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1
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2 @node Windows, Mule, Buffers, Top
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3 @chapter Multiple Windows
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4 @cindex windows
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5
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6 Emacs can split the frame into two or many windows, which can display
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7 parts of different buffers or different parts of one buffer. If you are
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8 running XEmacs under X, that means you can have the X window that contains
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9 the Emacs frame have multiple subwindows.
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10
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11 @menu
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12 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
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13 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
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14 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
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15 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
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16 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
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17 @end menu
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18
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19 @node Basic Window, Split Window, Windows, Windows
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20 @section Concepts of Emacs Windows
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21
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22 When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has one Emacs
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23 buffer designated for display. The same buffer may appear in more
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24 than one window; if it does, any changes in its text are displayed in all
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25 the windows that display it. Windows showing the same buffer can
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26 show different parts of it, because each window has its own value of point.
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27
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28 @cindex selected window
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29 At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}; the buffer
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30 displayed by that window is the current buffer. The cursor
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31 shows the location of point in that window. Each other window has a
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32 location of point as well, but since the terminal has only one cursor, it
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33 cannot show the location of point in the other windows.
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34
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35 Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected Emacs
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36 window only. They do not change the value of point in any other Emacs
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37 window, including those showing the same buffer. The same is true for commands
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38 such as @kbd{C-x b} to change the selected buffer in the selected window;
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39 they do not affect other windows at all. However, there are other commands
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40 such as @kbd{C-x 4 b} that select a different window and switch buffers in
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41 it. Also, all commands that display information in a window, including
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42 (for example) @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-x C-b}
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43 (@code{list-buffers}), work by switching buffers in a non-selected window
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44 without affecting the selected window.
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45
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46 Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name,
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47 modification status, and major and minor modes of the buffer that is
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48 displayed in the window. @xref{Mode Line}, for details on the mode
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49 line.
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50
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51 @node Split Window, Other Window, Basic Window, Windows
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52 @section Splitting Windows
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53
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54 @table @kbd
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55 @item C-x 2
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56 Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other
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57 (@code{split-window-vertically}).
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58 @item C-x 3
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59 Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side
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60 (@code{split-window-horizontally}).
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61 @item C-x 6
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62 Save the current window configuration in register @var{reg} (a letter).
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63 @item C-x 7
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64 Restore (make current) the window configuration in register
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65 @var{reg} (a letter). Use with a register previously set with @kbd{C-x 6}.
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66 @end table
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67
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68 @kindex C-x 2
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69 @findex split-window-vertically
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70 The command @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-vertically}) breaks the
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71 selected window into two windows, one above the other. Both windows
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72 start out displaying the same buffer, with the same value of point. By
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73 default each of the two windows gets half the height of the window that
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74 was split. A numeric argument specifies how many lines to give to the
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75 top window.
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76
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77 @kindex C-x 3
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78 @findex split-window-horizontally
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79 @kbd{C-x 3} (@code{split-window-horizontally}) breaks the selected
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80 window into two side-by-side windows. A numeric argument specifies how
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81 many columns to give the one on the left. A line of vertical bars
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82 separates the two windows. Windows that are not the full width of the
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83 frame have truncated mode lines which do not always appear in inverse
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84 video, because Emacs display routines cannot display a region of inverse
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85 video that is only part of a line on the screen.
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86
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87 @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows
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88 When a window is less than the full width, many text lines are too
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89 long to fit. Continuing all those lines might be confusing. Set the
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90 variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} to non-@code{nil} to
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91 force truncation in all windows less than the full width of the frame,
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92 independent of the buffer and its value for @code{truncate-lines}.
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93 @xref{Continuation Lines}.@refill
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94
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95 Horizontal scrolling is often used in side-by-side windows.
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96 @xref{Display}.
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97
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98 @findex jump-to-register
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99 @findex window-configuration-to-register
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100 You can resize a window and store that configuration in a register by
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101 supplying a @var{register} argument to @code{window-configuration-to-register}
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102 (@kbd{C-x 6}). To return to the window configuration established with
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103 @code{window-configuration-to-register}, use @code{jump-to-register}
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104 (@kbd{C-x j}).
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105
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106 @node Other Window, Pop Up Window, Split Window, Windows
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107 @section Using Other Windows
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108
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109 @table @kbd
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110 @item C-x o
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111 Select another window (@code{other-window}). That is the letter `o', not zero.
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112 @item M-C-v
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113 Scroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}).
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114 @item M-x compare-windows
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115 Find the next place where the text in the selected window does not match
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116 the text in the next window.
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117 @item M-x other-window-any-frame @var{n}
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118 Select the @var{n}th different window on any frame.
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119 @end table
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120
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121 @kindex C-x o
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122 @findex other-window
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123 To select a different window, use @kbd{C-x o} (@code{other-window}).
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124 That is an `o', for `other', not a zero. When there are more than
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125 two windows, the command moves through all the windows in a cyclic
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126 order, generally top to bottom and left to right. From the rightmost
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127 and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at the upper left corner.
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128 A numeric argument, @var{n}, moves several steps in the cyclic order of
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129 windows. A negative numeric argument moves around the cycle in the
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130 opposite order. If the optional second argument @var{which-frames} is
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131 non-@code{nil}, the function cycles through all frames. When the
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132 minibuffer is active, the minibuffer is the last window in the cycle;
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133 you can switch from the minibuffer window to one of the other windows,
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134 and later switch back and finish supplying the minibuffer argument that
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135 is requested. @xref{Minibuffer Edit}.
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136
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137 @findex other-window-any-frame
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138 The command @kbd{M-x other-window-any-frame} also selects the window
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139 @var{n} steps away in the cyclic order. However, unlike @code{other-window},
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140 this command selects a window on the next or previous frame instead of
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141 wrapping around to the top or bottom of the current frame, when there
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142 are no more windows.
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143
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144 @kindex C-M-v
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145 @findex scroll-other-window
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146 The usual scrolling commands (@pxref{Display}) apply to the selected
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147 window only. @kbd{M-C-v} (@code{scroll-other-window}) scrolls the
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148 window that @kbd{C-x o} would select. Like @kbd{C-v}, it takes positive
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149 and negative arguments.
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150
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151 @findex compare-windows
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152 The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} compares the text in the current
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153 window with the text in the next window. Comparison starts at point in each
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154 window. Point moves forward in each window, a character at a time,
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155 until the next set of characters in the two windows are different. Then the
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156 command is finished.
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157
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158 A prefix argument @var{ignore-whitespace} means ignore changes in
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159 whitespace. The variable @code{compare-windows-whitespace} controls how
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160 whitespace is skipped.
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161
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162 If @code{compare-ignore-case} is non-@code{nil}, changes in case are
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163 also ignored.
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164
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165 @node Pop Up Window, Change Window, Other Window, Windows
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166 @section Displaying in Another Window
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167
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168 @kindex C-x 4
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169 @kbd{C-x 4} is a prefix key for commands that select another window
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170 (splitting the window if there is only one) and select a buffer in that
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171 window. Different @kbd{C-x 4} commands have different ways of finding the
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172 buffer to select.
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173
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174 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-window
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175 @findex find-file-other-window
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176 @findex find-tag-other-window
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177 @findex dired-other-window
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178 @findex mail-other-window
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179 @table @kbd
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180 @item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
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181 Select buffer @var{bufname} in another window. This runs
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182 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}.
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183 @item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET}
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184 Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window. This
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185 runs @code{find-file-other-window}. @xref{Visiting}.
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186 @item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET}
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187 Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window.
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188 This runs @code{dired-other-window}. @xref{Dired}.
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189 @item C-x 4 m
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190 Start composing a mail message in another window. This runs
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191 @code{mail-other-window}, and its same-window version is @kbd{C-x m}
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192 (@pxref{Sending Mail}).
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193 @item C-x 4 .
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194 Find a tag in the current tag table in another window. This runs
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195 @code{find-tag-other-window}, the multiple-window variant of @kbd{M-.}
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196 (@pxref{Tags}).
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197 @end table
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198
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199 @vindex display-buffer-function
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200 If the variable @code{display-buffer-function} is non-@code{nil}, its value is
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201 the function to call to handle @code{display-buffer}. It receives two
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202 arguments, the buffer and a flag that if non-@code{nil} means that the
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203 currently selected window is not acceptable. Commands such as
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204 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window} and @code{find-file-other-window}
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205 work using this function.
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206
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207 @node Change Window,, Pop Up Window, Windows
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208 @section Deleting and Rearranging Windows
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209
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210 @table @kbd
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211 @item C-x 0
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212 Get rid of the selected window (@code{delete-window}). That is a zero.
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213 If there is more than one Emacs frame, deleting the sole remaining
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214 window on that frame deletes the frame as well. If the current frame
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215 is the only frame, it is not deleted.
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216 @item C-x 1
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217 Get rid of all windows except the selected one
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218 (@code{delete-other-windows}).
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219 @item C-x ^
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220 Make the selected window taller, at the expense of the other(s)
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221 @*(@code{enlarge-window}).
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222 @item C-x @}
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223 Make the selected window wider (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}).
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224 @end table
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225
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226 @kindex C-x 0
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227 @findex delete-window
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228 To delete a window, type @kbd{C-x 0} (@code{delete-window}). (That is a
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229 zero.) The space occupied by the deleted window is distributed among the
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230 other active windows (but not the minibuffer window, even if that is active
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231 at the time). Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten;
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232 there is no automatic way to make another window of the same shape or
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233 showing the same buffer. The buffer continues to exist, and you can
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234 select it in any window with @kbd{C-x b}.
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235
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236 @kindex C-x 1
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237 @findex delete-other-windows
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238 @kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) is more powerful than @kbd{C-x 0};
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239 it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and the minibuffer).
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240 The selected window expands to use the whole frame except for the echo
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241 area.
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242
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243 @kindex C-x ^
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244 @findex enlarge-window
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245 @kindex C-x @}
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246 @findex enlarge-window-horizontally
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247 @vindex window-min-height
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248 @vindex window-min-width
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249 To readjust the division of space among existing windows, use @kbd{C-x
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250 ^} (@code{enlarge-window}). It makes the currently selected window
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251 longer by one line or as many lines as a numeric argument specifies.
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252 With a negative argument, it makes the selected window smaller.
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253 @kbd{C-x @}} (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}) makes the selected
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254 window wider by the specified number of columns. The extra screen space
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255 given to a window comes from one of its neighbors, if that is possible;
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256 otherwise, all the competing windows are shrunk in the same proportion.
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257 If this makes some windows too small, those windows are deleted and their
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258 space is divided up. Minimum window size is specified by the variables
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259 @code{window-min-height} and @code{window-min-width}.
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260
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261 You can also resize windows within a frame by clicking the left mouse
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262 button on a modeline, and dragging.
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263
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264 Clicking the right button on a mode line pops up a menu of common window
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265 manager operations. This menu contains the following options:
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266
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267 @cindex Windows menu
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268 @cindex Pull-down Menus
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269 @cindex menus
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270 @table @b
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271 @item Delete Window
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272 Remove the window above this modeline from the frame.
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273
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274 @item Delete Other Windows
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275 Delete all windows on the frame except for the one above this modeline.
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276
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277 @item Split Window
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278 Split the window above the mode line in half, creating another window.
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279
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280 @item Split Window Horizontally
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281 Split the window above the mode line in half horizontally, so that there
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282 will be two windows side-by-side.
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283
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284 @item Balance Windows
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285 Readjust the sizes of all windows on the frame until all windows have
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286 roughly the same number of lines.
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287 @end table
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