing Key Bindings
|
|
428
|
1143 @end menu
|
|
|
1144
|
|
|
1145 @node Interactive Rebinding
|
|
|
1146 @subsubsection Changing Key Bindings Interactively
|
|
|
1147 @findex global-set-key
|
|
|
1148 @findex local-set-key
|
|
|
1149 @findex local-unset-key
|
|
|
1150
|
|
|
1151 @table @kbd
|
|
|
1152 @item M-x global-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1153 Defines @var{key} globally to run @var{cmd}.
|
|
1137
|
1154 @item M-x local-set-key @key{RET} @var{keys} @var{cmd} @key{RET}
|
|
428
|
1155 Defines @var{key} locally (in the major mode now in effect) to run
|
|
|
1156 @var{cmd}.
|
|
|
1157 @item M-x local-unset-key @key{RET} @var{keys} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1158 Removes the local binding of @var{key}.
|
|
|
1159 @end table
|
|
|
1160
|
|
|
1161 @var{cmd} is a symbol naming an interactively-callable function.
|
|
|
1162
|
|
|
1163 When called interactively, @var{key} is the next complete key sequence
|
|
|
1164 that you type. When called as a function, @var{key} is a string, a
|
|
|
1165 vector of events, or a vector of key-description lists as described in
|
|
|
1166 the @code{define-key} function description. The binding goes in
|
|
|
1167 the current buffer's local map, which is shared with other buffers in
|
|
|
1168 the same major mode.
|
|
|
1169
|
|
|
1170 The following example:
|
|
|
1171
|
|
|
1172 @example
|
|
|
1173 M-x global-set-key @key{RET} C-f next-line @key{RET}
|
|
|
1174 @end example
|
|
|
1175
|
|
|
1176 @noindent
|
|
|
1177 redefines @kbd{C-f} to move down a line. The fact that @var{cmd} is
|
|
|
1178 read second makes it serve as a kind of confirmation for @var{key}.
|
|
|
1179
|
|
|
1180 These functions offer no way to specify a particular prefix keymap as
|
|
|
1181 the one to redefine in, but that is not necessary, as you can include
|
|
|
1182 prefixes in @var{key}. @var{key} is read by reading characters one by
|
|
|
1183 one until they amount to a complete key (that is, not a prefix key).
|
|
|
1184 Thus, if you type @kbd{C-f} for @var{key}, Emacs enters
|
|
|
1185 the minibuffer immediately to read @var{cmd}. But if you type
|
|
|
1186 @kbd{C-x}, another character is read; if that character is @kbd{4},
|
|
|
1187 another character is read, and so on. For example,@refill
|
|
|
1188
|
|
|
1189 @example
|
|
|
1190 M-x global-set-key @key{RET} C-x 4 $ spell-other-window @key{RET}
|
|
|
1191 @end example
|
|
|
1192
|
|
|
1193 @noindent
|
|
|
1194 redefines @kbd{C-x 4 $} to run the (fictitious) command
|
|
|
1195 @code{spell-other-window}.
|
|
|
1196
|
|
|
1197 @findex define-key
|
|
|
1198 @findex substitute-key-definition
|
|
|
1199 The most general way to modify a keymap is the function
|
|
442
|
1200 @code{define-key}, used in Lisp code (such as your init file).
|
|
428
|
1201 @code{define-key} takes three arguments: the keymap, the key to modify
|
|
|
1202 in it, and the new definition. @xref{Init File}, for an example.
|
|
|
1203 @code{substitute-key-definition} is used similarly; it takes three
|
|
|
1204 arguments, an old definition, a new definition, and a keymap, and
|
|
|
1205 redefines in that keymap all keys that were previously defined with the
|
|
|
1206 old definition to have the new definition instead.
|
|
|
1207
|
|
|
1208 @node Programmatic Rebinding
|
|
|
1209 @subsubsection Changing Key Bindings Programmatically
|
|
|
1210
|
|
|
1211 You can use the functions @code{global-set-key} and @code{define-key}
|
|
|
1212 to rebind keys under program control.
|
|
|
1213
|
|
|
1214 @findex define-key
|
|
|
1215 @findex global-set-key
|
|
|
1216
|
|
|
1217 @table @kbd
|
|
|
1218 @item @code{(global-set-key @var{keys} @var{cmd})}
|
|
|
1219 Defines @var{keys} globally to run @var{cmd}.
|
|
|
1220 @item @code{(define-key @var{keymap} @var{keys} @var{def})}
|
|
|
1221 Defines @var{keys} to run @var{def} in the keymap @var{keymap}.
|
|
|
1222 @end table
|
|
1137
|
1223
|
|
428
|
1224 @var{keymap} is a keymap object.
|
|
|
1225
|
|
|
1226 @var{keys} is the sequence of keystrokes to bind.
|
|
|
1227
|
|
|
1228 @var{def} is anything that can be a key's definition:
|
|
|
1229
|
|
|
1230 @itemize @bullet
|
|
|
1231 @item
|
|
|
1232 @code{nil}, meaning key is undefined in this keymap
|
|
|
1233 @item
|
|
|
1234 A command, that is, a Lisp function suitable for interactive calling
|
|
|
1235 @item
|
|
|
1236 A string or key sequence vector, which is treated as a keyboard macro
|
|
|
1237 @item
|
|
|
1238 A keymap to define a prefix key
|
|
|
1239 @item
|
|
|
1240 A symbol so that when the key is looked up, the symbol stands for its
|
|
|
1241 function definition, which should at that time be one of the above,
|
|
|
1242 or another symbol whose function definition is used, and so on
|
|
|
1243 @item
|
|
|
1244 A cons, @code{(string . defn)}, meaning that @var{defn} is the definition
|
|
|
1245 (@var{defn} should be a valid definition in its own right)
|
|
|
1246 @item
|
|
|
1247 A cons, @code{(keymap . char)}, meaning use the definition of
|
|
|
1248 @var{char} in map @var{keymap}
|
|
|
1249 @end itemize
|
|
|
1250
|
|
|
1251 For backward compatibility, XEmacs allows you to specify key
|
|
|
1252 sequences as strings. However, the preferred method is to use the
|
|
|
1253 representations of key sequences as vectors of keystrokes.
|
|
|
1254 @xref{Keystrokes}, for more information about the rules for constructing
|
|
|
1255 key sequences.
|
|
|
1256
|
|
1137
|
1257 Emacs allows you to abbreviate representations for key sequences in
|
|
428
|
1258 most places where there is no ambiguity.
|
|
|
1259 Here are some rules for abbreviation:
|
|
|
1260
|
|
|
1261 @itemize @bullet
|
|
|
1262 @item
|
|
|
1263 The keysym by itself is equivalent to a list of just that keysym, i.e.,
|
|
|
1264 @code{f1} is equivalent to @code{(f1)}.
|
|
|
1265 @item
|
|
|
1266 A keystroke by itself is equivalent to a vector containing just that
|
|
|
1267 keystroke, i.e., @code{(control a)} is equivalent to @code{[(control a)]}.
|
|
|
1268 @item
|
|
|
1269 You can use ASCII codes for keysyms that have them. i.e.,
|
|
|
1270 @code{65} is equivalent to @code{A}. (This is not so much an
|
|
|
1271 abbreviation as an alternate representation.)
|
|
|
1272 @end itemize
|
|
|
1273
|
|
|
1274 Here are some examples of programmatically binding keys:
|
|
|
1275
|
|
|
1276 @example
|
|
|
1277
|
|
|
1278 ;;; Bind @code{my-command} to @key{f1}
|
|
1137
|
1279 (global-set-key 'f1 'my-command)
|
|
428
|
1280
|
|
|
1281 ;;; Bind @code{my-command} to @kbd{Shift-f1}
|
|
|
1282 (global-set-key '(shift f1) 'my-command)
|
|
|
1283
|
|
|
1284 ;;; Bind @code{my-command} to @kbd{C-c Shift-f1}
|
|
1137
|
1285 (global-set-key '[(control c) (shift f1)] 'my-command)
|
|
428
|
1286
|
|
|
1287 ;;; Bind @code{my-command} to the middle mouse button.
|
|
|
1288 (global-set-key 'button2 'my-command)
|
|
|
1289
|
|
|
1290 ;;; Bind @code{my-command} to @kbd{@key{META} @key{CTL} @key{Right Mouse Button}}
|
|
|
1291 ;;; in the keymap that is in force when you are running @code{dired}.
|
|
|
1292 (define-key dired-mode-map '(meta control button3) 'my-command)
|
|
|
1293
|
|
|
1294 @end example
|
|
|
1295
|
|
|
1296 @comment ;; note that these next four lines are not synonymous:
|
|
|
1297 @comment ;;
|
|
|
1298 @comment (global-set-key '(meta control delete) 'my-command)
|
|
|
1299 @comment (global-set-key '(meta control backspace) 'my-command)
|
|
|
1300 @comment (global-set-key '(meta control h) 'my-command)
|
|
|
1301 @comment (global-set-key '(meta control H) 'my-command)
|
|
1137
|
1302 @comment
|
|
428
|
1303 @comment ;; note that this binds two key sequences: ``control-j'' and ``linefeed''.
|
|
|
1304 @comment ;;
|
|
|
1305 @comment (global-set-key "\^J" 'my-command)
|
|
|
1306
|
|
|
1307 @node Key Bindings Using Strings
|
|
1137
|
1308 @subsubsection Using Strings for Changing Key Bindings
|
|
428
|
1309
|
|
|
1310 For backward compatibility, you can still use strings to represent
|
|
|
1311 key sequences. Thus you can use commands like the following:
|
|
|
1312
|
|
|
1313 @example
|
|
|
1314 ;;; Bind @code{end-of-line} to @kbd{C-f}
|
|
|
1315 (global-set-key "\C-f" 'end-of-line)
|
|
|
1316 @end example
|
|
|
1317
|
|
|
1318 Note, however, that in some cases you may be binding more than one
|
|
1137
|
1319 key sequence by using a single command. This situation can
|
|
428
|
1320 arise because in ASCII, @kbd{C-i} and @key{TAB} have
|
|
|
1321 the same representation. Therefore, when Emacs sees:
|
|
|
1322
|
|
|
1323 @example
|
|
|
1324 (global-set-key "\C-i" 'end-of-line)
|
|
|
1325 @end example
|
|
|
1326
|
|
|
1327 it is unclear whether the user intended to bind @kbd{C-i} or @key{TAB}.
|
|
|
1328 The solution XEmacs adopts is to bind both of these key
|
|
|
1329 sequences.
|
|
|
1330
|
|
|
1331 @cindex redefining keys
|
|
|
1332 After binding a command to two key sequences with a form like:
|
|
|
1333
|
|
|
1334 @example
|
|
440
|
1335 (define-key global-map "\^X\^I" 'command-1)
|
|
428
|
1336 @end example
|
|
|
1337
|
|
|
1338 it is possible to redefine only one of those sequences like so:
|
|
|
1339
|
|
|
1340 @example
|
|
440
|
1341 (define-key global-map [(control x) (control i)] 'command-2)
|
|
|
1342 (define-key global-map [(control x) tab] 'command-3)
|
|
428
|
1343 @end example
|
|
|
1344
|
|
|
1345 This applies only when running under a window system. If you are
|
|
|
1346 talking to Emacs through an ASCII-only channel, you do not get any of
|
|
|
1347 these features.
|
|
|
1348
|
|
|
1349 Here is a table of pairs of key sequences that behave in a
|
|
|
1350 similar fashion:
|
|
|
1351
|
|
|
1352 @example
|
|
1137
|
1353 control h backspace
|
|
428
|
1354 control l clear
|
|
1137
|
1355 control i tab
|
|
|
1356 control m return
|
|
|
1357 control j linefeed
|
|
428
|
1358 control [ escape
|
|
|
1359 control @@ control space
|
|
|
1360 @end example
|
|
|
1361
|
|
|
1362 @node Disabling
|
|
|
1363 @subsection Disabling Commands
|
|
|
1364 @cindex disabled command
|
|
|
1365
|
|
|
1366 Disabling a command marks it as requiring confirmation before it
|
|
|
1367 can be executed. The purpose of disabling a command is to prevent
|
|
|
1368 beginning users from executing it by accident and being confused.
|
|
|
1369
|
|
|
1370 The direct mechanism for disabling a command is to have a non-@code{nil}
|
|
|
1371 @code{disabled} property on the Lisp symbol for the command. These
|
|
442
|
1372 properties are normally set by the user's init file with
|
|
428
|
1373 Lisp expressions such as:
|
|
|
1374
|
|
|
1375 @example
|
|
|
1376 (put 'delete-region 'disabled t)
|
|
|
1377 @end example
|
|
|
1378
|
|
442
|
1379 @xref{Init File}.
|
|
|
1380
|
|
428
|
1381 If the value of the @code{disabled} property is a string, that string
|
|
|
1382 is included in the message printed when the command is used:
|
|
|
1383
|
|
|
1384 @example
|
|
|
1385 (put 'delete-region 'disabled
|
|
|
1386 "Text deleted this way cannot be yanked back!\n")
|
|
|
1387 @end example
|
|
|
1388
|
|
|
1389 @findex disable-command
|
|
|
1390 @findex enable-command
|
|
442
|
1391 You can disable a command either by editing the init file
|
|
428
|
1392 directly or with the command @kbd{M-x disable-command}, which edits the
|
|
442
|
1393 init file for you. @xref{Init File}.
|
|
428
|
1394
|
|
|
1395 When you attempt to invoke a disabled command interactively in Emacs,
|
|
|
1396 a window is displayed containing the command's name, its
|
|
|
1397 documentation, and some instructions on what to do next; then
|
|
|
1398 Emacs asks for input saying whether to execute the command as requested,
|
|
|
1399 enable it and execute, or cancel it. If you decide to enable the
|
|
|
1400 command, you are asked whether to do this permanently or just for the
|
|
|
1401 current session. Enabling permanently works by automatically editing
|
|
442
|
1402 your init file. You can use @kbd{M-x enable-command} at any
|
|
428
|
1403 time to enable any command permanently.
|
|
|
1404
|
|
|
1405 Whether a command is disabled is independent of what key is used to
|
|
|
1406 invoke it; it also applies if the command is invoked using @kbd{M-x}.
|
|
|
1407 Disabling a command has no effect on calling it as a function from Lisp
|
|
|
1408 programs.
|
|
|
1409
|
|
|
1410 @node Syntax
|
|
|
1411 @section The Syntax Table
|
|
|
1412 @cindex syntax table
|
|
|
1413
|
|
|
1414 All the Emacs commands which parse words or balance parentheses are
|
|
|
1415 controlled by the @dfn{syntax table}. The syntax table specifies which
|
|
|
1416 characters are opening delimiters, which are parts of words, which are
|
|
|
1417 string quotes, and so on. Actually, each major mode has its own syntax
|
|
|
1418 table (though sometimes related major modes use the same one) which it
|
|
|
1419 installs in each buffer that uses that major mode. The syntax table
|
|
|
1420 installed in the current buffer is the one that all commands use, so we
|
|
|
1421 call it ``the'' syntax table. A syntax table is a Lisp object, a vector of
|
|
|
1422 length 256 whose elements are numbers.
|
|
|
1423
|
|
|
1424 @menu
|
|
|
1425 * Entry: Syntax Entry. What the syntax table records for each character.
|
|
|
1426 * Change: Syntax Change. How to change the information.
|
|
|
1427 @end menu
|
|
|
1428
|
|
|
1429 @node Syntax Entry
|
|
|
1430 @subsection Information About Each Character
|
|
|
1431
|
|
|
1432 The syntax table entry for a character is a number that encodes six
|
|
|
1433 pieces of information:
|
|
|
1434
|
|
|
1435 @itemize @bullet
|
|
|
1436 @item
|
|
|
1437 The syntactic class of the character, represented as a small integer
|
|
|
1438 @item
|
|
|
1439 The matching delimiter, for delimiter characters only
|
|
|
1440 (the matching delimiter of @samp{(} is @samp{)}, and vice versa)
|
|
|
1441 @item
|
|
|
1442 A flag saying whether the character is the first character of a
|
|
|
1443 two-character comment starting sequence
|
|
|
1444 @item
|
|
|
1445 A flag saying whether the character is the second character of a
|
|
|
1446 two-character comment starting sequence
|
|
|
1447 @item
|
|
|
1448 A flag saying whether the character is the first character of a
|
|
|
1449 two-character comment ending sequence
|
|
|
1450 @item
|
|
|
1451 A flag saying whether the character is the second character of a
|
|
|
1452 two-character comment ending sequence
|
|
|
1453 @end itemize
|
|
|
1454
|
|
|
1455 The syntactic classes are stored internally as small integers, but are
|
|
|
1456 usually described to or by the user with characters. For example, @samp{(}
|
|
|
1457 is used to specify the syntactic class of opening delimiters. Here is a
|
|
|
1458 table of syntactic classes, with the characters that specify them.
|
|
|
1459
|
|
|
1460 @table @samp
|
|
871
|
1461 @item @w{-}
|
|
|
1462 The class of whitespace characters. Please don't use the formerly
|
|
|
1463 advertised @w{ }, which is not supported by GNU Emacs.
|
|
428
|
1464 @item w
|
|
|
1465 The class of word-constituent characters.
|
|
|
1466 @item _
|
|
|
1467 The class of characters that are part of symbol names but not words.
|
|
|
1468 This class is represented by @samp{_} because the character @samp{_}
|
|
|
1469 has this class in both C and Lisp.
|
|
|
1470 @item .
|
|
|
1471 The class of punctuation characters that do not fit into any other
|
|
|
1472 special class.
|
|
|
1473 @item (
|
|
|
1474 The class of opening delimiters.
|
|
|
1475 @item )
|
|
|
1476 The class of closing delimiters.
|
|
|
1477 @item '
|
|
|
1478 The class of expression-adhering characters. These characters are
|
|
|
1479 part of a symbol if found within or adjacent to one, and are part
|
|
|
1480 of a following expression if immediately preceding one, but are like
|
|
|
1481 whitespace if surrounded by whitespace.
|
|
|
1482 @item "
|
|
|
1483 The class of string-quote characters. They match each other in pairs,
|
|
|
1484 and the characters within the pair all lose their syntactic
|
|
|
1485 significance except for the @samp{\} and @samp{/} classes of escape
|
|
|
1486 characters, which can be used to include a string-quote inside the
|
|
|
1487 string.
|
|
|
1488 @item $
|
|
|
1489 The class of self-matching delimiters. This is intended for @TeX{}'s
|
|
|
1490 @samp{$}, which is used both to enter and leave math mode. Thus,
|
|
|
1491 a pair of matching @samp{$} characters surround each piece of math mode
|
|
|
1492 @TeX{} input. A pair of adjacent @samp{$} characters act like a single
|
|
|
1493 one for purposes of matching.
|
|
|
1494
|
|
|
1495 @item /
|
|
|
1496 The class of escape characters that always just deny the following
|
|
|
1497 character its special syntactic significance. The character after one
|
|
|
1498 of these escapes is always treated as alphabetic.
|
|
|
1499 @item \
|
|
|
1500 The class of C-style escape characters. In practice, these are
|
|
|
1501 treated just like @samp{/}-class characters, because the extra
|
|
|
1502 possibilities for C escapes (such as being followed by digits) have no
|
|
|
1503 effect on where the containing expression ends.
|
|
|
1504 @item <
|
|
|
1505 The class of comment-starting characters. Only single-character
|
|
|
1506 comment starters (such as @samp{;} in Lisp mode) are represented this
|
|
|
1507 way.
|
|
|
1508 @item >
|
|
|
1509 The class of comment-ending characters. Newline has this syntax in
|
|
|
1510 Lisp mode.
|
|
|
1511 @end table
|
|
|
1512
|
|
|
1513 @vindex parse-sexp-ignore-comments
|
|
|
1514 The characters flagged as part of two-character comment delimiters can
|
|
|
1515 have other syntactic functions most of the time. For example, @samp{/} and
|
|
|
1516 @samp{*} in C code, when found separately, have nothing to do with
|
|
|
1517 comments. The comment-delimiter significance overrides when the pair of
|
|
|
1518 characters occur together in the proper order. Only the list and sexp
|
|
|
1519 commands use the syntax table to find comments; the commands specifically
|
|
|
1520 for comments have other variables that tell them where to find comments.
|
|
|
1521 Moreover, the list and sexp commands notice comments only if
|
|
|
1522 @code{parse-sexp-ignore-comments} is non-@code{nil}. This variable is set
|
|
|
1523 to @code{nil} in modes where comment-terminator sequences are liable to
|
|
|
1524 appear where there is no comment, for example, in Lisp mode where the
|
|
|
1525 comment terminator is a newline but not every newline ends a comment.
|
|
|
1526
|
|
|
1527 @node Syntax Change
|
|
|
1528 @subsection Altering Syntax Information
|
|
|
1529
|
|
|
1530 It is possible to alter a character's syntax table entry by storing a new
|
|
|
1531 number in the appropriate element of the syntax table, but it would be hard
|
|
|
1532 to determine what number to use. Emacs therefore provides a command that
|
|
|
1533 allows you to specify the syntactic properties of a character in a
|
|
|
1534 convenient way.
|
|
|
1535
|
|
|
1536 @findex modify-syntax-entry
|
|
|
1537 @kbd{M-x modify-syntax-entry} is the command to change a character's
|
|
|
1538 syntax. It can be used interactively and is also used by major
|
|
|
1539 modes to initialize their own syntax tables. Its first argument is the
|
|
|
1540 character to change. The second argument is a string that specifies the
|
|
|
1541 new syntax. When called from Lisp code, there is a third, optional
|
|
|
1542 argument, which specifies the syntax table in which to make the change. If
|
|
|
1543 not supplied, or if this command is called interactively, the third
|
|
|
1544 argument defaults to the current buffer's syntax table.
|
|
|
1545
|
|
|
1546 @enumerate
|
|
|
1547 @item
|
|
|
1548 The first character in the string specifies the syntactic class. It
|
|
|
1549 is one of the characters in the previous table (@pxref{Syntax Entry}).
|
|
|
1550
|
|
|
1551 @item
|
|
|
1552 The second character is the matching delimiter. For a character that
|
|
|
1553 is not an opening or closing delimiter, this should be a space, and may
|
|
|
1554 be omitted if no following characters are needed.
|
|
|
1555
|
|
|
1556 @item
|
|
|
1557 The remaining characters are flags. The flag characters allowed are:
|
|
|
1558
|
|
|
1559 @table @samp
|
|
|
1560 @item 1
|
|
|
1561 Flag this character as the first of a two-character comment starting sequence.
|
|
|
1562 @item 2
|
|
|
1563 Flag this character as the second of a two-character comment starting sequence.
|
|
|
1564 @item 3
|
|
|
1565 Flag this character as the first of a two-character comment ending sequence.
|
|
|
1566 @item 4
|
|
|
1567 Flag this character as the second of a two-character comment ending sequence.
|
|
|
1568 @end table
|
|
|
1569 @end enumerate
|
|
|
1570
|
|
|
1571 @kindex C-h s
|
|
|
1572 @findex describe-syntax
|
|
|
1573 Use @kbd{C-h s} (@code{describe-syntax}) to display a description of
|
|
|
1574 the contents of the current syntax table. The description of each
|
|
|
1575 character includes both the string you have to pass to
|
|
|
1576 @code{modify-syntax-entry} to set up that character's current syntax,
|
|
|
1577 and some English to explain that string if necessary.
|
|
|
1578
|
|
|
1579 @node Init File
|
|
442
|
1580 @section The Init File
|
|
428
|
1581 @cindex init file
|
|
|
1582 @cindex Emacs initialization file
|
|
|
1583 @cindex key rebinding, permanent
|
|
|
1584 @cindex rebinding keys, permanently
|
|
|
1585
|
|
442
|
1586 When you start Emacs, it normally loads either @file{.xemacs/init.el}
|
|
|
1587 or the file @file{.emacs} (whichever comes first) in your home directory.
|
|
|
1588 This file, if it exists, should contain Lisp code. It is called your
|
|
|
1589 initialization file or @dfn{init file}. Use the command line switch
|
|
|
1590 @samp{-q} to tell Emacs whether to load an init file (@pxref{Entering
|
|
|
1591 Emacs}). Use the command line switch @samp{-user-init-file}
|
|
|
1592 (@pxref{Command Switches}) to tell Emacs to load a different file
|
|
|
1593 instead of @file{~/.xemacs/init.el}/@file{~/.emacs}.
|
|
|
1594
|
|
|
1595 When the init file is read, the variable @code{user-init-file} says
|
|
|
1596 which init file was loaded.
|
|
428
|
1597
|
|
|
1598 At some sites there is a @dfn{default init file}, which is the
|
|
|
1599 library named @file{default.el}, found via the standard search path for
|
|
|
1600 libraries. The Emacs distribution contains no such library; your site
|
|
|
1601 may create one for local customizations. If this library exists, it is
|
|
|
1602 loaded whenever you start Emacs. But your init file, if any, is loaded
|
|
|
1603 first; if it sets @code{inhibit-default-init} non-@code{nil}, then
|
|
|
1604 @file{default} is not loaded.
|
|
|
1605
|
|
442
|
1606 If you have a large amount of code in your init file, you should
|
|
|
1607 byte-compile it to @file{~/.xemacs/init.elc} or @file{~/.emacs.elc}.
|
|
428
|
1608
|
|
|
1609 @menu
|
|
|
1610 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
|
|
|
1611 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
|
|
|
1612 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
|
|
|
1613 @end menu
|
|
|
1614
|
|
|
1615 @node Init Syntax
|
|
|
1616 @subsection Init File Syntax
|
|
|
1617
|
|
442
|
1618 The init file contains one or more Lisp function call
|
|
428
|
1619 expressions. Each consists of a function name followed by
|
|
|
1620 arguments, all surrounded by parentheses. For example, @code{(setq
|
|
|
1621 fill-column 60)} represents a call to the function @code{setq} which is
|
|
|
1622 used to set the variable @code{fill-column} (@pxref{Filling}) to 60.
|
|
|
1623
|
|
|
1624 The second argument to @code{setq} is an expression for the new value
|
|
|
1625 of the variable. This can be a constant, a variable, or a function call
|
|
442
|
1626 expression. In the init file, constants are used most of the time.
|
|
428
|
1627 They can be:
|
|
|
1628
|
|
|
1629 @table @asis
|
|
|
1630 @item Numbers
|
|
|
1631 Integers are written in decimal, with an optional initial minus sign.
|
|
|
1632
|
|
|
1633 If a sequence of digits is followed by a period and another sequence
|
|
|
1634 of digits, it is interpreted as a floating point number.
|
|
|
1635
|
|
|
1636 The number prefixes @samp{#b}, @samp{#o}, and @samp{#x} are supported to
|
|
|
1637 represent numbers in binary, octal, and hexadecimal notation (or radix).
|
|
|
1638
|
|
|
1639 @item Strings
|
|
|
1640 Lisp string syntax is the same as C string syntax with a few extra
|
|
|
1641 features. Use a double-quote character to begin and end a string constant.
|
|
|
1642
|
|
|
1643 Newlines and special characters may be present literally in strings. They
|
|
|
1644 can also be represented as backslash sequences: @samp{\n} for newline,
|
|
|
1645 @samp{\b} for backspace, @samp{\r} for return, @samp{\t} for tab,
|
|
|
1646 @samp{\f} for formfeed (control-l), @samp{\e} for escape, @samp{\\} for a
|
|
|
1647 backslash, @samp{\"} for a double-quote, or @samp{\@var{ooo}} for the
|
|
|
1648 character whose octal code is @var{ooo}. Backslash and double-quote are
|
|
|
1649 the only characters for which backslash sequences are mandatory.
|
|
|
1650
|
|
|
1651 You can use @samp{\C-} as a prefix for a control character, as in
|
|
|
1652 @samp{\C-s} for ASCII Control-S, and @samp{\M-} as a prefix for
|
|
|
1653 a Meta character, as in @samp{\M-a} for Meta-A or @samp{\M-\C-a} for
|
|
|
1654 Control-Meta-A.@refill
|
|
|
1655
|
|
|
1656 @item Characters
|
|
|
1657 Lisp character constant syntax consists of a @samp{?} followed by
|
|
|
1658 either a character or an escape sequence starting with @samp{\}.
|
|
|
1659 Examples: @code{?x}, @code{?\n}, @code{?\"}, @code{?\)}. Note that
|
|
|
1660 strings and characters are not interchangeable in Lisp; some contexts
|
|
|
1661 require one and some contexts require the other.
|
|
|
1662
|
|
|
1663 @item True
|
|
|
1664 @code{t} stands for `true'.
|
|
|
1665
|
|
|
1666 @item False
|
|
|
1667 @code{nil} stands for `false'.
|
|
|
1668
|
|
|
1669 @item Other Lisp objects
|
|
|
1670 Write a single-quote (') followed by the Lisp object you want.
|
|
|
1671 @end table
|
|
|
1672
|
|
|
1673 @node Init Examples
|
|
|
1674 @subsection Init File Examples
|
|
|
1675
|
|
|
1676 Here are some examples of doing certain commonly desired things with
|
|
|
1677 Lisp expressions:
|
|
|
1678
|
|
|
1679 @itemize @bullet
|
|
|
1680 @item
|
|
|
1681 Make @key{TAB} in C mode just insert a tab if point is in the middle of a
|
|
|
1682 line.
|
|
|
1683
|
|
|
1684 @example
|
|
|
1685 (setq c-tab-always-indent nil)
|
|
|
1686 @end example
|
|
|
1687
|
|
|
1688 Here we have a variable whose value is normally @code{t} for `true'
|
|
|
1689 and the alternative is @code{nil} for `false'.
|
|
|
1690
|
|
|
1691 @item
|
|
|
1692 Make searches case sensitive by default (in all buffers that do not
|
|
|
1693 override this).
|
|
|
1694
|
|
|
1695 @example
|
|
|
1696 (setq-default case-fold-search nil)
|
|
|
1697 @end example
|
|
|
1698
|
|
|
1699 This sets the default value, which is effective in all buffers that do
|
|
|
1700 not have local values for the variable. Setting @code{case-fold-search}
|
|
|
1701 with @code{setq} affects only the current buffer's local value, which
|
|
|
1702 is probably not what you want to do in an init file.
|
|
|
1703
|
|
|
1704 @item
|
|
|
1705 Make Text mode the default mode for new buffers.
|
|
|
1706
|
|
|
1707 @example
|
|
|
1708 (setq default-major-mode 'text-mode)
|
|
|
1709 @end example
|
|
|
1710
|
|
|
1711 Note that @code{text-mode} is used because it is the command for entering
|
|
|
1712 the mode we want. A single-quote is written before it to make a symbol
|
|
|
1713 constant; otherwise, @code{text-mode} would be treated as a variable name.
|
|
|
1714
|
|
|
1715 @item
|
|
|
1716 Turn on Auto Fill mode automatically in Text mode and related modes.
|
|
|
1717
|
|
|
1718 @example
|
|
|
1719 (setq text-mode-hook
|
|
|
1720 '(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1)))
|
|
|
1721 @end example
|
|
|
1722
|
|
|
1723 Here we have a variable whose value should be a Lisp function. The
|
|
|
1724 function we supply is a list starting with @code{lambda}, and a single
|
|
|
1725 quote is written in front of it to make it (for the purpose of this
|
|
|
1726 @code{setq}) a list constant rather than an expression. Lisp functions
|
|
|
1727 are not explained here; for mode hooks it is enough to know that
|
|
|
1728 @code{(auto-fill-mode 1)} is an expression that will be executed when
|
|
|
1729 Text mode is entered. You could replace it with any other expression
|
|
|
1730 that you like, or with several expressions in a row.
|
|
|
1731
|
|
|
1732 @example
|
|
|
1733 (setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
|
|
|
1734 @end example
|
|
|
1735
|
|
|
1736 This is another way to accomplish the same result.
|
|
|
1737 @code{turn-on-auto-fill} is a symbol whose function definition is
|
|
|
1738 @code{(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1))}.
|
|
|
1739
|
|
|
1740 @item
|
|
|
1741 Load the installed Lisp library named @file{foo} (actually a file
|
|
|
1742 @file{foo.elc} or @file{foo.el} in a standard Emacs directory).
|
|
|
1743
|
|
|
1744 @example
|
|
|
1745 (load "foo")
|
|
|
1746 @end example
|
|
|
1747
|
|
|
1748 When the argument to @code{load} is a relative pathname, not starting
|
|
|
1749 with @samp{/} or @samp{~}, @code{load} searches the directories in
|
|
|
1750 @code{load-path} (@pxref{Loading}).
|
|
|
1751
|
|
|
1752 @item
|
|
|
1753 Load the compiled Lisp file @file{foo.elc} from your home directory.
|
|
|
1754
|
|
|
1755 @example
|
|
|
1756 (load "~/foo.elc")
|
|
|
1757 @end example
|
|
|
1758
|
|
|
1759 Here an absolute file name is used, so no searching is done.
|
|
|
1760
|
|
|
1761 @item
|
|
|
1762 Rebind the key @kbd{C-x l} to run the function @code{make-symbolic-link}.
|
|
|
1763
|
|
|
1764 @example
|
|
|
1765 (global-set-key "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
|
|
|
1766 @end example
|
|
|
1767
|
|
|
1768 or
|
|
|
1769
|
|
|
1770 @example
|
|
|
1771 (define-key global-map "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
|
|
|
1772 @end example
|
|
|
1773
|
|
|
1774 Note once again the single-quote used to refer to the symbol
|
|
|
1775 @code{make-symbolic-link} instead of its value as a variable.
|
|
|
1776
|
|
|
1777 @item
|
|
|
1778 Do the same thing for C mode only.
|
|
|
1779
|
|
|
1780 @example
|
|
|
1781 (define-key c-mode-map "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
|
|
|
1782 @end example
|
|
|
1783
|
|
|
1784 @item
|
|
|
1785 Bind the function key @key{F1} to a command in C mode.
|
|
|
1786 Note that the names of function keys must be lower case.
|
|
|
1787
|
|
|
1788 @example
|
|
|
1789 (define-key c-mode-map 'f1 'make-symbolic-link)
|
|
|
1790 @end example
|
|
|
1791
|
|
|
1792 @item
|
|
|
1793 Bind the shifted version of @key{F1} to a command.
|
|
|
1794
|
|
|
1795 @example
|
|
|
1796 (define-key c-mode-map '(shift f1) 'make-symbolic-link)
|
|
|
1797 @end example
|
|
|
1798
|
|
|
1799 @item
|
|
|
1800 Redefine all keys which now run @code{next-line} in Fundamental mode
|
|
|
1801 to run @code{forward-line} instead.
|
|
|
1802
|
|
|
1803 @example
|
|
|
1804 (substitute-key-definition 'next-line 'forward-line
|
|
|
1805 global-map)
|
|
|
1806 @end example
|
|
|
1807
|
|
|
1808 @item
|
|
|
1809 Make @kbd{C-x C-v} undefined.
|
|
|
1810
|
|
|
1811 @example
|
|
|
1812 (global-unset-key "\C-x\C-v")
|
|
|
1813 @end example
|
|
|
1814
|
|
|
1815 One reason to undefine a key is so that you can make it a prefix.
|
|
|
1816 Simply defining @kbd{C-x C-v @var{anything}} would make @kbd{C-x C-v}
|
|
|
1817 a prefix, but @kbd{C-x C-v} must be freed of any non-prefix definition
|
|
|
1818 first.
|
|
|
1819
|
|
|
1820 @item
|
|
|
1821 Make @samp{$} have the syntax of punctuation in Text mode.
|
|
|
1822 Note the use of a character constant for @samp{$}.
|
|
|
1823
|
|
|
1824 @example
|
|
|
1825 (modify-syntax-entry ?\$ "." text-mode-syntax-table)
|
|
|
1826 @end example
|
|
|
1827
|
|
|
1828 @item
|
|
|
1829 Enable the use of the command @code{eval-expression} without confirmation.
|
|
|
1830
|
|
|
1831 @example
|
|
|
1832 (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
|
|
|
1833 @end example
|
|
|
1834 @end itemize
|
|
|
1835
|
|
|
1836 @node Terminal Init
|
|
|
1837 @subsection Terminal-Specific Initialization
|
|
|
1838
|
|
|
1839 Each terminal type can have a Lisp library to be loaded into Emacs when
|
|
|
1840 it is run on that type of terminal. For a terminal type named
|
|
|
1841 @var{termtype}, the library is called @file{term/@var{termtype}} and it is
|
|
|
1842 found by searching the directories @code{load-path} as usual and trying the
|
|
|
1843 suffixes @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el}. Normally it appears in the
|
|
|
1844 subdirectory @file{term} of the directory where most Emacs libraries are
|
|
|
1845 kept.@refill
|
|
|
1846
|
|
|
1847 The usual purpose of the terminal-specific library is to define the
|
|
|
1848 escape sequences used by the terminal's function keys using the library
|
|
|
1849 @file{keypad.el}. See the file
|
|
|
1850 @file{term/vt100.el} for an example of how this is done.@refill
|
|
|
1851
|
|
|
1852 When the terminal type contains a hyphen, only the part of the name
|
|
|
1853 before the first hyphen is significant in choosing the library name.
|
|
|
1854 Thus, terminal types @samp{aaa-48} and @samp{aaa-30-rv} both use
|
|
|
1855 the library @file{term/aaa}. The code in the library can use
|
|
|
1856 @code{(getenv "TERM")} to find the full terminal type name.@refill
|
|
|
1857
|
|
|
1858 @vindex term-file-prefix
|
|
|
1859 The library's name is constructed by concatenating the value of the
|
|
442
|
1860 variable @code{term-file-prefix} and the terminal type. Your init
|
|
428
|
1861 file can prevent the loading of the terminal-specific library by setting
|
|
442
|
1862 @code{term-file-prefix} to @code{nil}. @xref{Init File}.
|
|
428
|
1863
|
|
|
1864 @vindex term-setup-hook
|
|
|
1865 The value of the variable @code{term-setup-hook}, if not @code{nil}, is
|
|
|
1866 called as a function of no arguments at the end of Emacs initialization,
|
|
442
|
1867 after both your init file and any terminal-specific library have been
|
|
|
1868 read. @xref{Init File}. You can set the value in the init file to
|
|
|
1869 override part of any of the terminal-specific libraries and to define
|
|
428
|
1870 initializations for terminals that do not have a library.@refill
|
|
|
1871
|
|
|
1872 @node Audible Bell
|
|
|
1873 @section Changing the Bell Sound
|
|
|
1874 @cindex audible bell, changing
|
|
|
1875 @cindex bell, changing
|
|
|
1876 @vindex sound-alist
|
|
|
1877 @findex load-default-sounds
|
|
|
1878 @findex play-sound
|
|
|
1879
|
|
|
1880 You can now change how the audible bell sounds using the variable
|
|
|
1881 @code{sound-alist}.
|
|
|
1882
|
|
|
1883 @code{sound-alist}'s value is an list associating symbols with, among
|
|
|
1884 other things, strings of audio-data. When @code{ding} is called with
|
|
|
1885 one of the symbols, the associated sound data is played instead of the
|
|
|
1886 standard beep. This only works if you are logged in on the console of a
|
|
|
1887 machine with audio hardware. To listen to a sound of the provided type,
|
|
|
1888 call the function @code{play-sound} with the argument @var{sound}. You
|
|
1137
|
1889 can also set the volume of the sound with the optional argument
|
|
428
|
1890 @var{volume}.@refill
|
|
|
1891 @cindex ding
|
|
|
1892
|
|
|
1893 Each element of @code{sound-alist} is a list describing a sound.
|
|
|
1894 The first element of the list is the name of the sound being defined.
|
|
|
1895 Subsequent elements of the list are alternating keyword/value pairs:
|
|
|
1896
|
|
|
1897 @table @code
|
|
|
1898 @item sound
|
|
1137
|
1899 A string of raw sound data, or the name of another sound to play.
|
|
428
|
1900 The symbol @code{t} here means use the default X beep.
|
|
|
1901
|
|
|
1902 @item volume
|
|
|
1903 An integer from 0-100, defaulting to @code{bell-volume}.
|
|
|
1904
|
|
|
1905 @item pitch
|
|
|
1906 If using the default X beep, the pitch (Hz) to generate.
|
|
|
1907
|
|
|
1908 @item duration
|
|
|
1909 If using the default X beep, the duration (milliseconds).
|
|
|
1910 @end table
|
|
|
1911
|
|
|
1912 For compatibility, elements of `sound-alist' may also be of the form:
|
|
|
1913
|
|
|
1914 @example
|
|
|
1915 ( @var{sound-name} . @var{<sound>} )
|
|
|
1916 ( @var{sound-name} @var{<volume>} @var{<sound>} )
|
|
|
1917 @end example
|
|
|
1918
|
|
|
1919 You should probably add things to this list by calling the function
|
|
|
1920 @code{load-sound-file}.
|
|
|
1921
|
|
|
1922 Note that you can only play audio data if running on the console screen
|
|
|
1923 of a machine with audio hardware which emacs understands, which at this
|
|
|
1924 time means a Sun SparcStation, SGI, or HP9000s700.
|
|
|
1925
|
|
|
1926 Also note that the pitch, duration, and volume options are available
|
|
|
1927 everywhere, but most X servers ignore the `pitch' option.
|
|
|
1928
|
|
|
1929 @vindex bell-volume
|
|
|
1930 The variable @code{bell-volume} should be an integer from 0 to 100,
|
|
|
1931 with 100 being loudest, which controls how loud the sounds emacs makes
|
|
|
1932 should be. Elements of the @code{sound-alist} may override this value.
|
|
|
1933 This variable applies to the standard X bell sound as well as sound files.
|
|
|
1934
|
|
|
1935 If the symbol @code{t} is in place of a sound-string, Emacs uses the
|
|
1137
|
1936 default X beep. This allows you to define beep-types of
|
|
428
|
1937 different volumes even when not running on the console.
|
|
|
1938
|
|
|
1939 @findex load-sound-file
|
|
|
1940 You can add things to this list by calling the function
|
|
|
1941 @code{load-sound-file}, which reads in an audio-file and adds its data to
|
|
|
1942 the sound-alist. You can specify the sound with the @var{sound-name}
|
|
|
1943 argument and the file into which the sounds are loaded with the
|
|
|
1944 @var{filename} argument. The optional @var{volume} argument sets the
|
|
|
1945 volume.
|
|
|
1946
|
|
|
1947 @code{load-sound-file (@var{filename sound-name} &optional @var{volume})}
|
|
|
1948
|
|
|
1949 To load and install some sound files as beep-types, use the function
|
|
|
1950 @code{load-default-sounds} (note that this only works if you are on
|
|
|
1951 display 0 of a machine with audio hardware).
|
|
|
1952
|
|
|
1953 The following beep-types are used by Emacs itself. Other Lisp
|
|
|
1954 packages may use other beep types, but these are the ones that the C
|
|
|
1955 kernel of Emacs uses.
|
|
|
1956
|
|
|
1957 @table @code
|
|
|
1958 @item auto-save-error
|
|
|
1959 An auto-save does not succeed
|
|
|
1960
|
|
|
1961 @item command-error
|
|
|
1962 The Emacs command loop catches an error
|
|
|
1963
|
|
|
1964 @item undefined-key
|
|
|
1965 You type a key that is undefined
|
|
|
1966
|
|
440
|
1967 @item undefined-click
|
|
428
|
1968 You use an undefined mouse-click combination
|
|
|
1969
|
|
440
|
1970 @item no-completion
|
|
428
|
1971 Completion was not possible
|
|
|
1972
|
|
440
|
1973 @item y-or-n-p
|
|
428
|
1974 You type something other than the required @code{y} or @code{n}
|
|
|
1975
|
|
1137
|
1976 @item yes-or-no-p
|
|
428
|
1977 You type something other than @code{yes} or @code{no}
|
|
|
1978 @end table
|
|
|
1979
|
|
|
1980 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
|
1981 @node Faces
|
|
|
1982 @section Faces
|
|
|
1983
|
|
|
1984 XEmacs has objects called extents and faces. An @dfn{extent}
|
|
|
1985 is a region of text and a @dfn{face} is a collection of textual
|
|
|
1986 attributes, such as fonts and colors. Every extent is displayed in some
|
|
|
1987 face; therefore, changing the properties of a face immediately updates the
|
|
|
1988 display of all associated extents. Faces can be frame-local: you can
|
|
|
1989 have a region of text that displays with completely different
|
|
|
1990 attributes when its buffer is viewed from a different X window.
|
|
|
1991
|
|
|
1992 The display attributes of faces may be specified either in Lisp or through
|
|
|
1993 the X resource manager.
|
|
|
1994
|
|
|
1995 @subsection Customizing Faces
|
|
|
1996
|
|
|
1997 You can change the face of an extent with the functions in
|
|
|
1998 this section. All the functions prompt for a @var{face} as an
|
|
|
1999 argument; use completion for a list of possible values.
|
|
|
2000
|
|
|
2001 @table @kbd
|
|
|
2002 @item M-x invert-face
|
|
|
2003 Swap the foreground and background colors of the given @var{face}.
|
|
|
2004 @item M-x make-face-bold
|
|
|
2005 Make the font of the given @var{face} bold. When called from a
|
|
|
2006 program, returns @code{nil} if this is not possible.
|
|
|
2007 @item M-x make-face-bold-italic
|
|
1137
|
2008 Make the font of the given @var{face} bold italic.
|
|
428
|
2009 When called from a program, returns @code{nil} if not possible.
|
|
|
2010 @item M-x make-face-italic
|
|
1137
|
2011 Make the font of the given @var{face} italic.
|
|
428
|
2012 When called from a program, returns @code{nil} if not possible.
|
|
|
2013 @item M-x make-face-unbold
|
|
1137
|
2014 Make the font of the given @var{face} non-bold.
|
|
428
|
2015 When called from a program, returns @code{nil} if not possible.
|
|
|
2016 @item M-x make-face-unitalic
|
|
|
2017 Make the font of the given @var{face} non-italic.
|
|
|
2018 When called from a program, returns @code{nil} if not possible.
|
|
|
2019 @item M-x make-face-larger
|
|
|
2020 Make the font of the given @var{face} a little larger.
|
|
|
2021 When called from a program, returns @code{nil} if not possible.
|
|
|
2022 @item M-x make-face-smaller
|
|
|
2023 Make the font of the given @var{face} a little smaller.
|
|
|
2024 When called from a program, returns @code{nil} if not possible.
|
|
1137
|
2025 @item M-x set-face-background
|
|
428
|
2026 Change the background color of the given @var{face}.
|
|
|
2027 @item M-x set-face-background-pixmap
|
|
|
2028 Change the background pixmap of the given @var{face}.
|
|
1137
|
2029 @item M-x set-face-background-pixmap-file
|
|
|
2030 A simpler version but with filename completion.
|
|
|
2031 @item M-x set-face-font
|
|
428
|
2032 Change the font of the given @var{face}.
|
|
|
2033 @item M-x set-face-foreground
|
|
|
2034 Change the foreground color of the given @var{face}.
|
|
|
2035 @item M-x set-face-underline-p
|
|
|
2036 Change whether the given @var{face} is underlined.
|
|
|
2037 @end table
|
|
|
2038
|
|
|
2039 @findex make-face-larger
|
|
|
2040 @findex make-face-smaller
|
|
|
2041
|
|
|
2042 @findex invert-face
|
|
|
2043 You can exchange the foreground and background color of the selected
|
|
|
2044 @var{face} with the function @code{invert-face}. If the face does not
|
|
|
2045 specify both foreground and background, then its foreground and
|
|
|
2046 background are set to the background and foreground of the default face.
|
|
1137
|
2047 When calling this from a program, you can supply the optional argument
|
|
428
|
2048 @var{frame} to specify which frame is affected; otherwise, all frames
|
|
|
2049 are affected.
|
|
|
2050
|
|
1142
|
2051 @findex make-face-bold
|
|
|
2052 @findex make-face-bold-italic
|
|
|
2053 @findex make-face-italic
|
|
|
2054 @findex make-face-unbold
|
|
|
2055 @findex make-face-unitalic
|
|
|
2056 @vindex face-frob-from-locale-first
|
|
|
2057 The work of @code{make-face-bold}, @code{make-face-bold-italic},
|
|
|
2058 @code{make-face-italic}, @code{make-face-unbold},
|
|
|
2059 @code{make-face-unitalic} functions is affected by
|
|
|
2060 @code{face-frob-from-locale-first} variable. If it is @code{nil}, those
|
|
|
2061 functions first try to manipulate device specific data like X font names
|
|
|
2062 to obtain the desired font face specification. This may be unsuitable
|
|
|
2063 in environments using different font face specifications for different
|
|
|
2064 frames, non-Mule environments in particular.
|
|
|
2065
|
|
|
2066 If the variable is non-@code{nil}, those functions first try to figure
|
|
|
2067 out whether the face font is the same as one of predefined faces:
|
|
|
2068 @code{default}, @code{bold}, @code{italic}, @code{bold-italic}. If it
|
|
|
2069 is the same, then the new face font specification is set to be the same
|
|
|
2070 as that of a corresponding predefined face. Thus if the predefined face
|
|
|
2071 is set up properly for different frames, the same will hold for the face
|
|
|
2072 being changed by the functions. This is the behavior one might desire
|
|
|
2073 in non-Mule environments mentioned above: face being changed still looks
|
|
|
2074 right in all frames.
|
|
|
2075
|
|
|
2076 How predefined faces might be set up for different frames in such an
|
|
|
2077 environments is described in @ref{Face Resources}.
|
|
|
2078
|
|
428
|
2079 @findex set-face-background
|
|
|
2080 You can set the background color of the specified @var{face} with the
|
|
|
2081 function @code{set-face-background}. The argument @code{color} should
|
|
|
2082 be a string, the name of a color. When called from a program, if the
|
|
1137
|
2083 optional @var{frame} argument is provided, the face is changed only
|
|
428
|
2084 in that frame; otherwise, it is changed in all frames.
|
|
|
2085
|
|
|
2086 @findex set-face-background-pixmap
|
|
|
2087 You can set the background pixmap of the specified @var{face} with the
|
|
|
2088 function @code{set-face-background-pixmap}. The pixmap argument
|
|
|
2089 @var{name} should be a string, the name of a file of pixmap data. The
|
|
|
2090 directories listed in the @code{x-bitmap-file-path} variable are
|
|
|
2091 searched. The bitmap may also be a list of the form @code{(@var{width
|
|
|
2092 height data})}, where @var{width} and @var{height} are the size in
|
|
|
2093 pixels, and @var{data} is a string containing the raw bits of the
|
|
|
2094 bitmap. If the optional @var{frame} argument is provided, the face is
|
|
|
2095 changed only in that frame; otherwise, it is changed in all frames.
|
|
|
2096
|
|
|
2097 The variable @code{x-bitmap-file-path} takes as a value a list of the
|
|
|
2098 directories in which X bitmap files may be found. If the value is
|
|
|
2099 @code{nil}, the list is initialized from the @code{*bitmapFilePath}
|
|
|
2100 resource.
|
|
|
2101
|
|
|
2102 If the environment variable @b{XBMLANGPATH} is set, then it is consulted
|
|
|
2103 before the @code{x-bitmap-file-path} variable.
|
|
|
2104
|
|
1137
|
2105 @findex set-face-background-pixmap
|
|
|
2106 Alternately, you can use a simpler version of
|
|
|
2107 @code{set-face-background-pixmap} called
|
|
|
2108 @code{set-face-background-pixmap-file}. This function does not give you
|
|
|
2109 as much control on the pixmap instanciator, but provides filename
|
|
|
2110 completion.
|
|
|
2111
|
|
428
|
2112 @findex set-face-font
|
|
|
2113 You can set the font of the specified @var{face} with the function
|
|
|
2114 @code{set-face-font}. The @var{font} argument should be a string, the
|
|
|
2115 name of a font. When called from a program, if the
|
|
1137
|
2116 optional @var{frame} argument is provided, the face is changed only
|
|
428
|
2117 in that frame; otherwise, it is changed in all frames.
|
|
|
2118
|
|
1137
|
2119 @findex set-face-foreground
|
|
428
|
2120 You can set the foreground color of the specified @var{face} with the
|
|
|
2121 function @code{set-face-foreground}. The argument @var{color} should be
|
|
|
2122 a string, the name of a color. If the optional @var{frame} argument is
|
|
|
2123 provided, the face is changed only in that frame; otherwise, it is
|
|
|
2124 changed in all frames.
|
|
|
2125
|
|
|
2126 @findex set-face-underline-p
|
|
|
2127 You can set underline the specified @var{face} with the function
|
|
|
2128 @code{set-face-underline-p}. The argument @var{underline-p} can be used
|
|
|
2129 to make underlining an attribute of the face or not. If the optional
|
|
|
2130 @var{frame} argument is provided, the face is changed only in that
|
|
|
2131 frame; otherwise, it is changed in all frames.
|
|
|
2132
|
|
442
|
2133 @node Frame Components
|
|
|
2134 @section Frame Components
|
|
|
2135
|
|
|
2136 You can control the presence and position of most frame components, such
|
|
|
2137 as the menubar, toolbars, and gutters.
|
|
|
2138
|
|
|
2139 This section is not written yet. Try the Lisp Reference Manual:
|
|
|
2140 @ref{Menubar,,,lispref,}, @ref{Toolbar Intro,,,lispref,}, and
|
|
|
2141 @ref{Gutter Intro,,,lispref,}.
|
|
|
2142
|
|
428
|
2143 @node X Resources
|
|
|
2144 @section X Resources
|
|
|
2145 @cindex X resources
|
|
|
2146 @findex x-create-frame
|
|
|
2147
|
|
|
2148 Historically, XEmacs has used the X resource application class @samp{Emacs}
|
|
|
2149 for its resources. Unfortunately, GNU Emacs uses the same application
|
|
|
2150 class, and resources are not compatible between the two Emacsen. This
|
|
|
2151 sharing of the application class often leads to trouble if you want to
|
|
|
2152 run both variants.
|
|
|
2153
|
|
|
2154 Starting with XEmacs 21, XEmacs uses the class @samp{XEmacs} if it finds
|
|
|
2155 any XEmacs resources in the resource database when the X connection is
|
|
|
2156 initialized. Otherwise, it will use the class @samp{Emacs} for
|
|
440
|
2157 backwards compatibility. The variable @var{x-emacs-application-class}
|
|
428
|
2158 may be consulted to determine the application class being used.
|
|
|
2159
|
|
|
2160 The examples in this section assume the application class is @samp{Emacs}.
|
|
|
2161
|
|
1137
|
2162 The Emacs resources are generally set per-frame. Each Emacs frame can have
|
|
|
2163 its own name or the same name as another, depending on the name passed to the
|
|
428
|
2164 @code{make-frame} function.
|
|
|
2165
|
|
|
2166 You can specify resources for all frames with the syntax:
|
|
|
2167
|
|
|
2168 @example
|
|
|
2169 Emacs*parameter: value
|
|
|
2170 @end example
|
|
|
2171 @noindent
|
|
|
2172
|
|
|
2173 or
|
|
|
2174
|
|
|
2175 @example
|
|
|
2176 Emacs*EmacsFrame.parameter:value
|
|
|
2177 @end example
|
|
|
2178 @noindent
|
|
|
2179
|
|
|
2180 You can specify resources for a particular frame with the syntax:
|
|
|
2181
|
|
|
2182 @example
|
|
|
2183 Emacs*FRAME-NAME.parameter: value
|
|
|
2184 @end example
|
|
|
2185 @noindent
|
|
|
2186
|
|
|
2187 @menu
|
|
|
2188 * Geometry Resources:: Controlling the size and position of frames.
|
|
440
|
2189 * Iconic Resources:: Controlling whether frames come up iconic.
|
|
|
2190 * Resource List:: List of resources settable on a frame or device.
|
|
|
2191 * Face Resources:: Controlling faces using resources.
|
|
|
2192 * Widgets:: The widget hierarchy for XEmacs.
|
|
|
2193 * Menubar Resources:: Specifying resources for the menubar.
|
|
428
|
2194 @end menu
|
|
|
2195
|
|
|
2196 @node Geometry Resources
|
|
|
2197 @subsection Geometry Resources
|
|
|
2198
|
|
|
2199 To make the default size of all Emacs frames be 80 columns by 55 lines,
|
|
|
2200 do this:
|
|
|
2201
|
|
|
2202 @example
|
|
|
2203 Emacs*EmacsFrame.geometry: 80x55
|
|
|
2204 @end example
|
|
|
2205 @noindent
|
|
|
2206
|
|
|
2207 To set the geometry of a particular frame named @samp{fred}, do this:
|
|
|
2208
|
|
|
2209 @example
|
|
|
2210 Emacs*fred.geometry: 80x55
|
|
|
2211 @end example
|
|
|
2212 @noindent
|
|
|
2213
|
|
|
2214 Important! Do not use the following syntax:
|
|
|
2215
|
|
|
2216 @example
|
|
|
2217 Emacs*geometry: 80x55
|
|
|
2218 @end example
|
|
|
2219 @noindent
|
|
|
2220
|
|
|
2221 You should never use @code{*geometry} with any X application. It does
|
|
|
2222 not say "make the geometry of Emacs be 80 columns by 55 lines." It
|
|
|
2223 really says, "make Emacs and all subwindows thereof be 80x55 in whatever
|
|
|
2224 units they care to measure in." In particular, that is both telling the
|
|
|
2225 Emacs text pane to be 80x55 in characters, and telling the menubar pane
|
|
|
2226 to be 80x55 pixels, which is surely not what you want.
|
|
|
2227
|
|
|
2228 As a special case, this geometry specification also works (and sets the
|
|
|
2229 default size of all Emacs frames to 80 columns by 55 lines):
|
|
|
2230
|
|
|
2231 @example
|
|
|
2232 Emacs.geometry: 80x55
|
|
|
2233 @end example
|
|
|
2234 @noindent
|
|
|
2235
|
|
|
2236 since that is the syntax used with most other applications (since most
|
|
|
2237 other applications have only one top-level window, unlike Emacs). In
|
|
|
2238 general, however, the top-level shell (the unmapped ApplicationShell
|
|
|
2239 widget named @samp{Emacs} that is the parent of the shell widgets that
|
|
|
2240 actually manage the individual frames) does not have any interesting
|
|
|
2241 resources on it, and you should set the resources on the frames instead.
|
|
|
2242
|
|
|
2243 The @code{-geometry} command-line argument sets only the geometry of the
|
|
|
2244 initial frame created by Emacs.
|
|
|
2245
|
|
|
2246 A more complete explanation of geometry-handling is
|
|
|
2247
|
|
|
2248 @itemize @bullet
|
|
|
2249 @item
|
|
|
2250 The @code{-geometry} command-line option sets the @code{Emacs.geometry}
|
|
|
2251 resource, that is, the geometry of the ApplicationShell.
|
|
|
2252
|
|
|
2253 @item
|
|
|
2254 For the first frame created, the size of the frame is taken from the
|
|
|
2255 ApplicationShell if it is specified, otherwise from the geometry of the
|
|
|
2256 frame.
|
|
|
2257
|
|
|
2258 @item
|
|
|
2259 For subsequent frames, the order is reversed: First the frame, and then
|
|
|
2260 the ApplicationShell.
|
|
|
2261
|
|
|
2262 @item
|
|
|
2263 For the first frame created, the position of the frame is taken from the
|
|
|
2264 ApplicationShell (@code{Emacs.geometry}) if it is specified, otherwise
|
|
|
2265 from the geometry of the frame.
|
|
|
2266
|
|
|
2267 @item
|
|
1137
|
2268 For subsequent frames, the position is taken only from the frame, and
|
|
428
|
2269 never from the ApplicationShell.
|
|
|
2270 @end itemize
|
|
|
2271
|
|
|
2272 This is rather complicated, but it does seem to provide the most
|
|
|
2273 intuitive behavior with respect to the default sizes and positions of
|
|
|
2274 frames created in various ways.
|
|
|
2275
|
|
|
2276 @node Iconic Resources
|
|
|
2277 @subsection Iconic Resources
|
|
|
2278
|
|
|
2279 Analogous to @code{-geometry}, the @code{-iconic} command-line option
|
|
|
2280 sets the iconic flag of the ApplicationShell (@code{Emacs.iconic}) and
|
|
|
2281 always applies to the first frame created regardless of its name.
|
|
|
2282 However, it is possible to set the iconic flag on particular frames (by
|
|
|
2283 name) by using the @code{Emacs*FRAME-NAME.iconic} resource.
|
|
|
2284
|
|
|
2285 @node Resource List
|
|
|
2286 @subsection Resource List
|
|
|
2287
|
|
|
2288 Emacs frames accept the following resources:
|
|
|
2289
|
|
|
2290 @table @asis
|
|
|
2291 @item @code{geometry} (class @code{Geometry}): string
|
|
|
2292 Initial geometry for the frame. @xref{Geometry Resources}, for a
|
|
|
2293 complete discussion of how this works.
|
|
|
2294
|
|
|
2295 @item @code{iconic} (class @code{Iconic}): boolean
|
|
|
2296 Whether this frame should appear in the iconified state.
|
|
|
2297
|
|
|
2298 @item @code{internalBorderWidth} (class @code{InternalBorderWidth}): int
|
|
1137
|
2299 How many blank pixels to leave between the text and the edge of the
|
|
428
|
2300 window.
|
|
|
2301
|
|
|
2302 @item @code{interline} (class @code{Interline}): int
|
|
|
2303 How many pixels to leave between each line (may not be implemented).
|
|
|
2304
|
|
|
2305 @item @code{menubar} (class @code{Menubar}): boolean
|
|
|
2306 Whether newly-created frames should initially have a menubar. Set to
|
|
|
2307 true by default.
|
|
|
2308
|
|
|
2309 @item @code{initiallyUnmapped} (class @code{InitiallyUnmapped}): boolean
|
|
|
2310 Whether XEmacs should leave the initial frame unmapped when it starts
|
|
|
2311 up. This is useful if you are starting XEmacs as a server (e.g. in
|
|
|
2312 conjunction with gnuserv or the external client widget). You can also
|
|
|
2313 control this with the @code{-unmapped} command-line option.
|
|
|
2314
|
|
|
2315 @item @code{barCursor} (class @code{BarColor}): boolean
|
|
|
2316 Whether the cursor should be displayed as a bar, or the traditional box.
|
|
|
2317
|
|
|
2318 @item @code{cursorColor} (class @code{CursorColor}): color-name
|
|
|
2319 The color of the text cursor.
|
|
|
2320
|
|
|
2321 @item @code{scrollBarWidth} (class @code{ScrollBarWidth}): integer
|
|
|
2322 How wide the vertical scrollbars should be, in pixels; 0 means no
|
|
|
2323 vertical scrollbars. You can also use a resource specification of the
|
|
|
2324 form @code{*scrollbar.width}, or the usual toolkit scrollbar resources:
|
|
|
2325 @code{*XmScrollBar.width} (Motif), @code{*XlwScrollBar.width} (Lucid),
|
|
|
2326 or @code{*Scrollbar.thickness} (Athena). We don't recommend that you
|
|
|
2327 use the toolkit resources, though, because they're dependent on how
|
|
|
2328 exactly your particular build of XEmacs was configured.
|
|
|
2329
|
|
|
2330 @item @code{scrollBarHeight} (class @code{ScrollBarHeight}): integer
|
|
|
2331 How high the horizontal scrollbars should be, in pixels; 0 means no
|
|
|
2332 horizontal scrollbars. You can also use a resource specification of the
|
|
|
2333 form @code{*scrollbar.height}, or the usual toolkit scrollbar resources:
|
|
|
2334 @code{*XmScrollBar.height} (Motif), @code{*XlwScrollBar.height} (Lucid),
|
|
|
2335 or @code{*Scrollbar.thickness} (Athena). We don't recommend that you use
|
|
|
2336 the toolkit resources, though, because they're dependent on how exactly
|
|
|
2337 your particular build of XEmacs was configured.
|
|
|
2338
|
|
|
2339 @item @code{scrollBarPlacement} (class @code{ScrollBarPlacement}): string
|
|
|
2340 Where the horizontal and vertical scrollbars should be positioned. This
|
|
|
2341 should be one of the four strings @samp{BOTTOM_LEFT},
|
|
|
2342 @samp{BOTTOM_RIGHT}, @samp{TOP_LEFT}, and @samp{TOP_RIGHT}. Default is
|
|
|
2343 @samp{BOTTOM_RIGHT} for the Motif and Lucid scrollbars and
|
|
|
2344 @samp{BOTTOM_LEFT} for the Athena scrollbars.
|
|
|
2345
|
|
|
2346 @item @code{topToolBarHeight} (class @code{TopToolBarHeight}): integer
|
|
|
2347 @itemx @code{bottomToolBarHeight} (class @code{BottomToolBarHeight}): integer
|
|
|
2348 @itemx @code{leftToolBarWidth} (class @code{LeftToolBarWidth}): integer
|
|
|
2349 @itemx @code{rightToolBarWidth} (class @code{RightToolBarWidth}): integer
|
|
|
2350 Height and width of the four possible toolbars.
|
|
|
2351
|
|
|
2352 @item @code{topToolBarShadowColor} (class @code{TopToolBarShadowColor}): color-name
|
|
|
2353 @itemx @code{bottomToolBarShadowColor} (class @code{BottomToolBarShadowColor}): color-name
|
|
|
2354 Color of the top and bottom shadows for the toolbars. NOTE: These resources
|
|
|
2355 do @emph{not} have anything to do with the top and bottom toolbars (i.e. the
|
|
|
2356 toolbars at the top and bottom of the frame)! Rather, they affect the top
|
|
|
2357 and bottom shadows around the edges of all four kinds of toolbars.
|
|
|
2358
|
|
|
2359 @item @code{topToolBarShadowPixmap} (class @code{TopToolBarShadowPixmap}): pixmap-name
|
|
|
2360 @itemx @code{bottomToolBarShadowPixmap} (class @code{BottomToolBarShadowPixmap}): pixmap-name
|
|
|
2361 Pixmap of the top and bottom shadows for the toolbars. If set, these
|
|
|
2362 resources override the corresponding color resources. NOTE: These
|
|
|
2363 resources do @emph{not} have anything to do with the top and bottom
|
|
|
2364 toolbars (i.e. the toolbars at the top and bottom of the frame)!
|
|
|
2365 Rather, they affect the top and bottom shadows around the edges of all
|
|
|
2366 four kinds of toolbars.
|
|
|
2367
|
|
|
2368 @item @code{toolBarShadowThickness} (class @code{ToolBarShadowThickness}): integer
|
|
|
2369 Thickness of the shadows around the toolbars, in pixels.
|
|
|
2370
|
|
|
2371 @item @code{visualBell} (class @code{VisualBell}): boolean
|
|
|
2372 Whether XEmacs should flash the screen rather than making an audible beep.
|
|
|
2373
|
|
|
2374 @item @code{bellVolume} (class @code{BellVolume}): integer
|
|
|
2375 Volume of the audible beep.
|
|
|
2376
|
|
|
2377 @item @code{useBackingStore} (class @code{UseBackingStore}): boolean
|
|
|
2378 Whether XEmacs should set the backing-store attribute of the X windows
|
|
|
2379 it creates. This increases the memory usage of the X server but decreases
|
|
|
2380 the amount of X traffic necessary to update the screen, and is useful
|
|
|
2381 when the connection to the X server goes over a low-bandwidth line
|
|
|
2382 such as a modem connection.
|
|
|
2383 @end table
|
|
|
2384
|
|
|
2385 Emacs devices accept the following resources:
|
|
|
2386
|
|
|
2387 @table @asis
|
|
|
2388 @item @code{textPointer} (class @code{Cursor}): cursor-name
|
|
|
2389 The cursor to use when the mouse is over text. This resource is used to
|
|
|
2390 initialize the variable @code{x-pointer-shape}.
|
|
|
2391
|
|
|
2392 @item @code{selectionPointer} (class @code{Cursor}): cursor-name
|
|
|
2393 The cursor to use when the mouse is over a selectable text region (an
|
|
|
2394 extent with the @samp{highlight} property; for example, an Info
|
|
|
2395 cross-reference). This resource is used to initialize the variable
|
|
|
2396 @code{x-selection-pointer-shape}.
|
|
|
2397
|
|
|
2398 @item @code{spacePointer} (class @code{Cursor}): cursor-name
|
|
|
2399 The cursor to use when the mouse is over a blank space in a buffer (that
|
|
|
2400 is, after the end of a line or after the end-of-file). This resource is
|
|
|
2401 used to initialize the variable @code{x-nontext-pointer-shape}.
|
|
|
2402
|
|
|
2403 @item @code{modeLinePointer} (class @code{Cursor}): cursor-name
|
|
|
2404 The cursor to use when the mouse is over a modeline. This resource is
|
|
|
2405 used to initialize the variable @code{x-mode-pointer-shape}.
|
|
|
2406
|
|
|
2407 @item @code{gcPointer} (class @code{Cursor}): cursor-name
|
|
|
2408 The cursor to display when a garbage-collection is in progress. This
|
|
|
2409 resource is used to initialize the variable @code{x-gc-pointer-shape}.
|
|
|
2410
|
|
|
2411 @item @code{scrollbarPointer} (class @code{Cursor}): cursor-name
|
|
|
2412 The cursor to use when the mouse is over the scrollbar. This resource
|
|
|
2413 is used to initialize the variable @code{x-scrollbar-pointer-shape}.
|
|
|
2414
|
|
|
2415 @item @code{pointerColor} (class @code{Foreground}): color-name
|
|
|
2416 @itemx @code{pointerBackground} (class @code{Background}): color-name
|
|
|
2417 The foreground and background colors of the mouse cursor. These
|
|
|
2418 resources are used to initialize the variables
|
|
|
2419 @code{x-pointer-foreground-color} and @code{x-pointer-background-color}.
|
|
|
2420 @end table
|
|
|
2421
|
|
|
2422 @node Face Resources
|
|
|
2423 @subsection Face Resources
|
|
|
2424
|
|
|
2425 The attributes of faces are also per-frame. They can be specified as:
|
|
|
2426
|
|
|
2427 @example
|
|
|
2428 Emacs.FACE_NAME.parameter: value
|
|
|
2429 @end example
|
|
|
2430 @noindent
|
|
|
2431
|
|
|
2432 or
|
|
|
2433
|
|
|
2434 @example
|
|
|
2435 Emacs*FRAME_NAME.FACE_NAME.parameter: value
|
|
|
2436 @end example
|
|
|
2437 @noindent
|
|
|
2438
|
|
|
2439 Faces accept the following resources:
|
|
|
2440
|
|
|
2441 @table @asis
|
|
|
2442 @item @code{attributeFont} (class @code{AttributeFont}): font-name
|
|
|
2443 The font of this face.
|
|
|
2444
|
|
|
2445 @item @code{attributeForeground} (class @code{AttributeForeground}): color-name
|
|
|
2446 @itemx @code{attributeBackground} (class @code{AttributeBackground}): color-name
|
|
|
2447 The foreground and background colors of this face.
|
|
|
2448
|
|
|
2449 @item @code{attributeBackgroundPixmap} (class @code{AttributeBackgroundPixmap}): file-name
|
|
|
2450 The name of an @sc{xbm} file (or @sc{xpm} file, if your version of Emacs
|
|
|
2451 supports @sc{xpm}), to use as a background stipple.
|
|
|
2452
|
|
|
2453 @item @code{attributeUnderline} (class @code{AttributeUnderline}): boolean
|
|
|
2454 Whether text in this face should be underlined.
|
|
|
2455 @end table
|
|
|
2456
|
|
|
2457 All text is displayed in some face, defaulting to the face named
|
|
|
2458 @code{default}. To set the font of normal text, use
|
|
|
2459 @code{Emacs*default.attributeFont}. To set it in the frame named
|
|
|
2460 @code{fred}, use @code{Emacs*fred.default.attributeFont}.
|
|
|
2461
|
|
|
2462 These are the names of the predefined faces:
|
|
|
2463
|
|
|
2464 @table @code
|
|
|
2465 @item default
|
|
|
2466 Everything inherits from this.
|
|
|
2467
|
|
|
2468 @item bold
|
|
|
2469 If this is not specified in the resource database, Emacs tries to find a
|
|
|
2470 bold version of the font of the default face.
|
|
|
2471
|
|
|
2472 @item italic
|
|
|
2473 If this is not specified in the resource database, Emacs tries to find
|
|
|
2474 an italic version of the font of the default face.
|
|
|
2475
|
|
|
2476 @item bold-italic
|
|
|
2477 If this is not specified in the resource database, Emacs tries to find a
|
|
|
2478 bold-italic version of the font of the default face.
|
|
|
2479
|
|
|
2480 @item modeline
|
|
|
2481 This is the face that the modeline is displayed in. If not specified in
|
|
|
2482 the resource database, it is determined from the default face by
|
|
|
2483 reversing the foreground and background colors.
|
|
|
2484
|
|
|
2485 @item highlight
|
|
|
2486 This is the face that highlighted extents (for example, Info
|
|
|
2487 cross-references and possible completions, when the mouse passes over
|
|
|
2488 them) are displayed in.
|
|
|
2489
|
|
|
2490 @item left-margin
|
|
|
2491 @itemx right-margin
|
|
|
2492 These are the faces that the left and right annotation margins are
|
|
|
2493 displayed in.
|
|
|
2494
|
|
|
2495 @item zmacs-region
|
|
|
2496 This is the face that mouse selections are displayed in.
|
|
1137
|
2497
|
|
428
|
2498 @item isearch
|
|
|
2499 This is the face that the matched text being searched for is displayed
|
|
|
2500 in.
|
|
|
2501
|
|
|
2502 @item info-node
|
|
|
2503 This is the face of info menu items. If unspecified, it is copied from
|
|
|
2504 @code{bold-italic}.
|
|
|
2505
|
|
|
2506 @item info-xref
|
|
|
2507 This is the face of info cross-references. If unspecified, it is copied
|
|
|
2508 from @code{bold}. (Note that, when the mouse passes over a
|
|
|
2509 cross-reference, the cross-reference's face is determined from a
|
|
|
2510 combination of the @code{info-xref} and @code{highlight} faces.)
|
|
|
2511 @end table
|
|
|
2512
|
|
|
2513 Other packages might define their own faces; to see a list of all faces,
|
|
|
2514 use any of the interactive face-manipulation commands such as
|
|
|
2515 @code{set-face-font} and type @samp{?} when you are prompted for the
|
|
|
2516 name of a face.
|
|
|
2517
|
|
|
2518 If the @code{bold}, @code{italic}, and @code{bold-italic} faces are not
|
|
|
2519 specified in the resource database, then XEmacs attempts to derive them
|
|
|
2520 from the font of the default face. It can only succeed at this if you
|
|
|
2521 have specified the default font using the XLFD (X Logical Font
|
|
|
2522 Description) format, which looks like
|
|
|
2523
|
|
|
2524 @example
|
|
|
2525 *-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*
|
|
|
2526 @end example
|
|
|
2527 @noindent
|
|
|
2528
|
|
|
2529 If you use any of the other, less strict font name formats, some of which
|
|
|
2530 look like
|
|
|
2531
|
|
|
2532 @example
|
|
|
2533 lucidasanstypewriter-12
|
|
|
2534 fixed
|
|
|
2535 9x13
|
|
|
2536 @end example
|
|
|
2537
|
|
|
2538 then XEmacs won't be able to guess the names of the bold and italic
|
|
|
2539 versions. All X fonts can be referred to via XLFD-style names, so you
|
|
|
2540 should use those forms. See the man pages for @samp{X(1)},
|
|
|
2541 @samp{xlsfonts(1)}, and @samp{xfontsel(1)}.
|
|
|
2542
|
|
|
2543 @node Widgets
|
|
|
2544 @subsection Widgets
|
|
|
2545
|
|
|
2546 There are several structural widgets between the terminal EmacsFrame
|
|
|
2547 widget and the top level ApplicationShell; the exact names and types of
|
|
|
2548 these widgets change from release to release (for example, they changed
|
|
|
2549 between 19.8 and 19.9, 19.9 and 19.10, and 19.10 and 19.12) and are
|
|
|
2550 subject to further change in the future, so you should avoid mentioning
|
|
|
2551 them in your resource database. The above-mentioned syntaxes should be
|
|
|
2552 forward- compatible. As of 19.13, the exact widget hierarchy is as
|
|
|
2553 follows:
|
|
|
2554
|
|
|
2555 @example
|
|
|
2556 INVOCATION-NAME "shell" "container" FRAME-NAME
|
|
|
2557 x-emacs-application-class "EmacsShell" "EmacsManager" "EmacsFrame"
|
|
|
2558 @end example
|
|
|
2559
|
|
|
2560 where INVOCATION-NAME is the terminal component of the name of the
|
|
|
2561 XEmacs executable (usually @samp{xemacs}), and
|
|
|
2562 @samp{x-emacs-application-class} is generally @samp{Emacs}.
|
|
|
2563
|
|
|
2564 @node Menubar Resources
|
|
|
2565 @subsection Menubar Resources
|
|
|
2566
|
|
|
2567 As the menubar is implemented as a widget which is not a part of XEmacs
|
|
442
|
2568 proper, it does not use the face mechanism for specifying fonts and
|
|
428
|
2569 colors: It uses whatever resources are appropriate to the type of widget
|
|
|
2570 which is used to implement it.
|
|
|
2571
|
|
442
|
2572 If Emacs was compiled to use only the Lucid Motif-lookalike menu widgets,
|
|
|
2573 then one way to specify the font of the menubar would be
|
|
428
|
2574
|
|
|
2575 @example
|
|
|
2576 Emacs*menubar*font: *-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*
|
|
|
2577 @end example
|
|
|
2578
|
|
1137
|
2579 If both the Lucid Motif-lookalike menu widgets and X Font Sets are
|
|
442
|
2580 configured to allow multilingual menubars, then one uses
|
|
|
2581
|
|
|
2582 @example
|
|
|
2583 *menubar*FontSet: -*-helvetica-bold-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*, \
|
|
|
2584 -*-*-*-*-*-*-*-120-*-jisx0208.1983-0
|
|
|
2585 @end example
|
|
|
2586
|
|
|
2587 That would specify fonts for a Japanese menubar. Specifying only one
|
|
|
2588 XLFD is acceptable; specifying more than one for a given registry
|
|
|
2589 (language) is also allowed. When X Font Sets are configured, some .font
|
|
|
2590 resources (eg, menubars) are ignored in favor of the corresponding
|
|
|
2591 .fontSet resources.
|
|
|
2592
|
|
1137
|
2593 If the Motif library is being used, then one would have to use
|
|
428
|
2594
|
|
|
2595 @example
|
|
|
2596 Emacs*menubar*fontList: *-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*
|
|
|
2597 @end example
|
|
|
2598
|
|
|
2599 because the Motif library uses the @code{fontList} resource name instead
|
|
|
2600 of @code{font}, which has subtly different semantics.
|
|
|
2601
|
|
1137
|
2602 The same is true of the scrollbars: They accept whichever resources are
|
|
428
|
2603 appropriate for the toolkit in use.
|
