annotate etc/TUTORIAL.ro @ 4284:12461d5d73ae

[xemacs-hg @ 2007-11-24 22:51:03 by viteno] Update xemacs_extra_name.
author viteno
date Sat, 24 Nov 2007 22:51:03 +0000 (2007-11-24)
parents 70ad99077275
children
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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1 Copyright (c) 1998 Tudor Hulubei <tudor@gnu.org>
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2 Mul�umiri Aidei Hulubei <aida@chang.pub.ro> pentru corecturi �i sugestii.
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3
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4 A se citi sf�r�itul pentru condi�ii.
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5
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6 Aceast� versiune a fost produs� plec�nd de la versiunea �n limba
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7 englez�, care este
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8 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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9
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10 Citi�i acum versiunea rom�neasc� a tutorialului de Emacs.
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11
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12 Comenzile Emacs folosesc �n general tasta CONTROL (uneori denumit�
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13 CTRL sau CTL) sau tasta META. Pe unele tastaturi, tasta META este
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14 etichetat� ALT, EDIT sau �n alt fel (de exemplu, pe tastaturile Sun,
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15 tasta META este etichetat� cu un diamant �i se g�se�te la st�nga
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16 tastei spa�iu). Dac� nu ave�i o tast� META, pute�i folosi ESC �n loc.
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17 �n loc s� scriem META sau CONTROL de fiecare dat� c�nd vrem s�
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18 prefix�m un caracter, vom folosi urm�toarele prescurt�ri:
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19
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20 C-<chr> �nseamn� c� �ine�i ap�sat� tasta CONTROL �n timp ce tasta�i
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21 caracterul <chr>. Astfel, C-f �nseamn�: �ine�i ap�sat� tasta
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22 CONTROL �i tasta�i f.
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23
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24 M-<chr> �nseamn� c� �ine�i ap�sat� tasta META �n timp ce tasta�i
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25 <chr>. Dac� nu exist� tasta META, tasta�i <ESC>, ridica�i �i
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26 apoi tasta�i caracterul <chr>.
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27
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28 Observa�ie important�: pentru a termina sesiunea Emacs, tasta�i C-x
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29 C-c. (Dou� caractere.) Caracterele ">>" la marginea din st�nga
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30 reprezint� instruc�iuni pentru a �ncerca o comand�. De exemplu:
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31 <<Mijlocul paginii e gol din ra�iuni didactice. Textul continu� dedesubt.>>
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32 >> Acum tasta�i C-v (citirea urm�torului ecran) pentru a v� muta la
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33 urm�torul ecran. (Executa�i aceast� comand� acum, tin�nd ap�sat�
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34 tasta CONTROL �n timp ce tasta�i v). De acum �nainte face�i acest
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35 lucru din nou, de fiecare dat� c�nd termina�i de citit ecranul.
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36
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37 De remarcat c� exist� o zon� de suprapunere de dou� linii c�nd v�
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38 muta�i de la un ecran la altul; ave�i astfel o oarecare continuitate
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39 �n citirea textului.
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40
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41 Primul lucru pe care trebuie s�-l sti�i este cum s� v� deplasa�i din
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42 loc �n loc �n text. �ti�i deja cum s� v� muta�i la urm�torul ecran cu
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43 C-v. Pentru a v� deplasa �napoi un ecran, tasta�i M-v (�ine�i ap�sat�
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44 tasta META �i tasta�i v, sau <ESC>v dac� nu ave�i o tast� META, EDIT,
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45 sau ALT).
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46
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47 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i M-v �i apoi C-v de c�teva ori.
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48
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49
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50 * SUMAR
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51 -------
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52
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53 Urm�toarele comenzi sunt utile pentru a vedea ecrane:
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54
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55 C-v avanseaz� un ecran
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56 M-v �napoi un ecran
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57 C-l �terge ecranul �i reafi�eaz� totul pozi�ion�nd textul
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58 de l�ng� cursor �n centrul ecranului. (Este C-L, nu
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59 C-1.)
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60
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61 >> G�si�i cursorul �i �ine�i minte ce text este �n jurul lui.
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62 Apoi tasta�i C-l. G�si�i cursorul din nou �i observa�i c� textul
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63 de l�ng� cursor este acela�i.
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64
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65
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66 * COMENZI DE BAZ� PENTRU CONTROLUL CURSORULUI
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67 ---------------------------------------------
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68
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69 Mutatul ecran cu ecran este util, dar cum v� muta�i la o anumit�
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70 pozi�ie �n textul de pe ecran?
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71
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72 Sunt mai multe modalita�i �n care pute�i face acest lucru. Cel mai
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73 simplu este s� folosi�i comenzile C-p, C-b, C-f �i C-n. Fiecare din
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74 aceste comenzi mut� cursorul o linie sau coloan� �ntr-o anumit�
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75 direc�ie pe ecran. Diagrama urm�toare prezint� aceste patru comenzi
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76 �i arat� direc�iile �n care ele mut� cursorul.
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77
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78 Linia precedent�, C-p
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79 :
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80 :
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81 �napoi, C-b .... Pozi�ia curent� a cursorului .... �nainte, C-f
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82 :
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83 :
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84 Linia urm�toare, C-n
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85
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86 >> Muta�i cursorul la linia din mijlocul diagramei folosind C-n sau
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87 C-p. Tasta�i apoi C-l pentru a vedea �ntreaga diagram� centrat� pe
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88 ecran.
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89
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90 Vi se va p�rea probabil mai simplu s� v� aminti�i aceste comenzi
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91 g�ndindu-v� la semnifica�ia lor �n limba englez�: P pentru previous, N
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92 pentru next, B pentru backward �i F pentru forward. Acestea sunt
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93 comenzile de baz� pentru pozi�ionarea cursorului �i le ve�i folosi tot
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94 timpul, deci ar fi foarte util s� le �nv��a�i acum.
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95
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96 >> Tasta�i c�teva C-n-uri pentru a aduce cursorul la aceast� linie.
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97
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98 >> Muta�i-v� �n interiorul liniei cu C-f-uri �i apoi �n sus cu
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99 C-p-uri. Urm�ri�i ce face C-p atunci c�nd cursorul este �n
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100 mijlocul liniei.
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101
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102 Fiecare linie se termin� cu un caracter NEWLINE care o separ� de linia
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103 urm�toare. Ultima linie �n fi�ierele dumneavoastr� ar trebui s� aib�
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104 un asemenea caracter la sf�r�it (de�i Emacs-ul nu-l necesit�).
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105
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106 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-b la �nceputul unei linii. Cursorul ar
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107 trebui s� se mute la sf�r�itul liniei precedente, din cauza
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108 trecerii peste caracterul NEWLINE.
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109
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110 C-f poate s� treac� peste un caracter NEWLINE, la fel ca �i C-b.
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111
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112 >> Tasta�i c�teva C-b-uri, pentru a v� familiariza cu pozi�ia
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113 cursorului. Tasta�i apoi c�teva C-f-uri pentru a v� �ntoarce la
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114 sf�r�itul liniei. �nc� un C-f �i v� ve�i muta la linia urm�toare.
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115
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116 C�nd ajunge�i s� trece�i peste �nceputul sau sf�r�itul ecranului,
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117 textul aflat dincolo de margine intr� �n ecran, permi��ndu-i
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118 Emacs-ului s� mute cursorul la pozi�ia specificat�, f�r� a ie�i din
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119 zona vizibil� (ecran). Aceast� opera�iune se numeste �n limba englez�
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120 "scrolling".
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121
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122 >> �ncerca�i s� muta�i cursorul �n afara p�r�ii de jos a ecranului cu
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123 C-n �i observa�i ce se �ntampl�.
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124
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125 Dac� mutatul caracter cu caracter este lent, pute�i muta cursorul
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126 cuv�nt cu cuv�nt. M-f (META-f) avanseaz� cursorul cu un cuv�nt, iar
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127 M-b mut� cursorul un cuv�nt �napoi.
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128
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129 >> Tasta�i c�teva M-f-uri �i apoi c�teva M-b-uri.
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130
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131 C�nd cursorul este �n mijlocul unui cuv�nt, M-f �l mut� la sf�r�itul
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132 cuv�ntului. C�nd cursorul este �n spa�iul dintre cuvinte, M-f �l mut�
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133 la sf�r�itul cuv�ntului urm�tor. M-b ac�ioneaz� similar, dar �n
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134 direc�ia opus�.
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135
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136 >> Tasta�i M-f �i M-b de c�teva ori, intercalate cu C-f-uri �i
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137 C-b-uri, pentru a observa efectul comenzilor M-f �i M-b din diverse
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138 pozi�ii �n interiorul cuvintelor �i �ntre ele.
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139
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140 Observa�i paralela �ntre C-f �i C-b pe de o parte, �i M-f �i M-b pe de
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141 cealalt� parte. De multe ori, caracterele META sunt folosite pentru
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142 opera�ii referitoare la unit��ile definite de limbaj (cuvinte, fraze,
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143 paragrafe), �n timp ce caracterele CONTROL opereaz� pe unit��i de
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144 baz�, care sunt independente de tipul textului editat (caractere,
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145 linii, etc).
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146
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147 Aceast� paralel� se aplic� �i �ntre linii �i fraze: C-a �i C-e mut�
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148 cursorul la �nceputul �i, respectiv sf�r�itul unei linii, �n timp ce
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149 M-a �i M-e �l mut� la �nceputul �i, respectiv sf�r�itul unei fraze.
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150
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151 >> �ncerca�i c�teva C-a-uri, apoi c�teva C-e-uri.
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152 �ncerca�i c�teva M-a-uri, apoi c�teva M-e-uri.
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153
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154 Remarca�i cum repetarea tast�rii lui C-a nu schimb� nimic, �n timp ce
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155 repetarea tast�rii lui M-a mut� cursorul la fraza urm�toare. De�i
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156 aceste opera�ii nu sunt tocmai analoage, fiecare pare natural�.
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157
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158 Pozi�ia cursorului �n text mai este numit� �i "punct" ("point" �n
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159 limba englez�). Cursorul arat� pe ecran pozi�ia punctului �n text.
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160
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161 Opera�iile ce mut� cursorul (inclusiv comenzile ce mut� cursorul
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162 cuv�nt cu cuv�nt sau fraz� cu fraz�) sunt prezentate �n sumarul
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163 urm�tor:
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164
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165 C-f avanseaz� un caracter
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166 C-b �napoi un caracter
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167
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168 M-f avanseaz� un cuv�nt
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169 M-b �napoi un cuv�nt
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170
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171 C-n avanseaz� o linie
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172 C-p �napoi o linie
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173
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174 C-a �napoi la �nceputul liniei
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175 C-e avanseaz� la sf�r�itul liniei
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176
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177 M-a �napoi la �nceputul frazei
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178 M-e avanseaz� la sf�r�itul frazei
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179
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180 >> Exersa�i toate aceste comenzi acum, sunt comenzile cele mai des
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181 folosite.
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182
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183 Dou� alte comenzi importante legate de mutatul cursorului sunt M-<
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184 (META Mai-mic), care mut� cursorul la �nceputul textului, �i M-> (META
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185 Mai-mare), care mut� cursorul la sf�r�itul textului.
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186
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187 Pe majoritatea terminalelor "<" este deasupra virgulei �i deci este
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188 necesar s� ap�sa�i tasta SHIFT �n acela�i timp. Pe aceste terminale
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189 este nevoie s� ap�sa�i SHIFT �i c�nd tasta�i M-<; f�r� tasta SHIFT,
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190 a�i ap�sa M-virgul�.
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191
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192 >> �ncerca�i M-< acum, pentru a v� muta la �nceputul tutorialului.
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193 Folosi�i apoi C-v �n mod repetat pentru a ajunge �napoi aici.
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194
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195 >> �ncerca�i M-> acum, pentru a v� muta la sf�r�itul tutorialului.
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196 Folosi�i apoi M-v repetat pentru a ajunge �napoi aici.
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197
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198 Pute�i de asemenea s� muta�i cursorul cu tastele s�ge�i, dac�
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199 terminalul are asemenea taste. Se recomand� �ns� acomodarea cu C-b,
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200 C-f, C-n �i C-p din trei motive. �n primul r�nd, aceste taste
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201 func�ioneaz� pe toate tipurile de terminale. �n al doilea r�nd, odat�
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202 ce v� obi�nui�i cu Emacs-ul, ve�i remarca faptul c� tastarea lor este
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203 mai rapid� dec�t cea a tastelor s�ge�i (pentru c� nu trebuie s� v�
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204 schimba�i pozi�ia m�inilor pe tastatur�). �n al treilea r�nd, odat�
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205 format obiceiul de a folosi aceste comenzi bazate pe CONTROL,
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206 comenzile avansate de mutat cursorul se �nva�� foarte u�or.
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207
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208 Majoritatea comenzilor Emacs accept� un argument numeric; pentru
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209 majoritatea comenzilor, acest argument reprezint� un contor de
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210 repeti�ie. Contorul de repeti�ie se introduce tast�nd C-u, cifrele ce
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211 alc�tuiesc contorul �i apoi comanda. Dac� ave�i tasta META (EDIT sau
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212 ALT), exist� �i o alt� alternativ� pentru a introduce un argument
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213 numeric: tasta�i cifrele �n timp ce �ine�i tasta META ap�sat�. Se
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214 recomand� �ns� folosirea metodei cu C-u, deoarece func�ioneaz� pe
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215 orice terminal.
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216
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217 De exemplu, C-u 8 C-f avanseaz� cursorul cu opt caractere.
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218
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219 >> �ncerca�i s� folosi�i C-n sau C-p cu un argument numeric pentru a
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220 muta cursorul dintr-o singur� comand� pe o linie apropiat� de
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221 aceasta.
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222
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223 Majoritatea comenzilor utilizeaz� argumentul numeric ca un contor de
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224 repetitie. Anumite comenzi speciale �l folosesc �nsa �n mod diferit.
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225 C-v si M-v sunt printre aceste excep�ii. C�nd li se d� un argument
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226 numeric, ele mut� ecranul mai sus sau mai jos cu numarul specificat de
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227 linii, nu de ecrane. De exemplu, C-u 4 C-v mut� ecranul cu 4 linii.
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228
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229 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-u 8 C-v acum.
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230
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231 Aceast� comand� trebuie s� mute ecranul �n sus cu 8 linii. Dac�
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232 doriti s� �l muta�i �napoi, pute�i s�-i da�i lui M-v un argument
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233 numeric.
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234
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235 Dac� folosi�i sistemul X Window, exist� probabil o zon� rectangular�
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236 numita "scroll bar" la dreapta ferestrei Emacs-ului. Pute�i deplasa
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237 textul manipul�nd "scroll bar"-ul cu mouse-ul.
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238
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239 >> �ncerca�i s� ap�sa�i butonul din mijloc al mouse-ului la mijlocul
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240 butonului din scroll bar. Aceasta ar trebui s� mute textul la o
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241 pozi�ie determinat� de c�t de sus sau de jos a�i ap�sat pe scroll
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242 bar.
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243
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244 >> Muta�i mouse-ul �ntr-un punct �n scroll bar la aproximativ trei
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245 linii de �nceput �i ap�sa�i butonul din st�nga de c�teva ori.
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246
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247
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248 * CONTROLUL CURSORULUI �NTR-UN TERMINAL X
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249 -----------------------------------------
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250
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251 Dac� ave�i un terminal X, vi se va p�rea probabil mai u�or s� folosi�i
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252 tastele de pe keypad pentru a controla cursorul. S�ge�ile st�nga,
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253 dreapta, sus �i jos mut� cursorul �n direc�ia specificat�;
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254 func�ioneaza exact ca �i C-b, C-f, C-p �i C-n, dar sunt mai u�or de
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255 tastat �i re�inut. Pute�i folosi de asemenea C-st�nga �i C-dreapta
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256 pentru a v� deplasa cuv�nt cu cuv�nt, �i C-sus �i C-jos, pentru a v�
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257 deplasa bloc cu bloc (de ex. paragraf cu paragraf, dac� edita�i text).
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258 Dac� tastatura are taste etichetate HOME (sau BEGIN) �i END, acestea
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259 v� vor muta la �nceputul, respectiv sf�r�itul liniei, iar C-home �i
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260 C-end v� vor muta la �nceputul, respectiv sf�r�itul fi�ierului. Dac�
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261 tastatura are taste etichetate PgUp �i PgDn, acestea v� vor muta ecran
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262 cu ecran, exact ca M-v �i C-v.
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263
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264 Toate aceste comenzi accept� argument numeric, a�a cum am explicat mai
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265 sus. Pute�i folosi o modalitate mai simpl� de a-l introduce: �ine�i
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266 ap�sat� tasta CONTROL sau tasta META �i tasta�i num�rul. De exemplu,
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267 pentru a v� muta 12 cuvinte la dreapta, tasta�i C-1 C-2 C-dreapta. De
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268 remarcat faptul c� este foarte u�or s� tasta�i, pentru c� nu trebuie
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269 s� ridica�i tasta CONTROL.
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270
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271
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272 * C�ND EMACS-ul ESTE BLOCAT
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273 ---------------------------
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274
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275 Dac� Emacs-ul �nceteaz� s� v� raspund� la comenzi, �l pute�i opri,
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276 f�r� s� pierde�i modific�rile f�cute p�n� atunci, tast�nd C-g. Pute�i
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277 folosi C-g pentru a opri o comand� care dureaz� prea mult.
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278
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279 Pute�i de asemenea folosi C-g pentru a opri introducerea unui argument
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280 numeric sau �nceputul unei comenzi pe care nu dori�i s� o continua�i.
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281
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282 >> Tasta�i C-u 100 pentru a introduce 100 ca un argument numeric, apoi
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283 tasta�i C-g. Tasta�i apoi C-f. Cursorul ar trebui s� se mute un
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284 singur caracter, pentru c� a�i oprit introducerea argumentului
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285 numeric cu C-g.
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286
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287 Dac� a�i tastat un <ESC> din gre�eal�, pute�i s�-l anula�i cu un C-g.
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288
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289
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290 * COMENZI DEZAFECTATE
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291 ---------------------
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292
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293 Anumite comenzi sunt dezafectate �n Emacs, �n a�a fel �nc�t
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294 utilizatorii s� nu le poat� folosi din neaten�ie.
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295
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296 Dac� tasta�i una din comenzile dezafectate, Emacs-ul va afi�a un mesaj
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297 spun�nd ce comand� a�i tastat �i �ntreb�ndu-v� dac� dori�i s�
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298 continua�i.
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299
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300 Dac� �ntr-adev�r dori�i s� �ncerca�i comanda respectiv�, tasta�i
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301 SPA�IU. �n mod normal, dac� nu dori�i s� executa�i comanda
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302 dezafectat�, r�spunde�i cu "n".
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303
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304 >> Tasta�i `C-x n p' (care este o comand� dezafectat�), apoi tasta�i n
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305 ca r�spuns la �ntrebarea pus� de Emacs.
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306
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307
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308 * FERESTRE
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309 ----------
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310
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311 Emacs-ul poate avea mai multe ferestre, fiecare afi��nd propriul s�u
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312 text. De remarcat c� "fereastr�" �n sensul folosit de Emacs nu se
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313 refer� la ferestrele ce se pot suprapune �ntr-un sistem bazat pe
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cvs
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314 ferestre (cum ar fi X Window System), ci la sec�iuni separate �ntr-o
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cvs
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315 singur� fereastr� X. (Emacs-ul poate avea multiple ferestre X -
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cvs
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316 "frame"-uri �n terminologia Emacs. Acestea vor fi descrise mai
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cvs
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317 t�rziu.)
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cvs
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318
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cvs
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319 �n acest moment este mai bine s� nu detaliem tehnicile de folosire a
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cvs
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320 ferestrelor multiple, dar trebuie s� �ti�i cum s� �nchide�i ferestrele
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
321 care ar putea apare ca rezultat al afi��rii unor documenta�ii sau
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
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322 rezultate specifice anumitor comenzi. Este simplu:
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
323
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cvs
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324 C-x 1 o singur� fereastr� (adic� �nchide toate celelalte
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cvs
parents:
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325 ferestre).
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cvs
parents:
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326
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cvs
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327 Asta �nseamn� CONTROL-x urmat de cifra 1. C-x 1 m�re�te fereastra
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cvs
parents:
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328 care con�ine cursorul p�n� c�nd ocup� �ntregul ecran. Toate celelalte
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cvs
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329 ferestre sunt distruse.
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cvs
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330
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331 >> Muta�i cursorul la aceast� linie �i tasta�i C-u 0 C-l.
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cvs
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332
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333 (Dup� cum v� aminti�i, C-l redeseneaz� ecranul. Un argument numeric
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cvs
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334 �nseamn� "redeseneaz� ecranul �i pune linia curent� la o distan�� (�n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
335 num�r de linii) de partea de sus a ecranului egal� cu argumentul
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cvs
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336 numeric". �n concluzie, C-u 0 C-l �nseamn� "redeseneaz� ecranul,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
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337 pozi�ion�nd linia curent� la �nceput.")
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cvs
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338
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cvs
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339 >> Tasta�i C-x 2. Observa�i cum aceast� fereastr� se mic�oreaz�, �n
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cvs
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340 timp ce o nou� fereastr� apare, afi��nd acela�i text.
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cvs
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341
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cvs
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342 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 �i observa�i cum noua fereastr� dispare.
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cvs
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343
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cvs
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344
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cvs
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345 * INTRODUCEREA �I �TERGEREA
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cvs
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346 ---------------------------
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cvs
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347
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348 Dac� vre�i s� introduce�i text, pur �i simplu tasta�i textul dorit.
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349 Caracterele pe care le pute�i vedea, cum ar fi A, 7, *, etc. sunt
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cvs
parents:
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350 interpretate de Emacs ca text �i introduse imediat. Tasta�i <Return>
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cvs
parents:
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351 (tasta mai este etichetat� <Enter> uneori) pentru a introduce un
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
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352 caracter NEWLINE.
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cvs
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353
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cvs
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354 Pute�i �terge ultimul caracter pe care l-a�i introdus tast�nd
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cvs
parents:
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355 <Delete>. <Delete> este o tast� pe tastatur� etichetat� "Del" sau
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cvs
parents:
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356 "Delete". �n unele cazuri tasta "Backspace" poate ac�iona ca
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cvs
parents:
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357 <Delete>, dar nu �ntotdeauna!
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cvs
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358
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cvs
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359 Mai general, <Delete> �terge caracterul dinaintea pozi�iei curente a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
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360 cursorului.
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cvs
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361
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cvs
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362 >> Executa�i urm�toarele opera�ii acum - tasta�i c�teva caractere,
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cvs
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363 apoi �terge�i-le tast�nd <Delete> de c�teva ori. Nu v� teme�i c�
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cvs
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364 ve�i schimba acest fi�ier; nu ve�i altera versiunea principal� a
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cvs
parents:
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365 tutorialului. Aceasta este copia dumneavoastr� personal�.
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cvs
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366
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cvs
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367 C�nd o linie de text devine prea mare pentru a putea fi reprezentat�
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cvs
parents:
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368 pe o linie de ecran, linia de text este continuat� pe urm�toarea linie
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cvs
parents:
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369 de pe ecran. Un caracter backslash ("\") la marginea din dreapta
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cvs
parents:
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370 indic� o linie care a fost continuat�.
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cvs
parents:
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371
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cvs
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372 >> Introduce�i text p�n� c�nd dep�i�i cu c�teva caractere marginea
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cvs
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373 din dreapta a ecranului. Ve�i observa apari�ia liniei de
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cvs
parents:
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374 continuare.
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cvs
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375
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cvs
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376 >> Folosi�i <Delete>-uri pentru a �terge textul p�n� c�nd linia �ncape
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
377 din nou pe o linie de ecran. Linia de continuare va disp�rea.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
378
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cvs
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379 Pute�i �terge un caracter NEWLINE ca pe orice alt caracter. �tergerea
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cvs
parents:
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380 unui NEWLINE dintre dou� linii concateneaza cele dou� linii. Dac�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
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381 linia rezultat� este prea lung� pentru a fi afi�at� pe ecran, va fi
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
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382 afi�at� cu o linie de continuare.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
383
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cvs
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384 >> Muta�i cursorul la �nceputul unei linii �i tasta�i <Delete>.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
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385 Aceasta concateneaz� linia curent� cu cea precedent�.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
386
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
387 >> Tasta�i <Return> pentru a reintroduce caracterul NEWLINE �ters.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
388
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cvs
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diff changeset
389 A�a cum v� reaminti�i, majoritatea comenzilor Emacs pot primi un
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
390 argument numeric ce ac�ioneaz� ca un contor de repeti�ie; introducerea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
391 caracterelor ascult� acelea�i reguli. Un argument numeric dat unui
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
392 caracter duce la introducerea caracterului respectiv de num�rul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
393 specificat de ori.
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cvs
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diff changeset
394
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cvs
parents:
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395 >> �ncerca�i asta acum - tasta�i C-u 8 * pentru a introduce ********.
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cvs
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diff changeset
396
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
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diff changeset
397 A�i �nv��at acum metodele elementare de tastat �i corectat erori �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
398 Emacs. Pute�i de asemenea �terge cuvinte sau linii. Acesta este un
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
399 sumar al opera�iilor de �tergere.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
400
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
401 <Delete> �terge caracterul de dinaintea cursorului
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
402 C-d �terge caracterul de dup� cursor
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
403
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
404 M-<Delete> �terge cuv�ntul de dinaintea cursorului
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
405 M-d �terge cuv�ntul de dup� cursor
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
406
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
407 C-k �terge de la pozi�ia curent� p�n� la sf�r�itul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
408 liniei
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
409 M-k �terge de la pozi�ia curent� p�n� la sf�r�itul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
410 frazei
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
411
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
412 De remarcat c� <Delete> �i C-d versus M-<Delete> �i M-d extind
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
413 paralela �nceput� de C-f �i M-f (<Delete> nu este cu adev�rat un
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
414 caracter bazat pe CONTROL, dar nu o s� ne ocup�m de asta acum). C-k
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
415 �i M-k sunt ca C-e �i M-e, �ntr-un fel, dac� facem o paralel� �ntre
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
416 linii �i fraze.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
417
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
418 C�nd �terge�i mai mult de un caracter la un moment dat, Emacs-ul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
419 p�streaz� intern textul distrus �n a�a fel �nc�t �l pute�i restaura.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
420 Termenul folosit de Emacs pentru opera�iunea de restaurare a textului
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
421 distrus este "yanking". Pute�i restaura textul distrus fie �n acela�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
422 loc, fie �n alt loc �n fi�ier. Pute�i de asemenea restaura textul de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
423 mai multe ori pentru a face mai multe copii. Comanda de restaurare
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
424 este C-y.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
425
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
426 Diferen�a dintre "distrugerea" �i "�tergerea" unei por�iuni din text
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
427 este aceea ca por�iunile de text "distruse" pot fi restaurate, �n timp
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
428 ce por�iunile de text "�terse", nu. �n general, comenzile care
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
429 distrug por�iuni semnificative din text, p�streaz� intern textul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
430 respectiv, �n timp ce comenzile care �terg doar un caracter, linii
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
431 goale sau spa�ii, nu fac acest lucru.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
432
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
433 >> Muta�i cursorul la �nceputul unei linii care nu este goal�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
434 Tasta�i apoi C-k pentru a distruge textul de pe linia respectiv�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
435 >> Tasta�i C-k o a doua oar�. Ve�i observa distrugerea caracterului
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
436 NEWLINE de la sf�r�itul liniei.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
437
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
438 Dup� cum vede�i, un singur C-k distruge con�inutul liniei, iar un al
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
439 doilea C-k distruge linia �ns�i, fac�nd toate celelalte linii s� se
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
440 mute �n sus. C-k trateaz� un argument numeric �n mod special:
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
441 distruge num�rul specificat de linii �i con�inutul lor. Aceast�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
442 comportare nu este doar o simpl� repeti�ie. C-u 2 C-k distruge dou�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
443 linii �i NEWLINE-urile de dup� ele; tast�nd C-k de dou� ori nu
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
444 ob�ine�i acela�i rezultat.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
445
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
446 Pentru a extrage ultimul text distrus �i a-l plasa la pozi�ia curent�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
447 a cursorului, tasta�i C-y.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
448
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
449 >> Tasta�i C-y pentru a restaura textul distrus anterior.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
450
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
451 G�nditi-v� la C-y ca �i cum a�i recupera ceva ce v-a fost luat.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
452 Observa�i c� dac� executa�i mai multe C-k-uri la r�nd, tot textul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
453 distrus este stocat �ntr-o singur� bucat�, �n a�a fel �nc�t un singur
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
454 C-y va restaura toate liniile.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
455
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
456 >> Tasta�i acum C-k de c�teva ori.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
457
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
458 Acum �ncerca�i s� restaura�i textul distrus:
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
459
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
460 >> Tasta�i C-y. Muta�i apoi cursorul c�teva linii mai jos �i tasta�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
461 C-y din nou. Ve�i vedea cum se copiaz� por�iuni de text.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
462
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
463 Ce face�i dac� ave�i por�iuni de text pe care vre�i s� le restaura�i,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
464 dar �ntre timp distruge�i o alt� por�iune de text? C-y va restaura
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
465 por�iunea de text care a fost distrus� cel mai recent. Cu toate
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
466 acestea, textul distrus anterior nu este pierdut. Pute�i s�-l
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
467 restaura�i folosind comanda M-y. Dup� ce a�i executat C-y pentru a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
468 ob�ine textul cel mai recent distrus, tast�nd M-y ve�i �nlocui textul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
469 ce tocmai a fost restaurat cu textul distrus �naintea lui. Tast�nd
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
470 M-y de mai multe ori pute�i ob�ine por�iuni de text distrus din ce �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
471 ce mai vechi. Odat� ajun�i la textul care v� intereseaz�, pute�i s�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
472 continua�i editarea f�r� s� mai face�i nimic special, las�nd textul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
473 restaurat �n pozi�ia �n care se g�se�te.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
474
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
475 Dac� tasta�i M-y de suficient de multe ori, ve�i ajunge �n cele din
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
476 urm� la punctul de plecare (textul distrus cel mai de cur�nd).
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
477
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
478 >> Distruge�i o linie, muta�i-v� pu�in �n jurul ei, distruge�i o alt�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
479 linie. Executa�i apoi C-y pentru a ob�ine �napoi cea de-a doua
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
480 linie distrus�. Executa�i apoi M-y �i ve�i constata c� este
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
481 �nlocuit� de prima linie distrus�. Executa�i mai multe M-y-uri �i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
482 observa�i ce ob�ine�i. Continua�i s� le executa�i p�n� c�nd a doua
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
483 linie apare din nou, etc. Dac� dori�i, pute�i �ncerca s�-i da�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
484 comenzii M-y argumente numerice pozitive �i negative.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
485
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
486
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
487 * ANULARE
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
488 ---------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
489
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
490 Dac� face�i o schimbare �n text, �i apoi constata�i c� a�i gre�it,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
491 pute�i anula schimbarea cu comanda de anulare, C-x u.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
492
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
493 �n mod normal, C-x u anuleaz� schimb�rile f�cute de o comand�; dac�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
494 repeta�i C-x u de c�teva ori la r�nd, fiecare nou� repeti�ie anuleaz�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
495 �nc� o comand�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
496
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
497 Exist� �ns� dou� excep�ii: comenzile care nu schimb� textul nu sunt
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
498 luate �n considerare (acestea includ comenzile de mutat cursorul �i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
499 cele de "scrolling"), iar caracterele introduse individual sunt
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
500 tratate �n grupuri de maxim 20. (Motiva�ia din spatele acestei
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
501 abord�ri este aceea de a reduce num�rul de C-x u-uri pe care trebuie
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
502 s� le tasta�i pentru anularea inser�rilor de text).
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
503
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
504 >> Distruge�i linia aceasta cu C-k, apoi tasta�i C-x u; linia ar
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
505 trebui s� reapar�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
506
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
507 C-_ este o alt� comand� de anulare; func�ioneaz� exact ca �i C-x u,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
508 dar este mai u�or de tastat de mai multe ori la r�nd. Dezavantajul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
509 lui C-_ este c� pe anumite tastaturi nu este clar cum trebuie tastat.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
510 Din acest motiv exist� C-x u. Pe unele terminale se poate s� tasta�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
511 C-_ tast�nd "/" �n timp ce �ine�i ap�sat� tasta CONTROL.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
512
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
513 Un argument numeric la C-_ sau C-x u ac�ioneaz� ca un contor de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
514 repeti�ie.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
515
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
516
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
517 * FI�IERE
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
518 ---------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
519
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
520 Pentru a face permanente modific�rile din textul pe care �l edita�i,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
521 trebuie s�-l stoca�i (salva�i) �ntr-un fi�ier. Altminteri,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
522 modific�rile se vor pierde �n momentul p�r�sirii Emacs-ului. Pune�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
523 textul �ntr-un fi�ier "deschiz�nd" (sau "vizit�nd") fi�ierul.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
524
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
525 Deschiderea unui fi�ier �nseamn� c� pute�i vedea con�inutul fi�ierului
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
526 �n Emacs. Este ca �i cum a�i edita chiar fi�ierul, singura diferen��
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
527 fiind aceea c� schimb�rile nu devin permanente p�n� c�nd nu �l
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
528 "salva�i" ("save" �n limba englez�). Se evit� astfel existen�a �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
529 sistem a unor fi�iere incomplet modificate atunci c�nd nu dori�i acest
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
530 lucru. Chiar �i c�nd salva�i fi�ierul, Emacs-ul p�streaz� fi�ierul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
531 ini�ial (cu un nume schimbat) �n a�a fel �nc�t s�-l pute�i recupera �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
532 cazul �n care decide�i c� modific�rile efectuate au fost gre�ite.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
533
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
534 Aproape de marginea de jos a ecranului ve�i observa o linie care
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
535 �ncepe �i se termin� cu minusuri, �i con�ine �irul "Emacs:
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
536 TUTORIAL.ro". Aceast� parte a ecranului arat� �ntotdeauna numele
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
537 fi�ierului pe care �l vizita�i. Acum vizita�i fi�ierul "TUTORIAL.ro"
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
538 care este copia dumneavoastr� de �ncerc�ri a tutorialului �n limba
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
539 rom�n�. Orice fi�ier a�i edita, numele acelui fi�ier va ap�rea �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
540 pozi�ia respectiv�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
541
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
542 Comenzile pentru g�sirea �i salvarea fi�ierelor sunt diferite de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
543 celelalte comenzi pe care le-a�i �nv��at, �n sensul c� sunt compuse
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
544 din dou� caractere. Am�ndou� �ncep cu caracterul C-x. Exist� o
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
545 �ntreag� serie de comenzi care �ncep cu C-x; multe dintre ele sunt
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
546 legate de fi�iere, buffere �i alte lucruri �nrudite. Aceste comenzi
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
547 sunt compuse din dou�, trei sau patru caractere.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
548
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
549 Comenzii de deschidere a unui fi�ier trebuie s� �i spune�i numele
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
550 fi�ierului dorit. Spunem despre comand� ca "cite�te un argument de la
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
551 terminal" (�n acest caz, argumentul este numele fi�ierului). Dup� ce
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
552 tasta�i comanda
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
553
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
554 C-x C-f (deschide un fi�ier)
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
555
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
556 Emacs-ul v� va cere s� introduce�i numele fi�ierului. Numele pe care
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
557 �l tasta�i apare pe ultima linie a ecranului. Aceast� linie se
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
558 numeste "minibuffer" c�nd este folosit� pentru acest tip de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
559 introducere. Comenzile normale de editare �n Emacs pot fi folosite �i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
560 pentru editarea numelui fi�ierului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
561
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
562 �n timp ce introduce�i numele fi�ierului (sau orice alt tip de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
563 introducere de date �n minibuffer), pute�i anula comanda cu C-g.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
564
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
565 >> Tasta�i C-x C-f, apoi tasta�i C-g. Aceasta anuleaz� minibuffer-ul,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
566 �i, de asemenea, anuleaz� comanda C-x C-f care �l folosea. �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
567 concluzie, nu ve�i mai deschide nici un fi�ier.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
568
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
569 C�nd a�i terminat de introdus numele fi�ierului, tasta�i <Return>
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
570 pentru a-l �ncheia. Dup� aceasta, comanda C-x C-f �ncepe s� lucreze
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
571 �i deschide fi�ierul pe care l-a�i ales. Minibuffer-ul dispare c�nd
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
572 comanda C-x C-f se termin�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
573
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
574 Dup� c�teva momente, con�inutul fi�ierului apare pe ecran �i �l pute�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
575 edita. C�nd doriti s� face�i schimb�rile permanente, tasta�i comanda
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
576
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
577 C-x C-s (salveaz� fi�ierul)
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
578
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
579 Aceasta copiaz� textul din Emacs �ntr-un fi�ier. Prima oar� c�nd
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
580 face�i acest lucru, Emacs-ul redenume�te fi�ierul ini�ial �n a�a fel
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
581 �nc�t s� nu se piard�. Noul nume este creat prin ad�ugarea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
582 caracterului "~" la numele ini�ial.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
583
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
584 C�nd opera�iunea de salvare este terminat�, Emacs-ul afi�eaz� numele
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
585 fi�ierului salvat. Se recomand� salvarea la intervale relativ mici,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
586 pentru a nu pierde prea mult� munc� �n cazul unei eventuale bloc�ri a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
587 sistemului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
588
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
589 >> Tasta�i C-x C-s, pentru a salva copia tutorialului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
590 Aceasta ar trebui s� afi�eze "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.ro" la marginea de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
591 jos a ecranului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
592
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
593 OBSERVA�IE: �n unele sisteme, tastarea comenzii C-x C-s va bloca
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
594 ecranul �i nu ve�i mai primi nici un de r�spuns din partea Emacs-ului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
595 Aceasta indic� faptul c� o facilitate a sistemului de operare numit�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
596 "controlul fluxului" ("flow control" �n limba englez�) intercepteaz�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
597 C-s, nelas�ndu-l s� ajung� la Emacs. Pentru deblocarea ecranului,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
598 tasta�i C-q. Pute�i g�si detalii referitoare la aceast� a�a-numit�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
599 "facilitate" �n sec�iunea "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
600 din manualul Emacs-ului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
601
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
602 Pute�i deschide un fi�ier existent, pentru a-l vedea sau edita.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
603 Pute�i de asemenea deschide un fi�ier care nu exist�. Aceasta este
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
604 modalitatea �n care crea�i noi fi�iere cu Emacs-ul: deschide�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
605 fi�ierul (care va fi gol ini�ial), apoi �ncepe�i s� introduce�i text
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
606 �n el. C�nd �i ve�i cere s� "salveze" fi�ierul, Emacs-ul va crea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
607 fi�ierul cu textul pe care l-a�i introdus. De acum �nainte pute�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
608 considera c� edita�i un fi�ier existent.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
609
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
610
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
611 * BUFFERE
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
612 ---------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
613
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
614 Dac� deschide�i un al doilea fi�ier cu C-x C-f, primul va continua s�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
615 existe �n Emacs. Pute�i s� v� muta�i �napoi la el deschiz�ndu-l din
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
616 nou cu C-x C-f. �n acest fel pute�i avea un num�r destul de mare de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
617 fi�iere deschise �n Emacs.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
618
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
619 >> Crea�i un fi�ier numit "foo" tast�nd C-x C-f foo <Return>.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
620 Introduce�i un text oarecare, edita�i-l, apoi salva�i "foo" tast�nd
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
621 C-x C-s. �n cele din urm�, tasta�i C-x C-f TUTORIAL.ro <Return>
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
622 pentru a v� �ntoarce la tutorial.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
623
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
624 Emacs-ul stocheaz� textul fiec�rui fi�ier �ntr-un obiect numit
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
625 "buffer". Deschiderea unui fi�ier creeaz� un nou buffer �n Emacs.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
626 Pentru a vedea o list� a bufferelor existente �n Emacs, tasta�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
627
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
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diff changeset
628 C-x C-b (lista de buffere)
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
629
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
630 >> �ncerca�i C-x C-b acum.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
631
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
632 Observa�i cum fiecare buffer are un nume �i, uneori, un nume de fi�ier
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
633 corespunz�tor fi�ierului al c�rui con�inut este men�inut �n buffer-ul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
634 respectiv. Unele buffere nu corespund nici unui fi�ier. De exemplu,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
635 buffer-ul numit "*Buffer List*" nu are nici un fi�ier asociat. Este
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
636 buffer-ul care con�ine lista de buffere �i a fost creat de comanda C-x
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
637 C-b. Orice text pe care �l vede�i �ntr-o fereastr� a Emacs-ului este
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
638 �ntotdeauna parte dintr-un buffer.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
639
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
640 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 pentru a sc�pa de lista de buffere.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
641
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cvs
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diff changeset
642 Dac� face�i schimb�ri �n textul unui fi�ier, apoi deschide�i un alt
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
643 fi�ier, primul fi�ier nu este salvat. Schimb�rile efectuate r�m�n �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
644 Emacs, �n buffer-ul asociat acelui fi�ier. Crearea sau editarea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
645 buffer-ului celui de-al doilea fi�ier nu are nici un efect asupra
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
646 buffer-ului primului fi�ier. Acest lucru este foarte util, dar
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
647 �nseamn� c� ave�i nevoie de o modalitate convenabil� de a salva
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
648 buffer-ul primului fi�ier. Ar fi obositor s� fie necesar s� v� muta�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
649 �napoi la el cu C-x C-f pentru a-l putea salva cu C-x C-s. Din acest
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
650 motiv exist� comanda:
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
651
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
652 C-x s salveaz� ni�te buffere
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
653
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
654 C-x s v� �ntreab� despre fiecare buffer care con�ine modific�ri (�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
655 care nu a fost salvat) dac� dori�i s�-l salva�i.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
656
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
657 >> Introduce�i o linie de text, apoi tasta�i C-x s.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
658 Ar trebui s� v� �ntrebe dac� s� salveze buffer-ul TUTORIAL.ro.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
659 Raspunde�i "da" la �ntrebare tast�nd "y".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
660
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
661
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
662 * FOLOSIREA MENIULUI
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
663 --------------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
664
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
665 Dac� sunte�i la consola unui terminal X, ve�i observa o bar� de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
666 meniuri ("menubar" �n limba englez�) la marginea de sus a ferestrei
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
667 Emacs-ului. Pute�i folosi acest menubar pentru a accesa toate
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
668 comenzile uzuale ale Emacs-ului, cum ar fi "deschide fi�ier".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
669 Probabil c� vi se va p�rea mai u�or la �nceput, pentru c� nu este
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
670 nevoie s� v� aminti�i tastele necesare acces�rii comenzilor. Odat�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
671 acomoda�i cu Emacs-ul, va fi u�or s� �ncepe�i s� folosi�i tastatura,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
672 deoarece fiecare element din meniu, care are o comand� asociat�,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
673 afi�eaz� �i tastele cu care acea comand� poate fi accesat�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
674
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
675 Exist� multe elemente �n meniu care nu au nici un echivalent �ntr-o
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
676 secven�� de taste. De exemplu, meniul Buffers listeaz� toate
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
677 buffer-ele existente �n ordinea celei mai recente folosiri. Pute�i s�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
678 v� muta�i la orice buffer g�sindu-i �i select�ndu-i numele �n meniul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
679 Buffers.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
680
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
681
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
682 * FOLOSIREA MOUSE-ului
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
683 ----------------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
684
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
685 C�nd ruleaz� sub X, Emacs-ul ofer� suport integrat pentru mouse.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
686 Pute�i pozi�iona cursorul �n text ap�s�nd butonul st�ng deasupra
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
687 pozi�iei dorite; pute�i selecta text tr�g�nd mouse-ul peste por�iunea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
688 dorit�, �n timp ce butonul st�ng este ap�sat. O metod� alternativ�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
689 este s� ap�sa�i butonul st�ng al mouse-ului deasupra uneia dintre
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
690 extremit��ile por�iunii de text dorite, apoi s� v� muta�i la cealalt�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
691 extremitate �i s� ap�sa�i butonul st�ng, �in�nd tasta SHIFT ap�sat�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
692 pentru a selecta textul.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
693
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
694 Ca s� distruge�i textul selectat, pute�i folosi C-w sau "Cut" �n meniu
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
695 de editare ("Edit"). Exist� �ns� o diferen�� �ntre cele dou�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
696 modalit��i. C-w nu face dec�t s� distrug� textul (p�str�nd o copie
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
697 intern�), �n timp ce "Cut" face acela�i lucru, dar pune textul �i �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
698 clipboard-ul X-ului, de unde poate fi accesat de c�tre alte aplica�ii.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
699
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
700 Dac� vre�i s� extrage�i textul din clipboard-ul X-ului, folosi�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
701 "Paste" in meniul "Edit".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
702
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
703 Butonul din mijloc al mouse-ului este folosit pentru a alege elemente
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
704 care sunt vizibile pe ecran. De exemplu, dac� intra�i �n Info
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
705 (documenta�ia Emacs-ului) folosind C-h i sau meniul "Help", pute�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
706 selecta o legatur� pus� �n eviden�� ap�s�nd butonul din mijloc al
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
707 mouse-ului deasupra ei. �n mod analog, dac� introduce�i un nume de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
708 fi�ier (de exemplu c�nd deschide�i un fi�ier cu "Find File") �i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
709 tasta�i TAB pentru a ob�ine complet�rile posibile, pute�i ap�sa
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
710 butonul din mijloc al mouse-ului pe una din complet�ri, pentru a o
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
711 selecta.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
712
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
713 Butonul din dreapta al mouse-ului invoc� un meniu popup. Con�inutul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
714 acestui meniu variaz� �n func�ie de modul de editare curent �i, �n mod
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
715 normal, con�ine c�teva comenzi uzuale, pentru a le face mai u�or
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
716 accesibile.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
717
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
718 >> Ap�sa�i butonul din dreapta al mouse-ului acum.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
719
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
720 Va trebui s� �ine�i butonul ap�sat pentru a men�ine meniul vizibil.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
721
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
722
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
723 * EXTINDEREA SETULUI DE COMENZI
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
724 -------------------------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
725
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
726 Exist� mult mai multe comenzi Emacs dec�t combina�ii de taste bazate
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
727 pe CONTROL �i META. Solu�ia �n Emacs este folosirea comenzilor
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
728 eXtinse. Acestea sunt de dou� feluri:
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
729
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
730 C-x eXtinde un caracter; urmat� de un caracter
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
731 M-x eXtinde un nume; urmat� de un nume lung
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
732
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
733 Acestea sunt comenzi care sunt utile �n general, dar folosite mai rar
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
734 dec�t comenzile despre care a�i �nv��at p�n� acum. A�i v�zut deja
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
735 dou� dintre ele: comanda de deschis fi�iere (C-x C-f) �i comanda de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
736 salvat fi�iere (C-x C-s). Un alt exemplu este comanda de p�r�sit
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
737 Emacs-ul: C-x C-c. (Nu v� teme�i c� ve�i pierde schimb�ri f�cute �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
738 fi�iere; �nainte de a termina sesiunea curent� Emacs, C-x C-c v� va
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
739 �ntreba dac� dori�i s� salva�i fi�ierele modificate.)
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
740
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
741 C-z este comanda cu care pute�i ie�i din Emacs *temporar* - astfel
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
742 �nc�t s� pute�i s� v� �ntoarce�i la aceea�i sesiune Emacs mai t�rziu.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
743
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
744 Pe sistemele unde este posibil, C-z "suspend�" Emacs-ul; asta �nseamn�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
745 c�, de�i v� ve�i �ntoarce la prompt-ul shell-ului, Emacs-ul nu a fost
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
746 distrus. �n shell-urile (interpretoarele de comenzi Unix) cele mai
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
747 uzuale pute�i reactiva Emacs-ul cu comanda `fg' sau `%emacs'.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
748
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
749 Pe sistemele care nu implementeaz� mecanismele de suspendare, C-z
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
750 creeaz� un subshell care ruleaz� sub Emacs pentru a v� oferi
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
751 posibilitatea de a rula alte programe �i de a v� �ntoarce la Emacs mai
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
752 t�rziu; pe aceste sisteme C-z nu iese cu adev�rat din Emacs - comanda
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
753 `exit' la promptul subshell-ului este modalitatea uzual� de a v�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
754 �ntoarce �n Emacs.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
755
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
756 �n general C-x C-c se folose�te �nainte de p�r�sirea sistemului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
757 Pute�i folosi aceast� comand� �i pentru a ie�i din instan�e de Emacs
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
758 lansate de programe de citit mail sau alte utilitare, deoarece acestea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
759 s-ar putea s� nu fie capabile s� foloseasc� facilita�ile de suspendare
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
760 ale Emacs-ului. �n mod normal �ns�, dac� nu sunte�i pe cale s�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
761 p�r�si�i sistemul, este mai bine s� suspenda�i Emacs-ul cu C-z dec�t
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
762 s� ie�i�i complet cu C-x C-c.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
763
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
764 Emacs-ul are multe comenzi prefixate cu C-x. Aceasta este lista celor
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
765 pe care le-a�i �nv��at p�n� acum:
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
766
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
767 C-x C-f deschide un fi�ier
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
768 C-x C-s salveaz� fi�ierul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
769 C-x C-b listeaz� bufferele
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
770 C-x C-c p�r�se�te Emacs-ul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
771 C-x u anuleaz�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
772
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
773 Comenzile eXtinse cu nume sunt comenzile care sunt folosite �i mai rar
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
774 sau comenzile care sunt folosite numai �n anumite moduri. Un exemplu
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
775 este comanda replace-string (�nlocuie�te-�ir) care �nlocuie�te global
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
776 toate apari�iile unui �ir de caractere cu alt �ir de caractere. C�nd
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
777 tasta�i M-x, Emacs-ul afi�eaz� pe ultima linie de pe ecran "M-x" �i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
778 pute�i introduce numele comenzii - �n cazul nostru "replace-string".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
779 Pute�i s� tasta�i doar "repl s<TAB>" �i Emacs-ul va completa numele.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
780 Termina�i comanda cu <Return>.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
781
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
782 Comanda replace-string necesit� dou� argumente - �irul ce va fi
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
783 �nlocuit �i �irul �nlocuitor. La sf�r�itul introducerii fiec�rui
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
784 argument trebuie s� tasta�i <Return>.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
785
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
786 >> Muta�i cursorul pe linia goal� care se g�seste dou� linii mai jos.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
787 Tasta�i apoi M-x repl s<Return>modificat<Return>alterat<Return>.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
788
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
789 Observa�i modul �n care aceast� linie s-a modificat: a�i �nlocuit
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
790 toate apari�iile cuv�ntului s-c-h-i-m-b-a-t cu "alterat", dup�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
791 pozi�ia ini�ial� a cursorului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
792
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
793
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
794 * SALVARE AUTOMAT�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
795 ------------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
796
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
797 Dac� a�i facut schimb�ri �ntr-un fi�ier, dar nu le-a�i salvat, aceste
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
798 schimb�ri se pot pierde �n cazul �n care sistemul se blocheaz�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
799 Pentru a v� proteja munca, Emacs-ul salveaz� periodic un fi�ier de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
800 "autosalvare" pentru fiecare fi�ier pe care �l edita�i. Acest fi�ier
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
801 are un "#" la �nceput �i unul la sf�r�it; de exemplu, dac� fi�ierul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
802 dumneavoastr� se numeste "hello.c", fi�ierul de autosalvare
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
803 corespunz�tor se va numi "#hello.c#". C�nd salva�i fi�ierul �n mod
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
804 normal, Emacs-ul �terge fi�ierul de autosalvare.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
805
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
806 �n cazul unei c�deri a sistemului, pute�i s� v� recupera�i fi�ierul de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
807 autosalvare deschiz�nd fi�ierul �n mod normal (fi�ierul pe care �l
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
808 edita�i, nu pe cel de autosalvare) �i tast�nd dup� aceea M-x recover
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
809 file<Return>. C�nd vi se cere confirmarea, tasta�i yes<Return> pentru
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
810 a continua �i a recupera fi�ierul.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
811
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
812
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
813 * ZONA DE ECOU
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
814 --------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
815
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
816 Dac� Emacs-ul observ� c� tasta�i comenzile �ncet, vi le va ar�ta la
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
817 marginea de jos a ecranului �ntr-o zona numit� "zona de ecou". Zona
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
818 de ecou con�ine cea mai de jos linie a ecranului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
819
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
820
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
821 * LINIA DE MOD
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
822 --------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
823
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
824 Linia de deasupra zonei de ecou se nume�te "linia de mod" ("modeline"
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
825 �n limba englez�). Linia de mod con�ine ceva de genul:
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
826
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
827 --**-XEmacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
828
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
829 Aceast� linie prezint� informa�ii utile despre starea Emacs-ului �i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
830 despre textul pe care �l edita�i.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
831
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
832 Sti�i deja ce �nseamn� numele fi�ierului - este fi�ierul pe care l-a�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
833 deschis. -NN%-- indic� pozi�ia curent� a cursorului �n text - NN la
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
834 sut� din text este deasupra primei linii de pe ecran. Dac� �nceputul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
835 fi�ierului este vizibil pe ecran, ve�i vedea --Top-- �n loc de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
836 --00%--. Dac� sf�r�itul fi�ierului este vizibil pe ecran, ve�i vedea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
837 --Bot-- (de la "bottom" �n limba englez�). Dac� fi�ierul este at�t de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
838 mic, �nc�t �ncape �n �ntregime pe ecran, pe linia de mod ve�i vedea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
839 --All--.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
840
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
841 Stelele de la �nceputul liniei de mod semnalizeaz� existen�a unor
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
842 modific�ri nesalvate �n text. Imediat dup� deschiderea fi�ierului,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
843 por�iunea respectiv� din linia de mod nu con�ine nici o stea, doar
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
844 minusuri.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
845
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
846 Por�iunea din�untrul parantezelor v� spune modul de editare curent.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
847 Modul implicit este "Fundamental", modul pe care �l folosi�i chiar
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
848 acum. Este un exemplu de "mod major".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
849
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
850 Emacs-ul are multe moduri majore. Unele dintre ele sunt destinate
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
851 edit�rii diferitelor limbaje �i/sau tipuri de text, cum ar fi modul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
852 Lisp, modul Text, etc. Numai un mod major poate fi activ la un moment
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
853 dat �i numele s�u va fi �ntotdeauna acolo unde este "Fundamental"
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
854 acum.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
855
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
856 Fiecare mod major schimb� comportamentul unor comenzi. De exemplu
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
857 exist� comenzi pentru crearea comentariilor �ntr-un program, dar, cum
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
858 fiecare limbaj de programare are o idee diferit� despre felul cum ar
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
859 trebui s� arate un comentariu, fiecare mod major trebuie s� le
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
860 introduc� �ntr-un alt fel. Exist� c�te o comand� asociat� fiec�rui
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
861 mod major - aceasta este modalitatea de a schimba modul major. De
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
862 exemplu, M-x fundamental-mode este comanda cu care poate fi ales modul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
863 "Fundamental".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
864
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
865 Dac� edita�i text �n limba rom�n�, cum ar fi de exemplu acest fi�ier,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
866 ar trebui probabil s� folosi�i modul Text.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
867
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
868 >> Tasta�i M-x text-mode<Return>.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
869
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
870 Nu v� temeti, nici una din comenzile pe care le-a�i �nv��at p�n� acum
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
871 nu schimb� Emacs-ul prea mult. Pute�i observa acum c� M-f �i M-b
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
872 trateaz� apostrofurile ca parte din cuvinte. �nainte, �n modul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
873 Fundamental, M-f �i M-b tratau apostrofurile ca separatoare de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
874 cuvinte.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
875
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
876 Modurile majore opereaz� schimb�ri subtile, ca cea descris� mai sus.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
877 Majoritatea comenzilor execut� aceea�i opera�ie �n fiecare mod major,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
878 dar func�ioneaz� pu�in diferit.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
879
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
880 Pentru a vedea documenta�ia referitoare la modul major curent, tasta�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
881 C-h m.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
882
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
883 >> Folosi�i C-u C-v o dat� sau de mai multe ori pentru a aduce aceast�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
884 linie aproape de �nceputul ecranului. Tasta�i C-h m ca s� afla�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
885 diferen�ele dintre modul Text �i modul Fundamental. Tasta�i q
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
886 pentru a �terge documenta�ia de pe ecran.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
887
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
888 Modurile majore se numesc "majore" pentru c� exist� �i moduri minore.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
889 Modurile minore sunt ajust�ri minore ale modurilor majore. Fiecare
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
890 mod minor poate fi activat sau dezactivat separat, independent de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
891 celelalte moduri minore �i independent de modul major curent. Pute�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
892 s� nu folosi�i nici un mod minor, un mod minor sau orice combina�ie de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
893 moduri minore.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
894
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
895 Un mod minor care este foarte util, �n mod special c�nd edita�i text,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
896 este modul "Auto Fill". C�nd acest mod este activat, Emacs-ul sparge
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
897 automat liniile la spa�iul dintre cuvinte de fiecare dat� c�nd
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
898 introduc�nd text crea�i o linie care este prea lung�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
899
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
900 Pute�i activa modul "Auto Fill" execut�nd M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
901 C�nd acest mod este activat, �l pute�i dezactiva execut�nd aceea�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
902 comand�. Dac� modul este dezactivat, aceast� comand� �l activeaz�,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
903 c�nd este activat, comanda �l dezactiveaz�. Se spune c� aceast�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
904 comand� inverseaz� modul.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
905
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
906 >> Tasta�i M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> acum. Introduce�i apoi o linie
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
907 con�in�nd "asdf " de mai multe ori, p�n� c�nd linia se sparge �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
908 dou�. Trebuie s� pune�i spa�ii �ntre cuvinte pentru c� Auto Fill
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
909 sparge linia numai la spa�ii.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
910
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
911 Marginea este stabilit� �n mod normal la 70 de caractere, dar pute�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
912 schimba aceast� valoare cu comanda C-x f. Introduce�i valoarea dorit�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
913 ca argument numeric pentru C-x f.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
914
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
915 >> Tasta�i C-x f cu 20 ca argument numeric. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
916 Introduce�i apoi un text oarecare �i observa�i cum Emacs-ul umple
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
917 linii de maximum 20 de caractere. Restaura�i marginea la 70 de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
918 caractere folosind din nou C-x f.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
919
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
920 Dac� face�i schimb�ri �n mijlocul unui paragraf, modul Auto Fill nu
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
921 rearanjeaz� paragraful. Pentru a face acest lucru, trebuie s� tasta�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
922 M-q (META-q) cu cursorul pozi�ionat �n�untrul paragrafului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
923
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
924 >> Muta�i cursorul �n paragraful precedent �i tasta�i M-q.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
925
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
926
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
927 * C�UTARE
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
928 ---------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
929
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
930 Emacs-ul poate caut� �iruri (grupuri continue de caractere sau
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
931 cuvinte) fie �nainte, fie �napoi (fa�� de pozi�ia curent� a cursorului
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
932 �n text). C�utarea unui �ir este o opera�ie ce mut� cursorul;
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
933 cursorul este mutat �n pozi�ia corespunz�toare urm�toarei apari�ii a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
934 �irului �n text.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
935
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
936 C�utarea este diferit� �n Emacs fa�� de majoritatea editoarelor,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
937 deoarece este "incremental�". Asta �nseamn� c� execu�ia opera�iunii
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
938 de c�utare se face �n timp ce tasta�i �irul de c�utat.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
939
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
940 Comanda ce ini�iaz� c�utarea este C-s pentru c�utare �nainte �i C-r
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
941 pentru c�utare �napoi. A�TEPTA�I! Nu le �ncerca�i acum.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
942
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
943 C�nd tasta�i C-s ve�i remarca faptul c� �irul "I-search" apare ca
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
944 prompt �n zona de ecou. Aceasta v� spune c� Emacs-ul este �n modul de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
945 c�utare incremental�, a�tept�nd ca dumneavoastr� s� introduce�i �irul
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
946 pe care dori�i s�-l c�uta�i. C�utarea poate fi terminat� cu <Return>.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
947
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
948 >> Tasta�i acum C-s pentru a porni o c�utare. �NCET, c�te o singur�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
949 liter� la un moment dat, tasta�i cuv�ntul "cursor", f�c�nd o pauz�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
950 dup� fiecare caracter tastat ca s� observa�i ce se �ntampl� cu
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
951 cursorul. Acum a�i terminat de c�utat prima apari�ie a cuv�ntului
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
952 "cursor".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
953 >> Tasta�i C-s din nou, pentru a c�uta urm�toarea apari�ie a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
954 cuv�ntului "cursor".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
955 >> Tasta�i acum <Delete> de patru ori �i observa�i mi�carea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
956 cursorului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
957 >> Tasta�i <Return> pentru a termina c�utarea.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
958
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
959 A�i observat ce s-a �ntamplat? �n timpul unei c�ut�ri incrementale
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
960 Emacs-ul �ncearc� s� se pozi�ioneze pe prima apari�ie a �irului pe
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
961 care l-a�i introdus p�n� �n momentul respectiv, pun�ndu-o �n eviden��
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
962 pentru ca s� o pute�i identifica mai u�or. Dac� vre�i s� v�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
963 pozi�iona�i pe urm�toarea apari�ie a cuv�ntului "cursor", nu trebuie
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
964 dec�t s� tasta�i C-s �nc� o dat�. Dac� nu mai exist� o alt� apari�ie,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
965 Emacs-ul va emite un sunet �i v� va anun�a c� opera�iunea de c�utare a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
966 e�uat ("failing" �n limba englez�). C-g este o alt� metod� de a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
967 termina c�utarea.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
968
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
969 OBSERVA�IE: Pe unele sisteme, C-s va bloca ecranul �i nu ve�i mai
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
970 primi nici un r�spuns de la Emacs. Aceasta indic� faptul c� o
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
971 "facilitate" a sistemului de operare numit� "controlul fluxului"
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
972 ("flow control" �n limba englez�) intercepteaz� caracterul C-s �i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
973 acesta nu mai ajunge la Emacs. Pentru deblocarea ecranului, ap�sa�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
974 C-q. Pute�i g�si detalii referitoare la aceast� a�a-numit�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
975 "facilitate" �n sec�iunea "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
976 din manualul Emacs-ului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
977
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
978 Dac� sunte�i �n mijlocul unei c�ut�ri incrementale �i tasta�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
979 <Delete>, ve�i observa c� ultimul caracter �n c�utarea incremental�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
980 este �ters �i c�utarea se �ntoarce la pozi�ia anterioar�. De exemplu,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
981 s� presupunem c� a�i tastat "c", pentru a c�uta prima apari�ie a lui
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
982 "c". Dac� tasta�i "u", cursorul se va muta la prima apari�ie a lui
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
983 "cu". Tasta�i acum <Delete>. Aceasta va �terge "u"-ul din �irul de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
984 c�utare �i cursorul se va muta �napoi la prima apari�ie a lui "c".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
985
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
986 C�utarea incremental� poate fi terminat� prin tastarea unui caracter
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
987 bazat pe CONTROL sau META (cu c�teva excep�ii - caracterele care sunt
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
988 specifice c�ut�rii, cum ar fi C-s �i C-r).
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
989
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
990 C-s �ncepe o c�utare care inspecteaz� textul de DUP� pozi�ia curent� a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
991 cursorului. Dac� dori�i s� c�uta�i �n textul dinaintea pozi�iei
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
992 curente a cursorului, folosi�i C-r. Toat� discu�ia referitoare la C-s
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
993 se aplic� �i comenzii C-r, cu men�iunea c� direc�ia de c�utare este
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
994 invers�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
995
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
996
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
997 * FERESTRE MULTIPLE
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
998 -------------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
999
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1000 Una dintre facilit��ile importante ale Emacs-ului este aceea de a
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1001 afi�a pe ecran mai multe ferestre simultan.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1002
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1003 >> Muta�i cursorul pe aceast� linie �i tasta�i C-u 0 C-l.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1004
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1005 >> Tasta�i acum C-x 2 pentru a �mp�r�i ecranul �n dou� ferestre.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1006 Am�ndou� ferestrele vor afi�a acest tutorial. Cursorul va r�mane
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1007 �n fereastra din partea de sus a ecranului.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1008
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1009 >> Tasta�i C-M-v pentru a mi�ca textul din fereastra de jos.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1010 (Dac� nu ave�i o tast� META, tasta�i ESC C-v.)
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1011
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1012 >> Tasta�i C-x o ("o" de la "other" - "cealalt�" �n limba
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1013 englez�) pentru a muta cursorul �n fereastra de jos.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1014
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1015 >> Tasta�i C-v �i M-v �n fereastra de jos pentru a muta textul.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1016 Continua�i s� citi�i aceste instruc�iuni �n fereastra de sus.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1017
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1018 >> Tasta�i C-x o din nou pentru a muta cursorul �napoi �n fereastra de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1019 sus. Cursorul va fi plasat �n locul unde a fost anterior.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1020
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1021 Pute�i continua s� folosi�i C-x o pentru a v� muta �ntre ferestre.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1022 Fiecare fereastr� are propria ei pozi�ie a cursorului, dar numai o
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1023 fereastr� arat� cursorul la un moment dat. Toate opera�iile normale
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1024 de editare au efect �n fereastra �n care se g�se�te cursorul -
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1025 fereastra respectiv� se nume�te "fereastra selectat�".
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1026
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1027 Comanda C-M-v este foarte util� c�nd edita�i text �ntr-o fereastr� �i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1028 folosi�i cealalt� fereastr� pentru a citi documenta�ii. Pute�i �ine
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1029 �ntotdeauna cursorul �n fereastra �n care edita�i, �n timp ce avansa�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1030 textul din cealalt� fereastr� cu C-M-v.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1031
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1032 C-M-v este un exemplu de caracter CONTROL-META. Dac� ave�i o tast�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1033 META, pute�i tasta C-M-v �in�nd ap�sate �i CONTROL �i META c�nd
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1034 tasta�i v. Nu conteaz� care dintre CONTROL sau META este ap�sat� mai
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1035 �nt�i, pentru c� am�ndou� ac�ioneaz� prin modificarea caracterului pe
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1036 care �l tasta�i.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1037
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1038 Dac� nu ave�i o tast� META �i folosi�i ESC �n loc, ordinea este
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1039 important�: trebuie s� tasta�i ESC urmat de CONTROL-v; CONTROL-ESC v
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1040 nu va func�iona, din cauza faptului c� ESC este un caracter de sine
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1041 st�t�tor, nu un modificator.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1042
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1043 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 (�n fereastra de sus) ca s� renun�a�i la fereastra
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1044 de jos.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1045
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1046 (Dac� a�i tastat C-x 1 �n fereastra de jos, aceast� comand� va �nchide
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1047 fereastra de sus. G�ndi�i-v� la ea a�a "P�streaz� doar o fereastr� -
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1048 cea �n care sunt acum.")
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1049
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1050 Nu este nevoie s� afisa�i acela�i buffer �n ambele ferestre. Dac�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1051 folosi�i C-x C-f pentru a deschide un fi�ier �ntr-o fereastr�,
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1052 cealalt� fereastr� nu se schimb�. Pute�i deschide un fi�ier diferit
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1053 �n fiecare fereastr�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1054
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1055 O alt� modalitate de a folosi dou� ferestre ca s� afi�a�i lucruri
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1056 diferite:
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1057
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1058 >> Tasta�i C-x 4 C-f apoi numele unui fi�ier. Termina�i comanda
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1059 cu <Return> Observa�i c� fi�ierul specificat apare �n fereastra de
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1060 jos. Cursorul la fel.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1061
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1062 >> Tasta�i C-x o pentru a v� muta �n fereastra de sus, apoi tasta�i
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1063 C-x 1 pentru a �terge fereastra de jos.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1064
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1065
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1066 * NIVELURI DE EDITARE RECURSIV�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1067 -------------------------------
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1068
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1069 Uneori ve�i intra �n ceea ce se numeste un "nivel de editare
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1070 recursiv�". Acesta este indicat de prezen�a unor paranteze drepte �n
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1071 linia de mod �n jurul numelui modului major. De exemplu, s-ar putea
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1072 s� vede�i [(Fundamental)] �n loc de (Fundamental).
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1073
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1074 Pentru a ie�i din nivelul de editare recursiv�, tasta�i ESC ESC ESC.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1075 Aceasta este o comand� de ie�ire de uz general. O pute�i folosi �i ca
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1076 s� ie�i�i din minibuffer sau ca s� elimina�i ferestrele �n plus.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1077
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1078 >> Tasta�i M-x pentru a intra �n minibuffer; tasta�i apoi ESC ESC ESC
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1079 ca s� ie�i�i.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1080
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1081 Nu pute�i folosi C-g pentru a ie�i dintr-un nivel de editare recursiv�
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1082 deoarece comanda C-g este folosit� pentru a anula comenzi �i argumente
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1083 �n�untrul unui nivel de editare recursiv�.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1084
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1085
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1086 * CUM PUTE�I OB�INE MAI MULTE INFORMA�II
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1087 ----------------------------------------
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1088
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1089 �n acest tutorial am �ncercat s� furniz�m suficiente informa�ii pentru
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1090 a face primii pa�i �n Emacs. Exist� at�t de multe comenzi �n Emacs
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1091 �nc�t ar fi imposibil s� le explic�m pe toate aici. S-ar putea �ns�
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1092 s� dori�i s� �nva�a�i mai multe despre Emacs, deoarece ofer� foarte
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1093 multe facilita�i interesante. Exist� comenzi pentru a citi
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parents:
diff changeset
1094 documenta�ia despre comenzile Emacs-ului. Aceste comenzi ajut�toare
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diff changeset
1095 sunt prefixate cu caracterul C-h, denumit �i "caracterul de ajutor".
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1096
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diff changeset
1097 Pentru a folosi aceste facilit��i de ajutor, tasta�i caracterul C-h,
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parents:
diff changeset
1098 apoi un caracter ce specific� tipul de ajutor de care ave�i nevoie.
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1099 �n cazul �n care sunte�i nel�murit, tasta�i C-h ? �i Emacs-ul v� va
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1100 spune ce fel de ajutor v� poate oferi. Dac� a�i tastat C-h �i v�
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1101 r�zg�ndi�i (nu mai dori�i ajutor) pute�i tasta C-g pentru a anula
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1102 comanda.
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1103
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1104 (Anumite site-uri remapeaz� caracterul C-h. Nu ar trebui s� fac� asta
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parents:
diff changeset
1105 orbe�te pentru to�i utilizatorii - ave�i motiv s� v� pl�nge�i
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parents:
diff changeset
1106 administratorului de sistem. �ntre timp, dac� C-h nu afi�eaz� un
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parents:
diff changeset
1107 mesaj despre ajutor la marginea de jos a ecranului, �ncerca�i M-x
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diff changeset
1108 help<Return> �n loc.)
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1109
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1110 Comanda elementar� de ajutor este C-h c. Tasta�i C-h, apoi caracterul
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1111 c �i o comand� alc�tuit� dintr-un caracter sau secven�� de caractere
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parents:
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1112 �i Emacs-ul va afi�a o scurt� descriere a comenzii.
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1113
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1114 >> Tasta�i C-h c C-p.
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1115
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1116 Mesajul ar trebui s� fie ceva de genul
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1117
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1118 C-p runs the command previous-line
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diff changeset
1119
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diff changeset
1120 Aceasta v� spune "numele func�iei". Numele de func�ii sunt folosite
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1121 �n principal pentru a adapta �i extinde Emacs-ul, dar, cum numele
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1122 func�iilor sunt alese �n a�a fel �nc�t s� indice actiunea comenzii
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1123 respective, ele pot servi ca o documenta�ie foarte scurt�, suficient�
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parents:
diff changeset
1124 ca s� v� aminteasc� de comenzi pe care le-a�i �nv��at deja.
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parents:
diff changeset
1125
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1126 Comenzile formate din mai multe caractere (cum ar fi C-x C-s) �i (dac�
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parents:
diff changeset
1127 nu ave�i o tasta META, EDIT sau ALT) <ESC> v sunt de asemenea permise
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parents:
diff changeset
1128 dup� C-h c.
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parents:
diff changeset
1129
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parents:
diff changeset
1130 Pentru a ob�ine mai multe informa�ii despre o comand�, folosi�i C-h k
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parents:
diff changeset
1131 �n loc de C-h c.
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parents:
diff changeset
1132
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parents:
diff changeset
1133 >> Tasta�i C-h k C-p.
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diff changeset
1134
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1135 Aceast� comand� afi�eaz� documenta�ia �i numele func�iei �ntr-o
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parents:
diff changeset
1136 fereastr� separat�. C�nd termina�i de citit, tasta�i q pentru a
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parents:
diff changeset
1137 o elimina.
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diff changeset
1138
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diff changeset
1139 C�teva comenzi C-h utile:
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diff changeset
1140
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diff changeset
1141 C-h f descrie o func�ie al c�rei nume trebuie s�-l
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parents:
diff changeset
1142 introduce�i
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diff changeset
1143
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parents:
diff changeset
1144 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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parents:
diff changeset
1145 Aceasta afi�eaz� toat� informa�ia pe care o are Emacs-ul despre
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parents:
diff changeset
1146 func�ia ce implementeaz� comanda C-p.
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diff changeset
1147
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diff changeset
1148 C-h a Hyper Apropos. Tasta�i un cuv�nt cheie �i Emacs-ul va
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parents:
diff changeset
1149 lista toate func�iile �i variabilele ale c�ror nume
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parents:
diff changeset
1150 con�in acel cuv�nt cheie. La st�nga comenzilor care
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parents:
diff changeset
1151 pot fi invocate cu M-x va fi afi�at� o stelu��.
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diff changeset
1152
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diff changeset
1153 >> Tasta�i C-h a newline<Return>.
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diff changeset
1154
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diff changeset
1155 Aceasta afi�eaz� lista tuturor func�iilor �i variabilelor al c�ror
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parents:
diff changeset
1156 nume con�ine "newline". Tasta�i <Return> sau ap�sa�i butonul din
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parents:
diff changeset
1157 mijloc al mouse-ului, pentru a afla mai multe despre o func�ie sau
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parents:
diff changeset
1158 variabil�. Tasta�i q ca s� ie�i�i din hyper-apropos.
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diff changeset
1159
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diff changeset
1160
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diff changeset
1161 * CONCLUZII
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parents:
diff changeset
1162 -----------
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parents:
diff changeset
1163
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diff changeset
1164 �ine�i minte, pentru a ie�i permanent din Emacs, folosi�i C-x C-c.
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parents:
diff changeset
1165 Pentru a ie�i temporar �ntr-un shell (�n a�a fel �nc�t s� v� pute�i
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parents:
diff changeset
1166 �ntoarce la Emacs mai t�rziu) folosi�i C-z. (sub X, aceast� comand�
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parents:
diff changeset
1167 minimizeaza frame-ul curent al Emacs-ului.)
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diff changeset
1168
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1169 Acest tutorial a fost organizat �n a�a fel �nc�t s� fie pe �n�elesul
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parents:
diff changeset
1170 noilor utilizatori - nu v� sfii�i s� v� pl�nge�i autorilor dac� gasi�i
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parents:
diff changeset
1171 ceva neclar!
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diff changeset
1172
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diff changeset
1173
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diff changeset
1174 COPIERE
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diff changeset
1175 -------
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cvs
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diff changeset
1176
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diff changeset
1177 Acest tutorial este rezultatul prelucr�rii unei serii lungi de
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parents:
diff changeset
1178 tutoriale pentru Emacs derivate din cel scris de Stuart Cracraft
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1179 pentru versiunea ini�ial� de Emacs. Ben Wing a adaptat tutorialul
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parents:
diff changeset
1180 pentru X Windows. Martin Buchholz �i Hrvoje Niksic au ad�ugat
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1181 corec�ii pentru XEmacs.
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cvs
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diff changeset
1182
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cvs
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diff changeset
1183 Cu scopul evit�rii oric�ror confuzii datorate traducerii, las �n
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1184 continuare no�ita de copyright original� �n limba englez�.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1185
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1186 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
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parents:
diff changeset
1187 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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diff changeset
1188
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diff changeset
1189 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
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1190
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cvs
parents:
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1191 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1192 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1193 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1194 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1195 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1196
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1197 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1198 of this document, or of portions of it,
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1199 under the above conditions, provided also that they
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parents:
diff changeset
1200 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
70ad99077275 Import from CVS: tag r21-0b47
cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1201
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1202 Condi�iile de copiere a Emacs-ului sunt mai complexe, dar �n acela�i
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1203 spirit. Citi�i fi�ierul COPYING �i apoi distribui�i prietenilor copii
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cvs
parents:
diff changeset
1204 ale Emacs-ului. Contribui�i la eliminarea obstruc�ionismului software
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parents:
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1205 folosind, scriind �i distribuind free software!