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1 You are looking at the XEmacs tutorial. See end for copyrights and conditions.
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2
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3 XEmacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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4 CTRL or CTL) or the META key. "META" is a traditional Emacs term; on
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5 most keyboards, the key is labeled "Alt". (On Sun keyboards, the META
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6 key is labeled with a diamond, and is *NOT* the Alt key, which also
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7 exists.) On some TTY's, there is no META key; in this case, use ESC.
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8 Rather than write out META or CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a
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9 character, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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10
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11 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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12 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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13 M-<chr> means hold the META (i.e. Alt) key down while typing <chr>.
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14 (See above for Sun keyboards and TTY's.)
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15
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16 Important note: to end the XEmacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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17
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18 To move to the next screen, type <Next> (often labeled PgDn). On TTY's,
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19 you may not have such a key; use C-v instead. (Hold down the CONTROL key
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20 while typing v.)
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21
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22 To move to the previous screen, type <Prior> (often labeled PgUp). On
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23 TTY's, use M-v. (Remember, this means META + v; if you have no META or Alt
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24 key that works, press and release ESC, then type v.)
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25
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26 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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27 try using a command. For instance:
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28
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29 >> Try typing <Next> and then <Prior>, a few times. (Or C-v and M-v,
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30 on TTY's.)
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31
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32 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen to
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33 screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading the text.
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34
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35 In general, every "cursor key" (the arrows and similar keys set off to the
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36 right side of the keyboard) has an equivalent binding that uses only the
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37 alphanumeric keys in combination with CONTROL and/or META, so that TTY
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38 users can use XEmacs.
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39
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40 (In fact, in olden days, this "older way" was the only way to do things,
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41 and you will still often see references to these keys as the "recommended"
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42 way of doing things. We don't actually recommend that you use these older
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43 bindings in preference to the more obvious cursor keys, since the cursor
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44 keys are easier to remember and usually more convenient to use. However,
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45 it's useful to know the older bindings, either in case you ever use a TTY
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46 or so that you can make sense of references to them. From now on, we will
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47 mention the TTY bindings in parentheses, and expect that TTY users will
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48 substitute them whenever we mention a cursor key.)
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49
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50 Now you may ask, what is a TTY? A TTY (or "TeleTYpe")is a text-only
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51 connection, the kind you get when you use the "telnet" program to log into
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52 a remote site. Up till 20 years ago or so, such text-only connections were
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53 all that existed to communicate with a computer, usually via a "terminal"
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54 (a combination keyboard and monochrome screen) connected directly to a
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55 computer. Nowadays, such dedicated TTY's are increasingly rare, and most
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56 people only run into them when using telnet. Emacs began in those olden
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57 days, and it still carries some baggage from that time, but things have
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58 greatly improved since then. Now, you are probably using XEmacs under MS
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59 Windows or X Windows, collectively termed a "window system".
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60
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61
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62 * SUMMARY
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63 ---------
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64
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65 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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66
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67 <Next> Move forward one screenful (C-v on TTY's)
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68 <Prior> Move backward one screenful (M-v on TTY's)
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69 C-l Clear frame and redisplay all the text,
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70 moving the text around the cursor
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71 to the center of the window.
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72 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
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73
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74 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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75 Then type C-l.
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76 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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77 is near the cursor now.
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78
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79
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80 * SOME TERMINOLOGY
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81 ------------------
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82
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83 All aspects of computers have terminology associated with them, and until
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84 you master the terminology, things can seem overwhelming. To add to this,
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85 however, XEmacs has its own terminology, some of which of course includes
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86 terms for concepts new to XEmacs. Some XEmacs terminology, however, is
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87 just nonstandard terms for familiar objects and concepts. (This is because
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88 Emacs began a long time ago, when many standard things in today's computers
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89 didn't exist, and others that did exist had different names.)
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90
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91 To make things easier for you, the most common XEmacs terms that you will
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92 find in this tutorial are defined here, even though some have already been
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93 defined above and others aren't discussed in detail until later. This way,
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94 if you come across an unfamiliar term, you know exactly where to look to
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95 find the definition. Don't worry if you don't understand all the terms; if
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96 you keep reading the tutorial, eventually all the terms will be explained
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97 in detail.
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98
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99 Term Definition
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100 --------------------------
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101 C- A keystroke involving the CONTROL key. C-k is sometimes
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102 indicated as CONTROL + k or (not in XEmacs) ^K, and means
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103 to hold down the CONTROL key and hit the k key.
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104 Info The name of XEmacs' online documentation, accessed through
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105 C-h i.
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106 M- A keystroke involving the META key. See META.
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107 META An abstract name for a particular modifier key, which has
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108 different correspondences depending on your keyboard. On
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109 most keyboards, META is the Alt key, but on Sun keyboards it's
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110 a key labeled with a diamond, and *NOT* the Alt key, which
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111 also exists. META can also be simulated by pressing ESC before
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112 the other key, but in reality this is just two separate keys,
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113 not a modifier plus a key: If you want to do M-f M-f, normally
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114 you can hold down (e.g.) Alt, hit f twice, and release the Alt,
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115 but when using ESC as META, you'd have to type ESC f ESC f.
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116 TTY A text-only connection to a computer, such as when you
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117 telnet into a machine. See the previous section for more
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118 explanation.
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119 binding The command that's bound to a particular key sequence; you
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120 can find out what the binding is and how the command works
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121 using C-h k; it's also possible to change the bindings of
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122 key sequences, but this isn't discussed in the tutorial
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123 buffer A block of memory holding some text, such as the text of a
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124 file, email message, list of files in a directory, etc. All
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125 visible windows are always displaying the text of some buffer,
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126 and more than one window can be displaying the same buffer.
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127 In this case, each buffer has a different value for point
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128 (see definition).
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129 cursor A block or bar showing where in the text the current insertion
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130 point is.
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131 cursor key Any of the keys used for moving the cursor, such as the arrow
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132 keys, <Next> and <Prior> (often labeled PgUp and PgDn),
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133 <Home> and <End>, etc. Usually set off to the right of the
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134 main part of the keyboard, often painted gray.
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135 echo area A one-line area at the bottom of the frame where messages are
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136 output. It shares the same space as the minibuffer, which
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137 works because the minibuffer is not active most of the time
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138 and is active only for short intervals. (Even then, if a
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139 message needs to be displayed, the minibuffer will temporarily
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140 disappear, the message will be displayed, and then the
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141 minibuffer will appear again in a few seconds.)
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142 frame Same as what's standardly called a "window" in a window system.
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143 TTY's only have one visible frame, but it's possible to create
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144 others and switch between them (sort of like if, in a window
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145 system, all your windows were maximized to take up the whole
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146 screen, so you could only see one at once).
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147 isearch Incremental search. An Emacs invention that is a special,
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148 extra-efficient way of searching. Each time you type a
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149 character in a search string, XEmacs immediately finds the
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150 next match for what you've typed so far. This way, you avoid
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151 typing more keys than necessary to find what you're looking
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152 for.
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153 key sequence A sequence of one or more keystrokes that together make a
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154 command. C-x C-f, C-x 5 0, C-l, and <Next> are all key
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155 sequences. See also "binding".
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156 keystroke A combination of a key and a modifier (e.g. CONTROL, SHIFT,
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157 META).
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158 kill Standardly known as "cut". Remove text and remember it, so
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159 that it can be "yanked" (standardly, "pasted") later. Multiple
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160 "kills" are remembered, not only the most recent, and can be
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161 accessed using M-y. "kill" is also sometimes used in general
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162 to refer to deleting anything other than text, e.g. buffers,
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163 toolbar items, local variables, subprocesses, abbreviations,
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164 or to terminating the XEmacs process.
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165 minibuffer A small buffer (usually one line, but it may expand as
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166 necessary) at the bottom of the frame, used when commands need
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167 input such as file names.
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168 modeline A status line, near the bottom of a window, showing the
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169 current file being edited, the current mode, the line number,
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170 etc. (If you split a frame into two windows, you get two
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171 modelines.)
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172 point The location in the text where the cursor is. (Technically,
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173 the cursor is *BETWEEN* two text characters, not on one.
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174 This is most obvious when you use the bar cursor.)
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175 prefix argument An extra piece of information typed just before a command to
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176 be executed, which changes how the command works. Prefix
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177 arguments typically come in two types: Numeric arguments,
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178 which specify repeat counts, screen lines to move to, etc.
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179 are are specified using META plus a number before a command;
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180 and flag arguments, which are just simple yes/no-type
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181 indications to do something differently (e.g. put point at
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182 the beginning of inserted text rather than at the end) and
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183 are specified using C-u before the command.
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184 recursive edit Used when you are in the middle of executing a long command
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185 (e.g. a search and replace), and want to temporarily make
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186 an edit to some text. Indicated with brackets around the
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187 mode name. It's unlikely you'll use this much, if at all,
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188 but it's useful to know how to get out if you accidentally
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189 get into this mode: use ESC ESC.
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190 screen The totality of everything that can be seen on the display.
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191 Also used in some expressions: "on/off the screen" means
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192 currently visible or invisible. A "screenful" is the amount
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193 of text in a particular window that can be viewed at one time.
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194 window Non-overlapping division of a frame, standardly called a
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195 "pane". Most often, there is only one window in a frame, and
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196 then the two terms become essentially synonymous. (Technically,
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197 however, the window includes the modeline below it but not
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198 the minibuffer.)
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199 yank Standardly known as "paste". Insert text that was previously
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200 removed and remembered, a process known as "killing", or more
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201 standardly "cutting".
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202
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203
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204 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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205 ----------------------
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206
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207 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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208 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward and backward
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209 one screen, but how do you move to a specific place within the text on
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210 the screen?
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211
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212 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use
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213 the arrow keys, which we refer to as <Left>, <Right>, <Up>, and <Down>.
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214 Each of these commands moves the cursor one row or column in a
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215 particular direction on the screen.
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216
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217 On a TTY, the arrow keys should, hopefully, work the same, but they
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218 might not, since TTY's are easy to misconfigure. As mentioned above,
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219 for all cursor-key bindings, there are equivalent alphanumeric ones. In
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220 this case, the bindings are unfortunately not at all obvious, since they
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221 were chosen mnemonically and not visually. Here is a table showing the
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222 TTY bindings:
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223
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224 Previous line, C-p
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225 :
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226 :
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227 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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228 :
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229 :
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230 Next line, C-n
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231
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232 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram using <Down>
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233 or <Up>. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the window.
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234 (Remember, TTY users should substitute the appropriate bindings whenever
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235 necessary. In this case, use C-n and C-p.)
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236
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237 Note the mnemonic significance of the TTY bindings: P for previous, N
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238 for next, B for backward and F for forward. If you're on a TTY, you
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239 really should spend some time now etching these cursor bindings into
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240 your brain. These cursor positioning commands are the most fundamental
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241 way to move around and you'll be using them ALL the time, so you will be
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242 completely lost without them.
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243
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244 Even if you are on a window system and are not forced to learn these
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245 bindings, you should try to memorize at least these four commands and in
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246 particular their associated words, since variations on them show up in
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247 many different keyboard commands, and knowing what they stand for can be
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248 of tremendous help.
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249
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250
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251 >> Do a few <Down>'s to bring the cursor down to this line.
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252
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253 >> Move into the line with <Right>'s and then up with <Up>'s.
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254 See what <Up> does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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255
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256 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". You will
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257 often see such references to "point" in the documentation, so remember
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258 this term.
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259
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260 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to separate
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261 it from the following line. The last line in your file ought to have a
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262 Newline at the end. XEmacs does not normally require it to have one, but
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263 you can change this -- see the menu entry "Options->Editing->Newline at End
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264 of File...". (More on menu entries later.)
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265
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266 >> Try to <Left> at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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267 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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268 across the Newline character.
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269
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270 <Right> can move across a Newline just like <Left>.
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271
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272 >> Do a few more <Left>'s, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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273 Then do <Right>'s to return to the end of the line.
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274 Then do one more <Right> to move to the following line.
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275
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276 When you move past the top or bottom of the window, the text beyond
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277 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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278 enables XEmacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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279 without moving it off the screen.
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280
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281 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the window with <Down>, and
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282 see what happens.
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283
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284 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. C-<Right>
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285 (CONTROL + right-arrow key) moves forward a word and C-<Left> moves back a
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286 word. On TTY's, use M-f instead of C-<Right> and M-b instead of C-<Left>.
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287
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288 >> Type a few C-<Right>'s and C-<Left>'s.
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289
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290 When you are in the middle of a word, C-<Right> moves to the end of the
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291 word. When you are in whitespace between words, C-<Right> moves to the
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292 end of the following word. C-<Left> works likewise in the opposite
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293 direction.
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294
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295 >> Type C-<Right> and C-<Left> a few times, interspersed with <Right>'s and
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296 <Left>'s so that you can observe the action of C-<Right> and C-<Left>
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297 from various places inside and between words.
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298
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299 Notice the parallel between <Right> and <Left> on the one hand, and
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300 C-<Right> and C-<Left> on the other hand. Also notice the parallel
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301 between C-f and C-p on the one hand, and M-f and M-p on the other hand.
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302 XEmacs tries fairly hard to maintain parallelism in keyboard commands to
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303 make them easier to remember, and generally adding CONTROL or META to an
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304 operation makes it "more so". META goes beyond CONTROL, often making
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305 the units of movement less basic in the process -- words vs. characters,
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306 balanced parenthetical expressions vs. words, or sentences vs. lines.
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307
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308 Other important cursor motion commands are <Home> and <End> (beginning
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309 and end of the line), and C-<Home> and C-<End> (beginning and end of the
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310 whole text). Note again the parallelism just mentioned.
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311
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312 On TTY's, use C-a and C-e for beginning and end of line, and M-< and M->
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313 for beginning and end of text. (If it helps, think of A as the first
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314 letter of the alphabet, and E as standing for "end".) Note that the <
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315 and > chars (Less-than and Greater-than) are above the comma and period
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316 on most keyboards, so you'll have to use the SHIFT key in conjunction
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317 with META. If you have no META, the order is very important: Type ESC
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318 first, then type < or >.
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319
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320 >> Move the cursor to this line, then try <Home> and <End> a few times.
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321
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322 >> (Read this entire entry before doing anything!) Try C-<Home> now, to
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323 move to the beginning of the tutorial. Then use <Next> repeatedly to
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324 move back here.
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325
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326 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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327 These are the most often used commands.
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328
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329 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations. Don't worry if you
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330 can't remember everything; you can always move back to this table for
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331 reference.
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332
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333 KEYSTROKE: SEQUENCE TTY:
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334
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335 <Prior> (PgUp) Move backward a screen M-v
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336 <Next> (PgDn) Move forward a screen C-v
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337
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338 <Left> Move backward a character C-b
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339 <Right> Move forward a character C-f
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340
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341 C-<Left> Move backward a word M-b
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342 C-<Right> Move forward a word M-f
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428
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343
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771
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344 <Up> Move to previous line C-p
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345 <Down> Move to next line C-n
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428
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346
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771
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347 C-<Up> Move 6 lines up
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348 C-<Down> Move 6 lines down
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428
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349
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771
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350 <Home> Move to beginning of line C-a
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351 <End> Move to end of line C-e
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352
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353 C-<Home> Move to beginning of text M-<
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354 C-<End> Move to end of text M->
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355
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356
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357 * PREFIX ARGUMENTS
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358 ------------------
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428
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359
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771
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360 Most XEmacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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361 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count is
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362 by holding down the META key while typing the digits. You really only
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363 need to hold down META for the first digit; for this reason, an
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364 alternative method is to simply hit the ESC key once, then type the
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365 digits. (This latter method works on TTY's as well.) The numeric
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366 argument is also called a "prefix argument", because you type the
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367 argument before the command it applies to.
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428
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368
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771
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369 For instance, M-8 <Right> moves forward eight characters.
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428
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370
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771
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371 >> Try using <Down> or <Up> with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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428
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372 to a line near this one with just one command.
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373
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771
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374 Sometimes, commands use the term "prefix argument" to refer not to a
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375 numeric argument, but to just a flag that makes the command do something
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376 different if given. (We haven't encountered any such commands so far.)
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377 For such commands, the flag is normally given by typing C-u before the
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378 command, but generally you can also specify any numeric argument -- the
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379 actual number makes no difference.
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428
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380
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381
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382 * SCROLLBARS
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383 ------------
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428
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384
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771
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385 Unless you are on a TTY, there is probably a rectangular area called a
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386 scroll bar at the right hand side of the XEmacs window. You can scroll the
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387 text by manipulating the scrollbar with the mouse.
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428
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388
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771
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389 The scrollbar has a button in the middle of it, called a thumb. The
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390 relative position of this thumb within the rectangle indicates where you
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391 are within the file. As you scroll up or down with the cursor keys, the
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392 thumb will follow.
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428
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393
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771
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394 >> Try holding down the left button on the thumb and moving the mouse up
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395 and down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as you move the
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396 mouse. (NOTE: Some scrollbars, such as the Athena scrollbars under X
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397 Windows, work differently. On these, you will have to use the middle
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398 button, not the left one.)
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428
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399
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771
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400 >> Try clicking the left button in the area above the thumb. This should
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401 scroll the text up by a screenful. Similarly, clicking the button below
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402 the thumb will scroll down by a screenful. (NOTE: Under Athena, things
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403 work differently.) Holding the button down will cause the text to
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404 repeatedly scroll by a screenful.
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405
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406 >> Most scrollbars have arrows at the top and bottom of the rectangle.
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407 Clicking on these will scroll the text up or down by a line, and holding
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408 the button down will cause the text to repeatedly scroll by a line.
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428
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409
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410
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771
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411 * USING THE MENU
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412 ----------------
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413
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414 Unless you are on a TTY, you will notice a menubar at the top of the
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415 XEmacs frame. You can use this menubar to access all the most common
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416 XEmacs commands, such as "open a file". You will find this easier at
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417 first, because you don't need to remember the keystrokes necessary to
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418 access any particular command. Once you are comfortable with XEmacs, it
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419 will be easy to begin using the keyboard commands because each menu item
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420 with a corresponding keyboard command has the command listed next to it.
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421
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422 Note that there are many items in the menubar that have no exact
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423 keyboard equivalents. For example, the Buffers menu lists all of the
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424 available buffers in most-recently used order. You can switch to any
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425 buffer by simply findings its name in the Buffers menu and selecting it.
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426
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427 You can also configure XEmacs so that you can use the META key to access
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428 menu items -- the "accelerator" functionality that is standard under MS
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429 Windows. One easy way to do this in XEmacs is using the menu item
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430 "Options->Menubars->Alt/Meta Selects Menu Items".
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428
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431
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771
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432 When this feature is on, you can select a menu or menu item using the
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433 combination of META (i.e. Alt) plus the underlined letter of the menu item.
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434 For example, to exit XEmacs, use M-f M-x. We currently don't turn this on
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435 by default because it interferes with the traditional usage of META in
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436 XEmacs. However, we may do this in the future: Only commands for which
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437 there are top-level menus are shadowed by accelerator bindings, and for all
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438 those commands, there are equivalents either using cursor keys or on the
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439 menus.
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428
|
440
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771
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441 When we mention a menu selection, it will be specified as just shown --
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442 i.e. a string, with an arrow ("->") separating different submenus or items.
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443 In this case, the menu entry just mentioned means "Click the Options menu
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444 on the menubar, then the Menubars submenu, the the entry off of that
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|
445 labeled "Alt/Meta Selects Menu Items". In general, XEmacs is highly
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446 customizable, and one of the easiest ways to make such customizations is
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447 through the Options menu.
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448
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|
449 IMPORTANT: If you want a change on the Options menu to last beyond the
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|
450 current XEmacs session, use "Options->Save Options to Init File". This
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451 way, it will be permanent. Otherwise, all Options changes made in the
|
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|
452 current session will be lost.
|
|
428
|
453
|
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|
454
|
|
771
|
455 * WHEN XEMACS IS HUNG OR IN SOME STRANGE MODE
|
|
|
456 ---------------------------------------------
|
|
428
|
457
|
|
771
|
458 If XEmacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
|
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428
|
459 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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|
|
460 long to execute.
|
|
|
461
|
|
|
462 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
|
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|
463 a command that you do not want to finish.
|
|
|
464
|
|
771
|
465 >> Type M-100 to make a numeric arg of 100 (remember, this means hold
|
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|
466 down META and type 100, or type ESC 1 0 0), then type C-g. Now type
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|
|
467 <Right>. It should move just one character, because you canceled the
|
|
|
468 argument with C-g.
|
|
428
|
469
|
|
771
|
470 If XEmacs is in some strange mode and C-g isn't getting out of it, you
|
|
|
471 can use the all-purpose escape mechanism: ESC ESC. (On TTY's, you have
|
|
|
472 to use ESC ESC ESC. The reasons for this are a bit complicated.)
|
|
|
473
|
|
|
474 Hitting ESC ESC will get you out of almost any weird mode, including
|
|
|
475 selected text, split windows, the minibuffer, recursive edits, "stranded
|
|
|
476 minibuffer requests", and the like. If you have many problems at once,
|
|
2679
|
477 each invocation of ESC ESC will get rid of one, so keep repeating until
|
|
771
|
478 everything's fixed. REMEMBER: ESC ESC does not work if XEmacs is hung
|
|
|
479 doing some time-consuming operation or running broken code. Use C-g for
|
|
|
480 that.
|
|
428
|
481
|
|
|
482
|
|
|
483 * DISABLED COMMANDS
|
|
|
484 -------------------
|
|
|
485
|
|
771
|
486 Some XEmacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
|
|
428
|
487 them by accident.
|
|
|
488
|
|
771
|
489 If you type one of the disabled commands, XEmacs displays a message
|
|
428
|
490 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
|
|
|
491 ahead and execute the command.
|
|
|
492
|
|
771
|
493 If you really want to try the command, type <Space> in answer to the
|
|
428
|
494 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
|
|
|
495 command, answer the question with "n".
|
|
|
496
|
|
|
497 >> Type `C-x n p' (which is a disabled command),
|
|
|
498 then type n to answer the question.
|
|
|
499
|
|
|
500
|
|
771
|
501 * "WINDOWS", I.E. PANES
|
|
|
502 -----------------------
|
|
428
|
503
|
|
771
|
504 XEmacs can have several panes (i.e. non-overlapping divisions of a window
|
|
|
505 or a TTY screen), each displaying its own text. For historical reasons,
|
|
|
506 these panes are called "windows", and what we normally think of as a
|
|
|
507 window is called a "frame". XEmacs can also have multiple "frames"; this
|
|
|
508 is described later. From now on, we omit the quotes around the XEmacs
|
|
|
509 terms, and if we need to use "window" in the standard sense, we will say
|
|
|
510 "window-system window".
|
|
428
|
511
|
|
771
|
512 At this stage it is better not to go too deeply into the techniques of
|
|
|
513 using multiple windows. But you do need to know how to get rid of extra
|
|
|
514 windows that may appear to display help or output from certain commands.
|
|
|
515 Most of the time, your cursor will be in the new window; if this is the
|
|
|
516 case, simply type q. Alternatively, you can type
|
|
428
|
517
|
|
771
|
518 C-x 0 Delete window.
|
|
428
|
519
|
|
771
|
520 That is, CONTROL-x followed by the digit 0. This command is unlike the
|
|
|
521 other commands you have learned in that it consists of two characters. It
|
|
|
522 starts with the character CONTROL-x. There is a whole series of commands
|
|
|
523 that start with CONTROL-x; many of them have to do with windows, files,
|
|
|
524 buffers, and related things. These commands are two, three or four
|
|
|
525 characters long.
|
|
428
|
526
|
|
771
|
527 >> Move the cursor to this line and type M-0 C-l.
|
|
|
528 (That's a zero, not an Oh.)
|
|
|
529 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
|
|
|
530 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
|
|
|
531 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
|
|
|
532
|
|
|
533 >> Type q and see the documentation listing window disappear.
|
|
428
|
534
|
|
771
|
535 (Remember that C-l redraws the frame. If you give a numeric argument to
|
|
|
536 this command, it means "redraw the frame and put the current line that
|
|
|
537 many lines from the top of the window." So M-0 C-l means "redraw the
|
|
|
538 frame, putting the current line at the top.")
|
|
428
|
539
|
|
|
540
|
|
|
541 * INSERTING AND DELETING
|
|
|
542 ------------------------
|
|
|
543
|
|
771
|
544 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you can
|
|
|
545 see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by XEmacs as text and inserted
|
|
|
546 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a Newline
|
|
|
547 character.
|
|
428
|
548
|
|
771
|
549 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Backspace>.
|
|
|
550 <Backspace> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled simply with a
|
|
|
551 left arrow sign.
|
|
428
|
552
|
|
771
|
553 (NOTE: On a few misconfigured TTY's, typing <Backspace> may try to invoke
|
|
|
554 the help system; the symptom of this is a line like "C-h (Type ? for
|
|
|
555 further options)" at the bottom of the frame. If this is the case, type
|
|
|
556 C-g to get out of this, and try using <Delete> from now on in place of
|
|
|
557 <Backspace>.)
|
|
|
558
|
|
|
559 More generally, <Backspace> deletes the character immediately before the
|
|
428
|
560 current cursor position.
|
|
|
561
|
|
|
562 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
|
|
771
|
563 by typing <Backspace> a few times. Don't worry about this file
|
|
428
|
564 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
|
|
|
565 your personal copy of it.
|
|
|
566
|
|
771
|
567 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the window, the line of
|
|
|
568 text is "continued" onto a second window line. An arrow at the right
|
|
|
569 margin that hooks down and to the left (or a backslash ("\") on TTY's)
|
|
|
570 indicates a line which has been continued.
|
|
428
|
571
|
|
|
572 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
|
|
|
573 You'll see a continuation line appear.
|
|
|
574
|
|
771
|
575 >> Use <Backspace>s to delete the text until the line fits on one window
|
|
428
|
576 line again. The continuation line goes away.
|
|
|
577
|
|
|
578 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
|
|
|
579 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
|
|
|
580 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
|
|
771
|
581 window width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
|
|
428
|
582
|
|
771
|
583 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Backspace>. This
|
|
428
|
584 merges that line with the previous line.
|
|
|
585
|
|
|
586 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
|
|
|
587
|
|
771
|
588 Remember that most XEmacs commands can be given a repeat count;
|
|
428
|
589 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
|
|
|
590 it several times.
|
|
|
591
|
|
771
|
592 >> Try that now -- type M-8 * to insert ********.
|
|
428
|
593
|
|
|
594 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
|
|
771
|
595 XEmacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
|
|
428
|
596 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
|
|
|
597
|
|
771
|
598 <Backspace> delete the character just before the cursor
|
|
|
599 <Delete> delete the next character after the cursor
|
|
|
600 C-d same as <Delete> but works on TTY's
|
|
|
601
|
|
|
602 M-<Backspace> cut ("kill") the word immediately before the cursor
|
|
|
603 M-<Delete> cut ("kill") the next word after the cursor
|
|
|
604 M-d same as M-<Delete> but works on TTY's
|
|
|
605
|
|
|
606 C-k cut ("kill") from the cursor position to end of line
|
|
|
607 M-k cut ("kill") to the end of the current sentence
|
|
|
608
|
|
|
609 Notice again the parallelism with no modifier vs. CONTROL vs. META that
|
|
|
610 was mentioned earlier -- although the parallels are not perfect.
|
|
428
|
611
|
|
771
|
612 (In the violent old days when Emacs first began, removing text that
|
|
|
613 could later be re-inserted was called "killing", and re-inserting was
|
|
|
614 called "yanking" -- evidently the designers of Emacs must have been
|
|
|
615 thinking of role-playing games, where killed characters could be easily
|
|
|
616 resurrected with the wave [yank?] of a magic wand. In the more genteel
|
|
|
617 [and realistic] times we live in, the preferred terms are "cut" and
|
|
|
618 "paste".)
|
|
428
|
619
|
|
771
|
620 You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method. Under
|
|
|
621 window systems, the preferred method is to move to one end of that part,
|
|
|
622 hold the SHIFT key down, and use the cursor keys to move to the other
|
|
|
623 end. Then release the SHIFT key and type C-w. That kills all the text
|
|
|
624 between the two positions.
|
|
|
625
|
|
|
626 An alternative method, which also works on TTY's, is to move to one end of
|
|
|
627 the text, and type C-@ or C-<Space> (either one).
|
|
|
628 Move to the other end and type C-w.
|
|
428
|
629
|
|
771
|
630 >> Move the cursor to the A at the start of the previous paragraph.
|
|
|
631 >> Hold the SHIFT key down.
|
|
|
632 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the third line of the
|
|
|
633 paragraph.
|
|
|
634 >> Release the SHIFT key and type C-w. This will kill the text starting
|
|
|
635 from the A, and ending just before the n.
|
|
|
636
|
|
|
637 Now try it the other way.
|
|
428
|
638
|
|
771
|
639 >> Type C-/ to undo the killing, or C-_ or C-x u on TTY's.
|
|
|
640 >> Move the cursor to the same A again.
|
|
|
641 >> Type C-<Space>. XEmacs should display a message "Mark set"
|
|
|
642 at the bottom of the frame.
|
|
|
643 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the third line of the
|
|
|
644 paragraph.
|
|
|
645 >> Type C-w. You will get the same result as previously.
|
|
428
|
646
|
|
771
|
647 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
|
|
|
648 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
|
|
|
649 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
|
|
|
650 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
|
|
|
651 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
|
|
|
652 character, or just blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you cannot
|
|
|
653 yank that text).
|
|
|
654
|
|
|
655 Normally, on a window system "killing" text stores it internally but
|
|
|
656 also puts it on the clipboard, just like Cut in a word processor, and
|
|
|
657 "yanking" takes text from the clipboard if available, just like Paste.
|
|
|
658 (This connection to the clipboard can be turned off from the Options
|
|
|
659 menu.) There are also menu items, "Edit->Cut" and "Edit->Paste", that
|
|
|
660 always connect with the clipboard, and equivalent Cut and Paste keys on
|
|
|
661 Sun keyboards.
|
|
428
|
662
|
|
|
663 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
|
|
|
664 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
|
|
|
665 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
|
|
|
666 which follows that line.
|
|
|
667
|
|
|
668 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
|
|
771
|
669 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
|
|
428
|
670 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
|
|
771
|
671 their contents. This is not mere repetition. M-2 C-k kills two
|
|
428
|
672 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
|
|
|
673
|
|
771
|
674 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
|
|
|
675 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
|
|
|
676 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
|
|
|
677 or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file.
|
|
|
678 You can yank the text several times, which makes multiple copies of
|
|
|
679 it.
|
|
|
680
|
|
|
681 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
|
|
|
682 after the current cursor position.
|
|
428
|
683
|
|
|
684 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
|
|
|
685
|
|
771
|
686 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
|
|
|
687 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
|
|
428
|
688
|
|
|
689 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
|
|
|
690
|
|
|
691 Now to retrieve that killed text:
|
|
|
692
|
|
|
693 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
|
|
|
694 again. You now see how to copy some text.
|
|
|
695
|
|
|
696 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
|
|
|
697 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
|
|
|
698 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
|
|
|
699 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
|
|
|
700 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
|
|
|
701 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
|
|
|
702 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
|
|
|
703 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
|
|
|
704 it is.
|
|
|
705
|
|
|
706 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
|
|
|
707 recent kill).
|
|
|
708
|
|
|
709 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
|
|
|
710 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
|
|
|
711 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
|
|
|
712 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
|
|
|
713 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
|
|
|
714 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
|
|
|
715 arguments.
|
|
|
716
|
|
|
717
|
|
|
718 * UNDO
|
|
|
719 ------
|
|
|
720
|
|
771
|
721 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a mistake,
|
|
|
722 you can undo the change with the undo command, C-/. (On TTY's, use C-_,
|
|
|
723 i.e. CONTROL + underscore, which is normally above the minus sign;
|
|
|
724 i.e. you will have to hold the SHIFT key down, as in CONTROL + SHIFT +
|
|
|
725 minus. If that doesn't work, you can fall back to C-x u; but that has
|
|
|
726 the unfortunate property that it's difficult to execute several times in
|
|
|
727 a row.)
|
|
428
|
728
|
|
771
|
729 Normally, C-/ undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
|
|
|
730 the C-/ several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
|
|
428
|
731 additional command.
|
|
|
732
|
|
|
733 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
|
|
|
734 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
|
|
|
735 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
|
|
771
|
736 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-/'s you have to
|
|
428
|
737 type to undo insertion of text.)
|
|
|
738
|
|
771
|
739 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-/ and it should reappear.
|
|
|
740
|
|
|
741 A numeric argument to C-/ acts as a repeat count.
|
|
|
742
|
|
|
743 If you change your mind and want to redo changes that you've undone,
|
|
|
744 issue any command other than Undo (usually people move the cursor), and
|
|
|
745 then start undoing again. This will undo your Undo changes; keep
|
|
|
746 hitting Undo, and you will eventually undo all the Undo's, and start
|
|
|
747 undoing your original changes. Essentially, XEmacs treats each Undo as
|
|
|
748 a further change, and records them for undoing just like regular
|
|
|
749 commands; but as long as you keeping issuing Undo commands directly
|
|
|
750 after previous ones, XEmacs remembers where you are in the Undo history
|
|
|
751 so it can keep undoing. Once you issue another command, XEmacs
|
|
|
752 "forgets" and resets its internal pointer to the end of the Undo
|
|
|
753 history. This may seem confusing, so try it out:
|
|
|
754
|
|
|
755 >> Type a line of text above this one.
|
|
|
756 >> Move to the end of the line you just typed, and hit <Backspace>
|
|
|
757 until you've deleted all characters.
|
|
|
758 >> Type C-/ a number of times to undo some of your deletions.
|
|
|
759 >> Move the cursor left.
|
|
|
760 >> Start typing C-/ again, and it will redo your deletions until there's
|
|
|
761 no text left, then it will start undoing the original deletions.
|
|
|
762 When all the text appears again, further C-/'s will undo the text you
|
|
|
763 originally typed, in groups of up to 20 (see above).
|
|
|
764
|
|
|
765 As you just saw, you can undo deletion of text just as you can undo
|
|
|
766 killing of text. The distinction between killing something and deleting
|
|
|
767 it affects whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for
|
|
|
768 undo.
|
|
428
|
769
|
|
771
|
770
|
|
|
771 * USING THE MOUSE
|
|
|
772 -----------------
|
|
|
773
|
|
|
774 On window systems, XEmacs is fully integrated with the mouse. You can
|
|
|
775 position the text cursor by clicking the left button at the desired
|
|
|
776 location, and you can select text by dragging the left mouse button
|
|
|
777 across the text you want to select. (Or alternatively, click the left
|
|
|
778 mouse button at one end of the text, then move to the other end and use
|
|
|
779 Shift-click to select the text.)
|
|
428
|
780
|
|
771
|
781 The middle mouse button is commonly used to choose items that are
|
|
|
782 visible on the screen. For example, if you enter Info (the on-line
|
|
|
783 XEmacs documentation) using C-h i or the Help menu, you can follow a
|
|
|
784 highlighted link by clicking the middle mouse button on it. Similarly,
|
|
|
785 if you are typing a file name in (e.g. when prompted by "Find File") and
|
|
|
786 you hit <Tab> to show the possible completions, you can click the middle
|
|
|
787 mouse button on one of the completions to select it. If you have a
|
|
|
788 two-button mouse, such as some MS Windows systems, you can click both
|
|
|
789 buttons simultaneously to simulate the middle button.
|
|
|
790
|
|
|
791 The right mouse button brings up a popup menu, called a "context menu"
|
|
|
792 because the contents vary depending on what context you're in, such as
|
|
|
793 the mode of the window you click in or the text under the mouse. The
|
|
|
794 menu usually contains the commands most relevant to where you clicked,
|
|
|
795 so they're easier to access.
|
|
|
796
|
|
|
797 >> Press the right mouse button now.
|
|
|
798
|
|
|
799 Under X Windows, you may have to hold the button down in order to keep
|
|
|
800 the menu up.
|
|
428
|
801
|
|
|
802
|
|
|
803 * FILES
|
|
|
804 -------
|
|
|
805
|
|
|
806 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
|
|
771
|
807 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of XEmacs goes
|
|
|
808 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
|
|
|
809 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
|
|
428
|
810
|
|
|
811 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
|
|
771
|
812 XEmacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
|
|
|
813 However, the changes you make using XEmacs do not become permanent
|
|
428
|
814 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
|
|
|
815 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
|
|
771
|
816 you save, XEmacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
|
|
428
|
817 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
|
|
|
818
|
|
771
|
819 If you look near the bottom of the frame you will see a line that begins
|
|
|
820 and ends with dashes, and contains the string "XEmacs: TUTORIAL" or
|
|
|
821 something like that. This part of the frame normally shows the name of
|
|
|
822 the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file called
|
|
|
823 "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the XEmacs tutorial.
|
|
|
824 When you find a file with XEmacs, that file's name will appear in that
|
|
|
825 precise spot.
|
|
428
|
826
|
|
771
|
827 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
|
|
|
828 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
|
|
|
829 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
|
|
|
830 the file). After you type the command
|
|
428
|
831
|
|
|
832 C-x C-f Find a file
|
|
|
833
|
|
771
|
834 XEmacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
|
|
|
835 on the bottom line of the frame. The bottom line is called the
|
|
428
|
836 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
|
|
771
|
837 ordinary XEmacs editing commands to edit the file name.
|
|
428
|
838
|
|
|
839 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
|
|
|
840 you can cancel the command with C-g.
|
|
|
841
|
|
|
842 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
|
|
|
843 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
|
|
|
844 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
|
|
|
845
|
|
|
846 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
|
|
|
847 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
|
|
|
848 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
|
|
|
849 finished.
|
|
|
850
|
|
|
851 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
|
|
|
852 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
|
|
|
853 type the command
|
|
|
854
|
|
|
855 C-x C-s Save the file
|
|
|
856
|
|
771
|
857 This copies the text within XEmacs into the file. The first time you
|
|
|
858 do this, XEmacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
|
|
428
|
859 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
|
|
|
860 original file's name.
|
|
|
861
|
|
771
|
862 When saving is finished, XEmacs displays the name of the file written.
|
|
428
|
863 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
|
|
|
864 work if the system should crash.
|
|
|
865
|
|
|
866 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
|
|
771
|
867 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the frame.
|
|
428
|
868
|
|
771
|
869 NOTE: On some older TTY connections, typing C-s will freeze the screen
|
|
|
870 and you will see no further output from XEmacs. This indicates that an
|
|
|
871 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s
|
|
|
872 and not letting it get through to XEmacs. To unfreeze the screen, type
|
|
|
873 C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in
|
|
|
874 the XEmacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
|
|
428
|
875
|
|
|
876 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
|
|
|
877 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
|
|
771
|
878 file with XEmacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
|
|
428
|
879 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
|
|
771
|
880 file, XEmacs will really create the file with the text that you have
|
|
428
|
881 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
|
|
|
882 already existing file.
|
|
|
883
|
|
|
884
|
|
|
885 * BUFFERS
|
|
|
886 ---------
|
|
|
887
|
|
|
888 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
|
|
771
|
889 inside XEmacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
|
|
|
890 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside XEmacs.
|
|
428
|
891
|
|
|
892 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
|
|
|
893 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
|
|
|
894 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
|
|
|
895 to come back to the tutorial.
|
|
|
896
|
|
771
|
897 XEmacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
|
|
|
898 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside XEmacs. To see a list of the
|
|
|
899 buffers that currently exist in your XEmacs job, type
|
|
428
|
900
|
|
|
901 C-x C-b List buffers
|
|
|
902
|
|
|
903 >> Try C-x C-b now.
|
|
|
904
|
|
|
905 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
|
|
|
906 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
|
|
|
907 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
|
|
|
908 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
|
|
771
|
909 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an XEmacs window
|
|
428
|
910 is always part of some buffer.
|
|
|
911
|
|
771
|
912 >> Type ESC ESC to get rid of the buffer list. (Remember, three ESC's
|
|
|
913 under TTY's.)
|
|
428
|
914
|
|
|
915 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
|
|
771
|
916 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside XEmacs,
|
|
428
|
917 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
|
|
|
918 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
|
|
|
919 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
|
|
|
920 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
|
|
|
921 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
|
|
|
922
|
|
|
923 C-x s Save some buffers
|
|
|
924
|
|
|
925 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
|
|
|
926 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
|
|
|
927 buffer.
|
|
|
928
|
|
|
929 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
|
|
|
930 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
|
|
|
931 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
|
|
|
932
|
|
|
933
|
|
|
934 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
|
|
|
935 ---------------------------
|
|
|
936
|
|
771
|
937 There are many, many more XEmacs commands than could possibly be put
|
|
|
938 on all the control and meta characters. XEmacs gets around this with
|
|
428
|
939 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
|
|
|
940
|
|
|
941 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
|
|
|
942 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
|
|
|
943
|
|
|
944 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
|
|
|
945 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
|
|
|
946 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
|
|
771
|
947 example is the command to end the XEmacs session--this is the command
|
|
428
|
948 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
|
|
771
|
949 offers to save each changed file before it kills the XEmacs.)
|
|
428
|
950
|
|
771
|
951 If you have installed the sample init.el file (we highly recommend this,
|
|
|
952 once you've gotten some familiarity with XEmacs; see "Help->Samples->View
|
|
|
953 Sample init.el"), you will find that C-x C-c does not exit XEmacs, but
|
|
|
954 instead outputs a message. This is intentional, since C-x C-c is easy to
|
|
|
955 hit accidentally. Instead, use the "File->Exit XEmacs" menu item to exit.
|
|
428
|
956
|
|
771
|
957 If you are on a TTY, and you want to exit temporarily to execute a shell
|
|
|
958 command, you should use C-z instead of C-x C-c. Under TTY's, C-z
|
|
|
959 "suspends" XEmacs; that is, it returns to the shell but does not destroy
|
|
|
960 the XEmacs. In the most common shells, you can resume XEmacs with the
|
|
|
961 `fg' command or with `%xemacs'. (On systems which do not implement
|
|
|
962 suspending, C-z creates a subshell running under XEmacs to give you the
|
|
|
963 chance to run other programs and return to XEmacs afterward; it does not
|
|
|
964 truly "exit" from XEmacs. In this case, the shell command `exit' is the
|
|
|
965 usual way to get back to XEmacs from the subshell.)
|
|
428
|
966
|
|
|
967 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
|
|
|
968
|
|
|
969 C-x C-f Find file.
|
|
|
970 C-x C-s Save file.
|
|
|
971 C-x C-b List buffers.
|
|
771
|
972 C-x C-c Quit XEmacs.
|
|
|
973 C-x 0 Delete the current window.
|
|
|
974 C-x u Undo (TTY version).
|
|
428
|
975
|
|
|
976 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
|
|
|
977 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
|
|
|
978 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
|
|
771
|
979 string with another. When you type M-x, XEmacs prompts you at the
|
|
|
980 bottom of the frame with M-x and you should type the name of the
|
|
|
981 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<Tab>" and
|
|
|
982 XEmacs will complete the name. (<Tab> is the Tab key, usually found
|
|
|
983 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
|
|
|
984 End the command name with <Return>.
|
|
428
|
985
|
|
|
986 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
|
|
|
987 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
|
|
|
988 argument with <Return>.
|
|
|
989
|
|
|
990 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
|
|
|
991 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
|
|
|
992
|
|
|
993 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
|
|
|
994 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
|
|
|
995 after the initial position of the cursor.
|
|
|
996
|
|
|
997
|
|
|
998 * AUTO SAVE
|
|
|
999 -----------
|
|
|
1000
|
|
|
1001 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
|
|
771
|
1002 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from this,
|
|
|
1003 XEmacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that you
|
|
|
1004 are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and the
|
|
|
1005 end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save file's
|
|
|
1006 name is usually "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
|
|
|
1007 XEmacs deletes its auto save file.
|
|
428
|
1008
|
|
|
1009 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
|
|
|
1010 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
|
|
771
|
1011 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
|
|
|
1012 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
|
|
428
|
1013 data.
|
|
|
1014
|
|
|
1015
|
|
|
1016 * ECHO AREA
|
|
|
1017 -----------
|
|
|
1018
|
|
771
|
1019 If XEmacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
|
|
|
1020 shows them to you at the bottom of the frame in an area called the
|
|
|
1021 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the frame.
|
|
428
|
1022
|
|
|
1023
|
|
|
1024 * MODELINE
|
|
771
|
1025 ----------
|
|
428
|
1026
|
|
|
1027 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "modeline".
|
|
|
1028 The mode line says something like this:
|
|
|
1029
|
|
|
1030 --**-XEmacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
|
|
|
1031
|
|
771
|
1032 This line gives useful information about the status of XEmacs and
|
|
428
|
1033 the text you are editing.
|
|
|
1034
|
|
|
1035 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
|
|
|
1036 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
|
|
771
|
1037 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the window. If the
|
|
428
|
1038 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
|
|
|
1039 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
|
|
|
1040 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
|
|
|
1041 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
|
|
|
1042
|
|
771
|
1043 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
|
|
|
1044 current line number of point.
|
|
|
1045
|
|
428
|
1046 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
|
|
|
1047 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
|
|
|
1048 no stars, just dashes.
|
|
|
1049
|
|
|
1050 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
|
|
|
1051 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
|
|
|
1052 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
|
|
|
1053
|
|
771
|
1054 XEmacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
|
|
428
|
1055 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
|
|
|
1056 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
|
|
|
1057 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
|
|
|
1058 "Fundamental" is now.
|
|
|
1059
|
|
|
1060 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
|
|
|
1061 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
|
|
|
1062 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
|
|
|
1063 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
|
|
|
1064 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
|
|
|
1065 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
|
|
|
1066 switch to Fundamental mode.
|
|
|
1067
|
|
|
1068 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
|
|
|
1069 should probably use Text Mode.
|
|
|
1070 >> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
|
|
|
1071
|
|
771
|
1072 Don't worry, none of the XEmacs commands you have learned changes in
|
|
|
1073 any great way. But you can observe that C-<Right> and C-<Left> now treat
|
|
428
|
1074 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
|
|
771
|
1075 C-<Right> and C-<Left> treated apostrophes as word-separators.
|
|
428
|
1076
|
|
|
1077 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
|
|
|
1078 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
|
|
|
1079 differently.
|
|
|
1080
|
|
|
1081 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
|
|
|
1082
|
|
771
|
1083 >> Use M-4 C-l to bring this line near the top of the window.
|
|
428
|
1084 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
|
|
|
1085 >> Type q to remove the documentation from the screen.
|
|
|
1086
|
|
|
1087 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
|
|
771
|
1088 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
|
|
428
|
1089 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
|
|
|
1090 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
|
|
|
1091 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
|
|
|
1092 combination of several minor modes.
|
|
|
1093
|
|
|
1094 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
|
|
771
|
1095 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, XEmacs breaks the line
|
|
428
|
1096 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
|
|
|
1097 line that is too wide.
|
|
|
1098
|
|
|
1099 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
|
|
771
|
1100 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
|
|
428
|
1101 auto-fill-mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
|
|
|
1102 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
|
|
|
1103 command "toggles the mode".
|
|
|
1104
|
|
|
1105 >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
|
|
|
1106 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
|
|
|
1107 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
|
|
|
1108
|
|
|
1109 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
|
|
|
1110 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
|
|
|
1111 as a numeric argument.
|
|
|
1112
|
|
771
|
1113 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (M-20 C-x f).
|
|
|
1114 Then type in some text and see XEmacs fill lines of 20
|
|
428
|
1115 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
|
|
|
1116 C-x f again.
|
|
|
1117
|
|
771
|
1118 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
|
|
428
|
1119 does not re-fill it for you.
|
|
771
|
1120 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
|
|
428
|
1121 that paragraph.
|
|
|
1122
|
|
|
1123 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
|
|
|
1124
|
|
|
1125
|
|
|
1126 * SEARCHING
|
|
|
1127 -----------
|
|
|
1128
|
|
771
|
1129 XEmacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
|
|
428
|
1130 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
|
|
|
1131 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
|
|
|
1132 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
|
|
|
1133
|
|
771
|
1134 The XEmacs search command is different from the search commands
|
|
428
|
1135 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
|
|
|
1136 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
|
|
|
1137
|
|
|
1138 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
|
|
|
1139 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
|
|
|
1140
|
|
|
1141 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
|
|
771
|
1142 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that XEmacs is in what is
|
|
428
|
1143 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
|
|
|
1144 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
|
|
|
1145
|
|
|
1146 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
|
|
|
1147 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
|
|
|
1148 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
|
|
|
1149 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
|
|
|
1150 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
|
|
771
|
1151 >> Now type <Backspace> four times and see how the cursor moves.
|
|
|
1152 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
|
|
428
|
1153
|
|
771
|
1154 Did you see what happened? XEmacs, in an incremental search, tries to
|
|
428
|
1155 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far,
|
|
|
1156 highlighting it for your convenience. To go to the next occurrence of
|
|
771
|
1157 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such occurrence exists XEmacs
|
|
428
|
1158 beeps and tells you the search is currently "failing", C-g would also
|
|
|
1159 terminate the search.
|
|
|
1160
|
|
771
|
1161 NOTE: On some older TTY connections, typing C-s will freeze the screen
|
|
|
1162 and you will see no further output from XEmacs. This indicates that an
|
|
|
1163 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s
|
|
|
1164 and not letting it get through to XEmacs. To unfreeze the screen, type
|
|
|
1165 C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in
|
|
|
1166 the XEmacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
|
|
428
|
1167
|
|
771
|
1168 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Backspace>,
|
|
428
|
1169 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
|
|
|
1170 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
|
|
|
1171 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
|
|
|
1172 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
|
|
771
|
1173 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Backspace>. This erases
|
|
428
|
1174 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
|
|
|
1175 the first occurrence of "c".
|
|
|
1176
|
|
|
1177 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
|
|
|
1178 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
|
|
|
1179 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
|
|
|
1180
|
|
|
1181 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
|
|
|
1182 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
|
|
|
1183 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
|
|
|
1184 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
|
|
|
1185 the search is reversed.
|
|
|
1186
|
|
|
1187
|
|
771
|
1188 * MULTIPLE "WINDOWS" (I.E. PANES)
|
|
|
1189 ---------------------------------
|
|
428
|
1190
|
|
771
|
1191 One of the nice features of XEmacs is that you can split the current
|
|
|
1192 frame (i.e. window-system window) into more than one pane, or "window"
|
|
|
1193 in XEmacs parlance.
|
|
428
|
1194
|
|
771
|
1195 >> Move the cursor to this line and type M-0 C-l (that's zero, not Oh,
|
|
|
1196 and CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1).
|
|
428
|
1197
|
|
771
|
1198 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the frame into two windows.
|
|
428
|
1199 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
|
|
|
1200
|
|
771
|
1201 >> Type M-<Next> to scroll the bottom window.
|
|
|
1202 (C-M-v on TTY's. If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.)
|
|
428
|
1203
|
|
771
|
1204 >> Type C-<Tab> to move the cursor to the bottom window. (Use C-x o -- "o"
|
|
|
1205 for "other" -- on TTY's.)
|
|
|
1206
|
|
|
1207 >> Use <Next> and <Prior> in the bottom window to scroll it.
|
|
428
|
1208 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
|
|
|
1209
|
|
771
|
1210 >> Type C-<Tab> again to move the cursor back to the top window.
|
|
428
|
1211 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
|
|
|
1212
|
|
771
|
1213 You can keep using C-<Tab> to switch between the windows. Each
|
|
428
|
1214 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
|
|
|
1215 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
|
|
|
1216 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
|
|
|
1217
|
|
771
|
1218 If you have more than two windows, C-<Tab> cycles between them, and
|
|
|
1219 C-Sh-<Tab> (i.e. CONTROL-SHIFT-TAB) in the opposite direction. (There is
|
|
|
1220 no TTY equivalent for C-Sh-<Tab>.)
|
|
|
1221
|
|
|
1222 The commands M-<Prior> and M-<Next> are very useful when you are editing
|
|
|
1223 text in one window and using the other window just for reference. You
|
|
|
1224 can keep the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and
|
|
|
1225 scroll forward or back through the other window with these commands.
|
|
428
|
1226
|
|
771
|
1227 On TTY's, use C-M-v in place of M-<Next>, and there's no equivalent of
|
|
|
1228 M-<Prior>. C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you
|
|
|
1229 have a real META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL
|
|
|
1230 and META while typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META
|
|
|
1231 "comes first," because both of these keys act by modifying the
|
|
|
1232 characters you type. If you do not have a real META key, and you use
|
|
|
1233 ESC instead, the order does matter: you must type ESC followed by
|
|
|
1234 CONTROL-v, because CONTROL-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is
|
|
|
1235 a character in its own right, not a modifier key.
|
|
428
|
1236
|
|
|
1237 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
|
|
|
1238
|
|
|
1239 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
|
|
|
1240 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
|
|
|
1241 window--the window I am already in.")
|
|
|
1242
|
|
|
1243 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
|
|
|
1244 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
|
|
|
1245 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
|
|
|
1246
|
|
|
1247 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
|
|
|
1248 things:
|
|
|
1249
|
|
771
|
1250 >> Type C-x 4 f followed by the name of one of your files.
|
|
428
|
1251 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
|
|
|
1252 window. The cursor goes there, too.
|
|
|
1253
|
|
771
|
1254 >> Type C-<Tab> to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
|
|
428
|
1255 the bottom window.
|
|
|
1256
|
|
|
1257
|
|
771
|
1258 * MULTIPLE "FRAMES" (I.E. WINDOW-SYSTEM WINDOWS)
|
|
|
1259 ------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
1260
|
|
|
1261 On window systems, you can also create multiple "frames", or
|
|
|
1262 window-system windows. These exist independently of each other at the
|
|
|
1263 top level, just like separate programs. (There is no support for the MS
|
|
|
1264 Windows feature called MDI, or Multiple Document Interface, where
|
|
|
1265 multiple overlapping child windows exist inside of a single top-level
|
|
|
1266 window.)
|
|
|
1267
|
|
|
1268 The commands for frames are similar to those for windows, but begin with
|
|
|
1269 "C-x 5".
|
|
|
1270
|
|
|
1271 >> Type C-x 5 2 to create a new frame.
|
|
|
1272
|
|
|
1273 >> Move the mouse into it, and click. (On X Windows, you may not need
|
|
|
1274 to click; this depends on the window manager.)
|
|
|
1275
|
|
|
1276 >> Scroll up or down. Note that, just like for XEmacs windows, two frames
|
|
|
1277 can be showing the same buffer but in different positions.
|
|
|
1278
|
|
|
1279 >> Type C-x 2. Note that each frame can have separate windows,
|
|
|
1280 independently of other frames.
|
|
|
1281
|
|
|
1282 >> Type C-x 5 o (or Alt-Tab under MS Windows) to go back to the first frame.
|
|
|
1283 (That's a small Oh, for "other".)
|
|
|
1284
|
|
|
1285 >> Type C-x 5 0 to kill the old frame. (That's a zero.)
|
|
|
1286
|
|
|
1287 >> Note that we're still here! XEmacs will not exit until all frames
|
|
|
1288 are deleted, no matter what order they were created in.
|
|
|
1289
|
|
|
1290 >> Type C-x 1 to get back to one window.
|
|
|
1291
|
|
|
1292 You can also use C-x 5 f to open a file in a new frame, just like C-x 4
|
|
|
1293 f opens a file in a new window in the same frame.
|
|
|
1294
|
|
|
1295
|
|
428
|
1296 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
|
|
|
1297 --------------------------
|
|
|
1298
|
|
|
1299 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
|
|
|
1300 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
|
|
|
1301 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
|
|
|
1302 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
|
|
|
1303
|
|
771
|
1304 To get out of the recursive editing level, use the all-purpose escape
|
|
|
1305 mechanism mentioned earlier: ESC ESC. (Remember, it's ESC ESC ESC on
|
|
|
1306 TTY's.) You can also use it for eliminating extra windows, canceling a
|
|
|
1307 selection, and getting out of the minibuffer.
|
|
428
|
1308
|
|
771
|
1309 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC to get out.
|
|
428
|
1310
|
|
|
1311 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
|
|
|
1312 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
|
|
|
1313 recursive editing level.
|
|
|
1314
|
|
|
1315
|
|
|
1316 * GETTING MORE HELP
|
|
|
1317 -------------------
|
|
|
1318
|
|
|
1319 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
|
|
771
|
1320 get you started using XEmacs. There is so much available in XEmacs that
|
|
428
|
1321 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
|
|
771
|
1322 to learn more about XEmacs since it has many other useful features.
|
|
|
1323 XEmacs provides commands for reading documentation about XEmacs
|
|
428
|
1324 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
|
|
771
|
1325 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
|
|
428
|
1326
|
|
|
1327 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
|
|
|
1328 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
|
|
771
|
1329 type C-h ? ? and XEmacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
|
|
428
|
1330 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
|
|
|
1331 type C-g to cancel it.
|
|
|
1332
|
|
771
|
1333 (Note for TTY users: Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h.
|
|
|
1334 They really should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you
|
|
|
1335 have grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
|
|
|
1336 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the frame, try
|
|
|
1337 typing the F1 key or M-? instead.)
|
|
428
|
1338
|
|
771
|
1339 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
|
|
|
1340 a command character or sequence; then XEmacs displays a very brief
|
|
428
|
1341 description of the command.
|
|
|
1342
|
|
771
|
1343 >> Type C-h c <Up>.
|
|
428
|
1344 The message should be something like
|
|
|
1345
|
|
771
|
1346 up runs the command previous-line
|
|
428
|
1347
|
|
|
1348 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
|
|
771
|
1349 mainly for customizing and extending XEmacs. But since function names
|
|
428
|
1350 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
|
|
|
1351 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
|
|
|
1352 have already learned.
|
|
|
1353
|
|
771
|
1354 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and <ESC>v are also allowed
|
|
|
1355 after C-h c.
|
|
428
|
1356
|
|
|
1357 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
|
|
|
1358
|
|
771
|
1359 >> Type C-h k <Up>.
|
|
428
|
1360
|
|
|
1361 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
|
|
771
|
1362 name, in an XEmacs window. When you are finished reading the
|
|
428
|
1363 output, type q to get rid of the help text.
|
|
|
1364
|
|
|
1365 Here are some other useful C-h options:
|
|
|
1366
|
|
|
1367 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
|
|
|
1368 function.
|
|
|
1369
|
|
|
1370 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
|
|
771
|
1371 This displays all the information XEmacs has about the
|
|
|
1372 function which implements the <Up> command.
|
|
428
|
1373
|
|
771
|
1374 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
|
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1375 values you can set to customize XEmacs behavior. You need to type in
|
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|
1376 the name of the variable when XEmacs prompts for it.
|
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1377
|
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|
1378 C-h a Hyper Apropos. Type in a keyword and XEmacs will list
|
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428
|
1379 all the functions and variables whose names contain
|
|
631
|
1380 that keyword. For commands that can be invoked with
|
|
771
|
1381 META-x, an asterisk will be displayed to the left.
|
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428
|
1382
|
|
|
1383 >> Type C-h a newline<Return>.
|
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|
1384
|
|
|
1385 This displays a list of all functions and variables with "newline" in
|
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|
1386 their names. Press <Return> or click the middle mouse button to find
|
|
|
1387 out more about a function or variable. Type `q' to exit hyper-apropos.
|
|
|
1388
|
|
771
|
1389 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
|
|
|
1390 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you can
|
|
|
1391 read on-line manuals for the XEmacs packages installed
|
|
|
1392 on your system. Type m xemacs <Return> to read the
|
|
|
1393 XEmacs manual. If you have never before used Info, type
|
|
|
1394 ? and XEmacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
|
|
|
1395 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
|
|
|
1396 you should consult the XEmacs Info manual as your
|
|
|
1397 primary documentation.
|
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428
|
1398
|
|
|
1399 * CONCLUSION
|
|
|
1400 ------------
|
|
|
1401
|
|
771
|
1402 Remember, to exit XEmacs permanently use the menu item "File->Exit XEmacs",
|
|
|
1403 or type C-x C-c. On TTY's, to temporarily exit to a shell, so that you can
|
|
|
1404 come back in, use C-z.
|
|
428
|
1405
|
|
771
|
1406 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if you
|
|
|
1407 found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
|
|
428
|
1408
|
|
|
1409
|
|
771
|
1410 COPYRIGHTS, COPYING, ORIGINS
|
|
|
1411 ----------------------------
|
|
|
1412
|
|
|
1413 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation.
|
|
|
1414 Copyright (c) 2001 Ben Wing.
|
|
|
1415 This tutorial is synched with FSF 21.0.106.
|
|
428
|
1416
|
|
771
|
1417 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials starting with
|
|
|
1418 the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs. Ben Wing
|
|
|
1419 updated the tutorial for X Windows. Martin Buchholz and Hrvoje Niksic
|
|
|
1420 added more corrections for XEmacs. Ben Wing later synched up to FSF
|
|
|
1421 21.0.105 and rehashed many sections to match the current XEmacs norms.
|
|
428
|
1422
|
|
771
|
1423 This version of the tutorial, like XEmacs, is copyrighted, and
|
|
428
|
1424 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
|
|
|
1425
|
|
|
1426 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
|
|
|
1427 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
|
|
|
1428 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
|
|
|
1429 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
|
|
|
1430 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
|
|
|
1431
|
|
|
1432 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
|
|
|
1433 of this document, or of portions of it,
|
|
|
1434 under the above conditions, provided also that they
|
|
|
1435 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
|
|
|
1436
|
|
771
|
1437 The conditions for copying XEmacs itself are more complex, but in the
|
|
428
|
1438 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
|
|
771
|
1439 XEmacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
|
|
428
|
1440 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
|
