annotate summa/latin/sth3109.html @ 35:178aed5d2c3c

convert to XML
author ht
date Mon, 30 Nov 2009 22:05:42 +0000
parents 544e12f679ad
children d777cc3962f2
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 109-120</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione CIX ad
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31 CXX</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3106.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3121.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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60 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">INDEX');
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61 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
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62 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="index.html">Corpus Thomisticum');
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63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
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64 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html">Bibliographia Thomistica');
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65 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
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66 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43609">II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 pr.');
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99 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43642">II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 pr.');
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362 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43905">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 arg. 1');
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363 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43906">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 arg. 2');
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364 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43907">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 arg. 3');
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365 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43908">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 s. c.');
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366 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43909">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 co.');
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367 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43910">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 ad 1');
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368 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43911">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 ad 2');
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369 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43912">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 ad 3');
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370 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43913">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 1');
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371 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43914">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 2');
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372 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43915">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 3');
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373 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43916">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 4');
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374 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43917">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 5');
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375 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43918">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 s. c.');
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376 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43919">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 co.');
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377 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43920">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 1');
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378 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43921">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 2');
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379 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43922">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 3');
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380 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43923">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 4');
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381 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43924">II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 5');
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382 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43925">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 pr.');
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383 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43926">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 arg. 1');
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384 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43927">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 arg. 2');
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385 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43928">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 arg. 3');
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386 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43929">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 s. c.');
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387 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43930">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 co.');
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389 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43932">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 ad 2');
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390 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43933">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 ad 3');
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391 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43934">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 arg. 1');
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392 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43935">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 arg. 2');
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393 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43936">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 arg. 3');
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394 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43937">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 s. c.');
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395 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43938">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 co.');
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396 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43939">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 ad 1');
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397 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43940">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 ad 2');
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398 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43941">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 ad 3');
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399 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43942">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 arg. 1');
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400 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43943">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 arg. 2');
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401 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43944">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 arg. 3');
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402 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43945">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 s. c.');
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403 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43946">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 co.');
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404 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43947">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 ad 1');
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405 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43948">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 ad 2');
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406 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43949">II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 ad 3');
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407 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43950">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 pr.');
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408 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43951">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 arg. 1');
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409 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43952">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 arg. 2');
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410 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43953">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 arg. 3');
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411 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43954">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 s. c.');
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412 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43955">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 co.');
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413 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43956">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 ad 1');
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414 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43957">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 ad 2');
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415 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43958">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 ad 3');
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416 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43959">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 arg. 1');
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417 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43960">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 arg. 2');
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418 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43961">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 arg. 3');
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419 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43962">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 s. c.');
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420 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43963">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 co.');
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421 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43964">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 ad 1');
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422 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43965">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 ad 2');
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423 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43966">II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 ad 3');
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424 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
26
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425 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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426 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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427 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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428 // -->
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429 //]]>
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430 </script><br />
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431 <hr />
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432 <br /></div>
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diff changeset
433 <div class="D">Quaestio 109</div>
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434 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
435 <p title="II-II q. 109 pr."><a name="43609"><span class=
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436 "ref">[43609] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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437 considerandum est de veritate, et vitiis oppositis. Circa veritatem
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438 autem quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum veritas sit virtus. Secundo,
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diff changeset
439 utrum sit virtus specialis. Tertio, utrum sit pars iustitiae.
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440 Quarto, utrum magis declinet ad minus.</p>
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441 <br />
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442 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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443 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43610"><span class=
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444 "ref">[43610] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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445 sic proceditur. Videtur quod veritas non sit virtus. Prima enim
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446 virtutum est fides, cuius obiectum est veritas. Cum igitur obiectum
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447 sit prius habitu et actu, videtur quod veritas non sit virtus, sed
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448 aliquid prius virtute.</p>
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449 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43611"><span class=
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450 "ref">[43611] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
451 Praeterea, sicut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., ad veritatem
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452 pertinet quod aliquis confiteatur <i>existentia circa seipsum, et
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453 neque maiora neque minora</i>. Sed hoc non semper est laudabile,
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diff changeset
454 neque in bonis, quia dicitur Prov. XXVII, <i>laudet te alienus, et
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diff changeset
455 non os tuum</i>; nec etiam in malis, quia contra quosdam dicitur
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456 Isaiae III, <i>peccatum suum quasi Sodoma praedicaverunt, nec
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457 absconderunt</i>. Ergo veritas non est virtus.</p>
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458 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43612"><span class=
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diff changeset
459 "ref">[43612] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
460 Praeterea, omnis virtus aut est theologica, aut intellectualis, aut
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461 moralis. Sed veritas non est virtus theologica, quia non habet Deum
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462 pro obiecto, sed res temporales; dicit enim Tullius quod <i>veritas
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463 est per quam immutata ea quae sunt aut fuerunt aut futura sunt,
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464 dicuntur</i>. Similiter etiam non est virtus intellectualis, sed
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465 finis earum. Neque etiam est virtus moralis, quia non consistit in
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466 medio inter superfluum et diminutum; quanto enim aliquis plus dicit
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467 verum, tanto melius est. Ergo veritas non est virtus.</p>
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468 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43613"><span class=
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469 "ref">[43613] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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470 est quod philosophus, in II et IV Ethic., ponit veritatem inter
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471 ceteras virtutes.</p>
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diff changeset
472 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 1 co."><a name="43614"><span class=
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473 "ref">[43614] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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474 dicendum quod veritas dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo secundum
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diff changeset
475 quod veritate aliquid dicitur verum. Et sic veritas non est virtus,
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diff changeset
476 sed obiectum vel finis virtutis. Sic enim accepta veritas non est
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diff changeset
477 habitus, quod est genus virtutis, sed aequalitas quaedam
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diff changeset
478 intellectus vel signi ad rem intellectam et significatam, vel etiam
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diff changeset
479 rei ad suam regulam, ut in primo habitum est. Alio modo potest dici
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diff changeset
480 veritas qua aliquis verum dicit, secundum quod per eam aliquis
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diff changeset
481 dicitur verax. Et talis veritas, sive veracitas, necesse est quod
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diff changeset
482 sit virtus, quia hoc ipsum quod est dicere verum est bonus actus;
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diff changeset
483 virtus autem est quae bonum facit habentem, et opus eius bonum
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484 reddit.</p>
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diff changeset
485 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43615"><span class=
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diff changeset
486 "ref">[43615] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
487 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de veritate primo modo
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488 dicta.</p>
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diff changeset
489 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43616"><span class=
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diff changeset
490 "ref">[43616] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
491 dicendum quod confiteri id quod est circa seipsum, inquantum est
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492 confessio veri, est bonum ex genere. Sed hoc non sufficit ad hoc
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diff changeset
493 quod sit actus virtutis, sed ad hoc requiritur quod ulterius
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diff changeset
494 debitis circumstantiis vestiatur, quae si non observentur, erit
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diff changeset
495 actus vitiosus. Et secundum hoc, vitiosum est quod aliquis, sine
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diff changeset
496 debita causa, laudet seipsum etiam de vero. Vitiosum etiam est quod
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497 aliquis peccatum suum publicet, quasi se de hoc laudando, vel
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498 qualitercumque inutiliter manifestando.</p>
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diff changeset
499 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43617"><span class=
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diff changeset
500 "ref">[43617] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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501 dicendum quod ille qui dicit verum profert aliqua signa conformia
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diff changeset
502 rebus, scilicet vel verba, vel aliqua facta exteriora, aut
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diff changeset
503 quascumque res exteriores. Circa huiusmodi autem res sunt solae
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diff changeset
504 virtutes morales, ad quas etiam usus pertinet exteriorum membrorum,
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diff changeset
505 secundum quod fit per imperium voluntatis. Unde veritas non est
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diff changeset
506 virtus theologica neque intellectualis, sed moralis. Est autem in
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diff changeset
507 medio inter superfluum et diminutum dupliciter, uno quidem modo, ex
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diff changeset
508 parte obiecti; alio modo, ex parte actus. Ex parte quidem obiecti,
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diff changeset
509 quia verum secundum suam rationem importat quandam aequalitatem.
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diff changeset
510 Aequale autem est medium inter maius et minus. Unde ex hoc ipso
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parents: 26
diff changeset
511 quod aliquis verum dicit de seipso, medium tenet inter eum qui
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diff changeset
512 maiora dicit de seipso, et inter eum qui minora. Ex parte autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
513 actus medium tenet, inquantum verum dicit quando oportet, et
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diff changeset
514 secundum quod oportet. Superfluum autem convenit illi qui importune
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parents: 26
diff changeset
515 ea quae sua sunt manifestat, defectus autem competit illi qui
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516 occultat, quando manifestare oportet.</p>
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diff changeset
517 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
518 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
519 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43618"><span class=
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diff changeset
520 "ref">[43618] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
521 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod veritas non sit specialis
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diff changeset
522 virtus. Verum enim et bonum convertuntur. Sed bonitas non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
523 specialis virtus, quinimmo omnis virtus est bonitas, quia bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
524 facit habentem. Ergo veritas non est specialis virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
525 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43619"><span class=
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diff changeset
526 "ref">[43619] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
527 Praeterea, manifestatio eius quod ad ipsum hominem pertinet, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
528 actus veritatis de qua nunc loquimur. Sed hoc pertinet ad quamlibet
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diff changeset
529 virtutem, quilibet enim virtutis habitus manifestatur per proprium
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diff changeset
530 actum. Ergo veritas non est specialis virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
531 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43620"><span class=
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diff changeset
532 "ref">[43620] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
533 Praeterea, veritas vitae dicitur qua aliquis recte vivit, de qua
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diff changeset
534 dicitur Isaiae XXXVIII, memento, quaeso, <i>quomodo ambulaverim
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diff changeset
535 coram te in veritate et in corde perfecto</i>. Sed qualibet virtute
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parents: 26
diff changeset
536 recte vivitur, ut patet per definitionem virtutis supra positam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
537 Ergo veritas non est specialis virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
538 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="43621"><span class=
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diff changeset
539 "ref">[43621] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
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diff changeset
540 Praeterea, veritas videtur idem esse simplicitati, quia utrique
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parents: 26
diff changeset
541 opponitur simulatio. Sed simplicitas non est specialis virtus, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
542 facit intentionem rectam, quod requiritur in omni virtute. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
543 etiam veritas non est specialis virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
544 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43622"><span class=
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diff changeset
545 "ref">[43622] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
546 est quia in II Ethic. connumeratur aliis virtutibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
547 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 co."><a name="43623"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
548 "ref">[43623] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
549 dicendum quod ad rationem virtutis humanae pertinet quod opus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
550 hominis bonum reddat. Unde ubi in actu hominis invenitur specialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
551 ratio bonitatis, necesse est quod ad hoc disponatur homo per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
552 specialem virtutem. Cum autem bonum, secundum Augustinum, in libro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
553 de natura boni, consistat in ordine, necesse est specialem rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
554 boni considerari ex determinato ordine. Est autem specialis quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
555 ordo secundum quod exteriora nostra vel verba vel facta debite
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parents: 26
diff changeset
556 ordinantur ad aliquid sicut signum ad signatum. Et ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
557 perficitur homo per virtutem veritatis. Unde manifestum est quod
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diff changeset
558 veritas est specialis virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
559 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43624"><span class=
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diff changeset
560 "ref">[43624] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
561 ergo dicendum quod verum et bonum subiecto quidem convertuntur,
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diff changeset
562 quia omne verum est bonum, et omne bonum est verum. Sed secundum
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diff changeset
563 rationem, invicem se excedunt, sicut intellectus et voluntas
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parents: 26
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564 invicem se includunt; nam intellectus intelligit voluntatem, et
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diff changeset
565 multa alia, et voluntas appetit ea quae pertinent ad intellectum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 et multa alia. Unde verum, secundum rationem propriam, qua est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 perfectio intellectus, est quoddam particulare bonum, inquantum est
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diff changeset
568 appetibile quoddam. Et similiter bonum, secundum propriam rationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 prout est finis appetitus, est quoddam verum, inquantum est quoddam
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570 intelligibile. Quia ergo virtus includit rationem bonitatis, potest
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diff changeset
571 esse quod veritas sit specialis virtus, sicut verum est speciale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 bonum. Non autem potest esse quod bonitas sit specialis virtus, cum
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diff changeset
573 magis secundum rationem sit genus virtutis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43625"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 "ref">[43625] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
576 dicendum quod habitus virtutum et vitiorum sortiuntur speciem ex eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 quod est per se intentum, non autem ab eo quod est per accidens et
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diff changeset
578 praeter intentionem. Quod autem aliquis manifestat quod circa ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 est, pertinet quidem ad virtutem veritatis sicut per se intentum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
580 ad alias autem virtutes potest pertinere ex consequenti, praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 principalem intentionem. Fortis enim intendit fortiter agere, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 autem fortiter agendo aliquis manifestet fortitudinem quam habet,
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diff changeset
583 hoc consequitur praeter eius principalem intentionem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43626"><span class=
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diff changeset
585 "ref">[43626] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 dicendum quod veritas vitae est veritas secundum quam aliquid est
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diff changeset
587 verum, non veritas secundum quam aliquis dicit verum. Dicitur autem
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diff changeset
588 vita vera, sicut etiam quaelibet alia res, ex hoc quod attingit
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diff changeset
589 suam regulam et mensuram, scilicet divinam legem, per cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 conformitatem rectitudinem habet. Et talis veritas, sive rectitudo,
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591 communis est ad quamlibet virtutem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
592 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="43627"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 "ref">[43627] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 dicendum quod simplicitas dicitur per oppositum duplicitati, qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 scilicet aliquis aliud habet in corde, aliud ostendit exterius. Et
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diff changeset
596 sic simplicitas ad hanc virtutem pertinet. Facit autem intentionem
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diff changeset
597 rectam, non quidem directe, quia hoc pertinet ad omnem virtutem,
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diff changeset
598 sed excludendo duplicitatem, qua homo unum praetendit et aliud
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diff changeset
599 intendit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43628"><span class=
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diff changeset
603 "ref">[43628] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
604 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod veritas non sit pars
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diff changeset
605 iustitiae. Iustitiae enim proprium esse videtur quod reddat alteri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 debitum. Sed ex hoc quod aliquis verum dicit, non videtur alteri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 debitum reddere, sicut fit in omnibus praemissis iustitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 partibus. Ergo veritas non est iustitiae pars.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43629"><span class=
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diff changeset
610 "ref">[43629] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 Praeterea, veritas pertinet ad intellectum. Iustitia autem est in
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diff changeset
612 voluntate, ut supra habitum est. Ergo veritas non est pars
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 iustitiae.</p>
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diff changeset
614 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43630"><span class=
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diff changeset
615 "ref">[43630] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 Praeterea, triplex distinguitur veritas, secundum Hieronymum,
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diff changeset
617 scilicet veritas vitae, et veritas iustitiae, et veritas doctrinae.
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diff changeset
618 Sed nulla istarum est pars iustitiae. Nam veritas vitae continet in
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diff changeset
619 se omnem virtutem, ut dictum est. Veritas autem iustitiae est idem
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diff changeset
620 iustitiae, unde non est pars eius. Veritas autem doctrinae pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 magis ad virtutes intellectuales. Ergo veritas nullo modo est pars
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diff changeset
622 iustitiae.</p>
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diff changeset
623 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43631"><span class=
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diff changeset
624 "ref">[43631] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
625 est quod Tullius ponit veritatem inter partes iustitiae.</p>
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diff changeset
626 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 3 co."><a name="43632"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
627 "ref">[43632] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
628 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ex hoc aliqua virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
629 iustitiae annectitur sicut secundaria principali, quod partim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
630 quidem cum iustitia convenit, partim autem deficit ab eius perfecta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
631 ratione. Virtus autem veritatis convenit quidem cum iustitia in
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diff changeset
632 duobus. Uno quidem modo, in hoc quod est ad alterum. Manifestatio
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diff changeset
633 enim, quam diximus esse actum veritatis, est ad alterum, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 scilicet ea quae circa ipsum sunt, unus homo alteri manifestat.
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diff changeset
635 Alio modo, inquantum iustitia aequalitatem quandam in rebus
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diff changeset
636 constituit. Et hoc etiam facit virtus veritatis, adaequat enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
637 signa rebus existentibus circa ipsum. Deficit autem a propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
638 ratione iustitiae quantum ad rationem debiti. Non enim haec virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
639 attendit debitum legale, quod attendit iustitia, sed potius debitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 morale, inquantum scilicet ex honestate unus homo alteri debet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 veritatis manifestationem. Unde veritas est pars iustitiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 inquantum annectitur ei sicut virtus secundaria principali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43633"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 "ref">[43633] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
645 ergo dicendum quod quia homo est animal sociale, naturaliter unus
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diff changeset
646 homo debet alteri id sine quo societas humana conservari non
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diff changeset
647 posset. Non autem possent homines ad invicem convivere nisi sibi
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diff changeset
648 invicem crederent, tanquam sibi invicem veritatem manifestantibus.
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diff changeset
649 Et ideo virtus veritatis aliquo modo attendit rationem debiti.</p>
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diff changeset
650 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43634"><span class=
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diff changeset
651 "ref">[43634] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
652 dicendum quod veritas secundum quod est cognita, pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 intellectum. Sed homo per propriam voluntatem, per quam utitur et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
654 habitibus et membris, profert exteriora signa ad veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 manifestandam. Et secundum hoc, manifestatio veritatis est actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 voluntatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43635"><span class=
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diff changeset
658 "ref">[43635] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 dicendum quod veritas de qua nunc loquimur, differt a veritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 vitae ut dictum est. Veritas autem iustitiae dicitur dupliciter.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 Uno modo, secundum quod ipsa iustitia est rectitudo quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 regulata secundum regulam divinae legis. Et secundum hoc, differt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 veritas iustitiae a veritate vitae, quia veritas vitae est secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 quam aliquis recte vivit in seipso; veritas autem iustitiae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 secundum quam aliquis rectitudinem legis in iudiciis, quae sunt ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
666 alterum, servat. Et secundum hoc, veritas iustitiae non pertinet ad
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diff changeset
667 veritatem de qua nunc loquimur, sicut nec veritas vitae. Alio modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
668 potest intelligi veritas iustitiae secundum quod aliquis ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
669 iustitia veritatem manifestat, puta cum aliquis in iudicio verum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
670 confitetur aut verum testimonium dicit. Et haec veritas est quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 particularis actus iustitiae. Et non pertinet directe ad hanc
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diff changeset
672 veritatem de qua nunc loquimur, quia scilicet in hac manifestatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 veritatis principaliter homo intendit ius suum alteri reddere. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
674 philosophus, in IV Ethic., de hac veritate determinans, dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
675 <i>non de veridico in confessionibus dicimus, neque quaecumque ad
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diff changeset
676 iustitiam vel iniustitiam contendunt</i>. Veritas autem doctrinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
677 consistit in quadam manifestatione verorum de quibus est scientia.
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diff changeset
678 Unde nec ista veritas directe pertinet ad hanc virtutem, sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 veritas qua aliquis et vita et sermone talem se demonstrat qualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 est, et non alia quam circa ipsum sint, nec maiora nec minora.
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diff changeset
681 Veruntamen quia vera scibilia, inquantum sunt a nobis cognita,
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diff changeset
682 circa nos sunt et ad nos pertinent; secundum hoc veritas doctrinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 potest ad hanc virtutem pertinere, et quaecumque alia veritas qua
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diff changeset
684 quis manifestat verbo vel facto quod cognoscit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
687 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43636"><span class=
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diff changeset
688 "ref">[43636] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
689 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus veritatis non declinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 in minus. Sicut enim aliquis dicendo maius incurrit falsitatem, ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 et dicendo minus, non enim magis est falsum quatuor esse quinque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 quam quatuor esse tria. <i>Sed omne falsum est secundum se malum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 fugiendum</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic. Ergo veritatis
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diff changeset
694 virtus non plus declinat in minus quam in maius.</p>
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diff changeset
695 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43637"><span class=
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diff changeset
696 "ref">[43637] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 Praeterea, quod una virtus magis declinet ad unum extremum quam ad
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diff changeset
698 aliud, contingit ex hoc quod virtutis medium est propinquius uni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 extremo quam alteri, sicut fortitudo est propinquior audaciae quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 timiditati. Sed veritatis medium non est propinquius uni extremo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 quam alteri, quia veritas, cum sit aequalitas quaedam, in medio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 punctali consistit. Ergo veritas non magis declinat in minus.</p>
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diff changeset
703 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43638"><span class=
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diff changeset
704 "ref">[43638] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 Praeterea, in minus videtur a veritate recedere qui veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 negat, in maius autem qui veritati aliquid superaddit. Sed magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 repugnat veritati qui veritatem negat quam qui superaddit, quia
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diff changeset
708 veritas non compatitur secum negationem veritatis, compatitur autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 secum superadditionem. Ergo videtur quod veritas magis debeat
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diff changeset
710 declinare in maius quam in minus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43639"><span class=
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diff changeset
712 "ref">[43639] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
713 est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod homo secundum hanc
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diff changeset
714 virtutem magis a vero declinat in minus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 4 co."><a name="43640"><span class=
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diff changeset
716 "ref">[43640] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
717 dicendum quod declinare in minus a veritate contingit dupliciter.
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diff changeset
718 Uno modo, affirmando, puta cum aliquis non manifestat totum bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 quod in ipso est, puta scientiam vel sanctitatem vel aliquid
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diff changeset
720 huiusmodi. Quod fit sine praeiudicio veritatis, quia in maiori est
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diff changeset
721 etiam minus. Et secundum hoc, haec virtus declinat in minus. <i>Hoc
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diff changeset
722 enim</i>, ut philosophus dicit ibidem, <i>videtur esse prudentius,
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diff changeset
723 propter onerosas superabundantias esse</i>. Homines enim qui maiora
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diff changeset
724 de seipsis dicunt quam sint, sunt aliis onerosi, quasi excellere
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diff changeset
725 alios volentes, homines autem qui minora de seipsis dicunt,
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diff changeset
726 gratiosi sunt, quasi aliis condescendentes per quandam
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diff changeset
727 moderationem. Unde apostolus dicit, II ad Cor. XII, <i>si voluero
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diff changeset
728 gloriari, non ero insipiens, veritatem enim dicam. Parco autem, ne
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diff changeset
729 quis me existimet supra id quod videt in me, aut audit aliquid ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 me</i>. Alio modo potest aliquis declinare in minus negando,
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diff changeset
731 scilicet ut neget sibi inesse quod inest. Et sic non pertinet ad
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diff changeset
732 hanc virtutem declinare in minus, quia per hoc incurret falsum. Et
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diff changeset
733 tamen hoc ipsum esset minus repugnans virtuti, non quidem secundum
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diff changeset
734 propriam rationem veritatis, sed secundum rationem prudentiae, quam
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diff changeset
735 oportet salvari in omnibus virtutibus. Magis enim repugnat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 prudentiae, quia periculosius est et onerosius aliis, quod aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 existimet vel iactet se habere quod non habet, quam quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 existimet, vel dicat se non habere quod habet.</p>
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diff changeset
739 <p title="II-II q. 109 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="43641"><span class=
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diff changeset
740 "ref">[43641] II&ordf;-IIae q. 109 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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diff changeset
741 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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diff changeset
742 <br />
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diff changeset
743 <div class="D">Quaestio 110</div>
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diff changeset
744 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
745 <p title="II-II q. 110 pr."><a name="43642"><span class=
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diff changeset
746 "ref">[43642] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
747 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis veritati. Et primo, de
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diff changeset
748 mendacio; secundo, de simulatione sive hypocrisi; tertio, de
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diff changeset
749 iactantia et opposito vitio. Circa mendacium quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
750 Primo, utrum mendacium semper opponatur veritati, quasi continens
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diff changeset
751 falsitatem. Secundo, de speciebus mendacii. Tertio, utrum mendacium
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diff changeset
752 semper sit peccatum. Quarto, utrum semper sit peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
753 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
755 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43643"><span class=
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diff changeset
756 "ref">[43643] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
757 sic proceditur. Videtur quod mendacium non semper opponatur
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diff changeset
758 veritati. Opposita enim non possunt esse simul. Sed mendacium simul
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diff changeset
759 potest esse cum veritate, qui enim verum loquitur quod falsum esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 credit, mentitur, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium.
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diff changeset
761 Ergo mendacium non opponitur veritati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43644"><span class=
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diff changeset
763 "ref">[43644] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 Praeterea, virtus veritatis non solum consistit in verbis, sed
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diff changeset
765 etiam in factis, quia secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic., secundum
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diff changeset
766 hanc virtutem aliquis verum dicit et in sermone et in vita. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 mendacium consistit solum in verbis, dicitur enim quod mendacium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 est falsa vocis significatio. Ergo videtur quod mendacium non
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diff changeset
769 directe opponatur virtuti veritatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43645"><span class=
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diff changeset
771 "ref">[43645] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium, quod
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diff changeset
773 <i>culpa mentientis est fallendi cupiditas</i>. Sed hoc non
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diff changeset
774 opponitur veritati, sed magis benevolentiae vel iustitiae. Ergo
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diff changeset
775 mendacium non opponitur veritati.</p>
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diff changeset
776 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43646"><span class=
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diff changeset
777 "ref">[43646] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium, <i>nemo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 dubitet mentiri eum qui falsum enuntiat causa fallendi. Quapropter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 enuntiationem falsi cum voluntate ad fallendum prolatam, manifestum
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diff changeset
781 est esse mendacium</i>. Sed hoc opponitur veritati. Ergo mendacium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 veritati opponitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 1 co."><a name="43647"><span class=
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diff changeset
784 "ref">[43647] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 dicendum quod actus moralis ex duobus speciem sortitur, scilicet ex
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diff changeset
786 obiecto, et ex fine. Nam finis est obiectum voluntatis, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 primum movens in moralibus actibus. Potentia autem a voluntate mota
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diff changeset
788 habet suum obiectum, quod est proximum obiectum voluntarii actus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 et se habet in actu voluntatis ad finem sicut materiale ad formale,
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diff changeset
790 ut ex supra dictis patet. Dictum est autem quod virtus veritatis,
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diff changeset
791 et per consequens opposita vitia, in manifestatione consistit, quae
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diff changeset
792 fit per aliqua signa. Quae quidem manifestatio, sive enuntiatio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 est rationis actus conferentis signum ad signatum, omnis enim
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diff changeset
794 repraesentatio consistit in quadam collatione, quae proprie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 pertinet ad rationem; unde etsi bruta animalia aliquid manifestent,
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diff changeset
796 non tamen manifestationem intendunt, sed naturali instinctu aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 agunt ad quod manifestatio sequitur. Inquantum tamen huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 manifestatio sive enuntiatio est actus moralis, oportet quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 voluntarius et ex intentione voluntatis dependens. Obiectum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 proprium manifestationis sive enuntiationis est verum vel falsum.
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diff changeset
801 Intentio vero voluntatis inordinatae potest ad duo ferri, quorum
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diff changeset
802 unum est ut falsum enuntietur; aliud quidem est effectus proprius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 falsae enuntiationis, ut scilicet aliquis fallatur. Si ergo ista
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diff changeset
804 tria concurrant, scilicet quod falsum sit id quod enuntiatur, et
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diff changeset
805 quod adsit voluntas falsum enuntiandi, et iterum intentio fallendi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 tunc est falsitas materialiter, quia falsum dicitur; et formaliter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 propter voluntatem falsum dicendi; et effective, propter voluntatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 falsitatem imprimendi. Sed tamen ratio mendacii sumitur a formali
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diff changeset
809 falsitate, ex hoc scilicet quod aliquis habet voluntatem falsum
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diff changeset
810 enuntiandi. Unde et mendacium nominatur ex eo quod contra mentem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 dicitur. Et ideo si quis falsum enuntiet credens illud verum esse,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 est quidem falsum materialiter, sed non formaliter, quia falsitas
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diff changeset
813 est praeter intentionem dicentis. Unde non habet perfectam rationem
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diff changeset
814 mendacii, id enim quod praeter intentionem est, per accidens est;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 unde non potest esse specifica differentia. Si vero formaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 aliquis falsum dicat, habens voluntatem falsum dicendi, licet sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 verum id quod dicitur, inquantum tamen huiusmodi actus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 voluntarius et moralis, habet per se falsitatem, et per accidens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 veritatem. Unde ad speciem mendacii pertingit. Quod autem aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 intendat falsitatem in opinione alterius constituere fallendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 ipsum, non pertinet ad speciem mendacii, sed ad quandam
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diff changeset
822 perfectionem ipsius, sicut et in rebus naturalibus aliquid speciem
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diff changeset
823 sortitur si formam habeat, etiam si desit formae effectus; sicut
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diff changeset
824 patet in gravi quod violenter sursum detinetur, ne descendat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 secundum exigentiam suae formae. Sic ergo patet quod mendacium
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diff changeset
826 directe et formaliter opponitur virtuti veritatis.</p>
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diff changeset
827 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43648"><span class=
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diff changeset
828 "ref">[43648] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
829 ergo dicendum quod unumquodque magis iudicatur secundum id quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 in eo formaliter et per se, quam secundum id quod est in eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 materialiter et per accidens. Et ideo magis opponitur veritati,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 inquantum est virtus moralis, quod aliquis dicat verum intendens
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diff changeset
833 dicere falsum, quam quod dicat falsum intendens dicere verum.</p>
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diff changeset
834 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43649"><span class=
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diff changeset
835 "ref">[43649] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
836 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in II de Doctr. Christ.,
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diff changeset
837 voces praecipuum locum tenent inter alia signa. Et ideo cum dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 quod mendacium est falsa vocis significatio, nomine vocis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 intelligitur omne signum. Unde ille qui aliquod falsum nutibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 significare intenderet, non esset a mendacio immunis.</p>
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diff changeset
841 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43650"><span class=
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diff changeset
842 "ref">[43650] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
843 dicendum quod cupiditas fallendi pertinet ad perfectionem mendacii,
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diff changeset
844 non autem ad speciem ipsius, sicut nec aliquis effectus pertinet ad
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diff changeset
845 speciem suae causae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 <br />
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diff changeset
847 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43651"><span class=
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diff changeset
849 "ref">[43651] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
850 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod insufficienter mendacium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 dividatur per mendacium officiosum, iocosum et perniciosum. Divisio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 enim est danda secundum ea quae per se conveniunt rei, ut patet per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 philosophum, in VII Metaphys. Sed intentio effectus est praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 speciem actus moralis, et per accidens se habet ad illum, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 videtur, unde et infiniti effectus possunt consequi ex uno actu.
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diff changeset
856 Haec autem divisio datur secundum intentionem effectus, nam
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diff changeset
857 mendacium iocosum est quod fit causa ludi; mendacium autem
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diff changeset
858 officiosum, quod fit causa utilitatis; mendacium autem perniciosum,
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diff changeset
859 quod fit causa nocumenti. Ergo inconvenienter hoc modo dividitur
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diff changeset
860 mendacium.</p>
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diff changeset
861 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43652"><span class=
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diff changeset
862 "ref">[43652] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 Praeterea, Augustinus, in libro contra mendacium, dividit mendacium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 in octo partes. Quorum primum est in doctrina religionis; secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 est ut nulli prosit et obsit alicui; tertium est quod prodest uni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 ita ut alteri obsit; quartum est quod fit sola mentiendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 fallendique libidine; quintum est quod fit placendi cupiditate;
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diff changeset
868 sextum est quod nulli obest, et prodest alicui ad conservandam
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diff changeset
869 pecuniam; septimum est quod nulli obest, et prodest alicui ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 vitandum mortem; octavum quod nulli obest, et prodest alicui ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 vitandum immunditiam corporalem. Ergo videtur quod prima divisio
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diff changeset
872 mendacii sit insufficiens.</p>
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diff changeset
873 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43653"><span class=
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diff changeset
874 "ref">[43653] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 Praeterea, philosophus, in IV Ethic., dividit mendacium in
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diff changeset
876 iactantiam, quae verum excedit in dicendo, et ironiam, quae deficit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 a vero in minus. Quae duo sub nullo praedictorum membrorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 continentur. Ergo videtur quod praedicta divisio mendacii sit
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diff changeset
879 incompetens.</p>
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diff changeset
880 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43654"><span class=
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diff changeset
881 "ref">[43654] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
882 est quod super illud Psalm., <i>perdes omnes qui loquuntur
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diff changeset
883 mendacium</i>, dicit Glossa quod <i>sunt tria genera mendaciorum.
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diff changeset
884 Quaedam enim sunt pro salute et commodo alicuius; est etiam aliud
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diff changeset
885 genus mendacii, quod fit ioco; tertium vero mendacii genus est quod
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diff changeset
886 fit ex malignitate</i>. Primum autem horum dicitur officiosum;
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diff changeset
887 secundum, iocosum; tertium, perniciosum. Ergo mendacium in tria
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diff changeset
888 praedicta dividitur.</p>
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diff changeset
889 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 2 co."><a name="43655"><span class=
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diff changeset
890 "ref">[43655] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
891 dicendum quod mendacium tripliciter dividi potest. Uno modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 secundum ipsam mendacii rationem, quae est propria et per se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 mendacii divisio. Et secundum hoc, mendacium in duo dividitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 scilicet in mendacium quod transcendit veritatem in maius, quod
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diff changeset
895 pertinet ad iactantiam; et in mendacium quod deficit a veritate in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 minus, quod pertinet ad ironiam; ut patet per philosophum, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
897 Ethic. Haec autem divisio ideo per se est ipsius mendacii, quia
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diff changeset
898 mendacium, inquantum huiusmodi, opponitur veritati, ut dictum est,
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diff changeset
899 veritas autem aequalitas quaedam est, cui per se opponitur maius et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 minus. Alio modo potest dividi mendacium inquantum habet rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 culpae, secundum ea quae aggravant vel diminuunt culpam mendacii ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 parte finis intenti. Aggravat autem culpam mendacii si aliquis per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 mendacium intendat alterius nocumentum, quod vocatur mendacium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 perniciosum. Diminuitur autem culpa mendacii si ordinetur ad
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diff changeset
905 aliquod bonum, vel delectabile et sic est mendacium iocosum; vel,
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diff changeset
906 utile, et sic est mendacium officiosum, sive quo intenditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 iuvamentum alterius vel remotio nocumenti. Et secundum hoc,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 dividitur mendacium in tria praedicta. Tertio modo dividitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 mendacium universalius secundum ordinem ad finem, sive ex hoc
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diff changeset
910 addatur vel diminuatur ad culpam mendacii, sive non. Et secundum
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diff changeset
911 hoc, est divisio octo membrorum quae dicta est. In qua quidem tria
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diff changeset
912 prima membra continentur sub mendacio pernicioso. Quod quidem fit
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diff changeset
913 vel contra Deum, et ad hoc pertinet primum mendacium, quod est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 doctrina religionis. Vel est contra hominem, sive sola intentione
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diff changeset
915 nocendi alicui, et sic est secundum mendacium, quod scilicet nulli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 prodest et obest alicui; sive etiam intendatur in nocumento unius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 utilitas alterius, et hoc est tertium mendacium, quod uni prodest
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diff changeset
918 et alteri obest. Inter quae tria primum est gravissimum, quia
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diff changeset
919 semper peccata contra Deum sunt graviora, ut supra dictum est.
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diff changeset
920 Secundum autem est gravius tertio, quod diminuitur ex intentione
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diff changeset
921 utilitatis alterius. Post haec autem tria quae superaddunt ad
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diff changeset
922 gravitatem culpae mendacii, ponitur quartum, quod habet propriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 quantitatem sine additione vel diminutione. Et hoc est mendacium
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diff changeset
924 quod fit ex sola mentiendi libidine, quod procedit ex habitu, unde
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diff changeset
925 et philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>mendax, eo quod talis
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diff changeset
926 est secundum habitum, ipso mendacio gaudet</i>. Quatuor vero
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diff changeset
927 subsequentes modi diminuunt de culpa mendacii. Nam quintum est
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diff changeset
928 mendacium iocosum, quod fit placendi cupiditate. Alia vero tria
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diff changeset
929 continentur sub mendacio officioso. In quo intenditur quod est
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diff changeset
930 alteri utile vel quantum ad res exteriores, et sic est sextum
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diff changeset
931 mendacium, quod prodest alicui ad pecuniam conservandam; vel est
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diff changeset
932 utile corpori, et hoc est septimum mendacium, quo impeditur mors
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diff changeset
933 hominis; vel est utile etiam ad honestatem virtutis, et hoc est
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diff changeset
934 octavum mendacium, in quo impeditur illicita pollutio corporalis.
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diff changeset
935 Patet autem quod quanto bonum intentum est melius, tanto magis
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diff changeset
936 minuitur culpa mendacii. Et ideo, si quis diligenter consideret,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 secundum ordinem praedictae enumerationis est ordo gravitatis
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diff changeset
938 culpae in istis mendaciis, nam bonum utile praefertur delectabili;
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diff changeset
939 et vita corporalis praefertur pecuniae; honestas autem etiam ipsi
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diff changeset
940 corporali vitae.</p>
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diff changeset
941 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="43656"><span class=
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diff changeset
942 "ref">[43656] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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diff changeset
943 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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diff changeset
944 <br />
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diff changeset
945 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
946 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43657"><span class=
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diff changeset
947 "ref">[43657] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
948 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omne mendacium sit
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diff changeset
949 peccatum. Manifestum est enim quod Evangelistae scribendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 Evangelium non peccaverunt. Videntur tamen aliquid falsum dixisse,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 quia verba Christi, et etiam aliorum, frequenter aliter unus et
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diff changeset
952 aliter retulit alius; unde videtur quod alter eorum dixerit falsum.
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diff changeset
953 Non ergo omne mendacium est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43658"><span class=
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diff changeset
955 "ref">[43658] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
956 Praeterea, nullus remuneratur a Deo pro peccato. Sed obstetrices
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diff changeset
957 Aegypti remuneratae sunt a Deo propter mendacium, dicitur enim
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diff changeset
958 Exod. I, quod <i>aedificavit illis Deus domos</i>. Ergo mendacium
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diff changeset
959 non est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
960 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43659"><span class=
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diff changeset
961 "ref">[43659] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
962 Praeterea, gesta sanctorum narrantur in sacra Scriptura ad
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diff changeset
963 informationem vitae humanae. Sed de quibusdam sanctissimis viris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 legitur quod sunt mentiti, sicut legitur Gen. XII et XX quod
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diff changeset
965 Abraham dixit de uxore sua quod soror sua esset. Iacob etiam
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diff changeset
966 mentitus est dicens se Esau, tamen benedictionem adeptus est, ut
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diff changeset
967 habetur Gen. XXVII. Iudith etiam commendatur, quae tamen Holoferni
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diff changeset
968 mentita est. Non ergo omne mendacium est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
969 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="43660"><span class=
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diff changeset
970 "ref">[43660] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
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diff changeset
971 Praeterea, minus malum est eligendum ut vitetur maius malum, sicut
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diff changeset
972 medicus praecidit membrum ne corrumpatur totum corpus. Sed minus
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diff changeset
973 nocumentum est quod aliquis generet falsam opinionem in animo
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diff changeset
974 alicuius quam quod aliquis occidat vel occidatur. Ergo licite
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diff changeset
975 potest homo mentiri ut unum praeservet ab homicidio, et alium
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976 praeservet a morte.</p>
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diff changeset
977 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="43661"><span class=
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diff changeset
978 "ref">[43661] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a>
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diff changeset
979 Praeterea, mendacium est si quis non impleat quod promisit. Sed non
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diff changeset
980 omnia promissa sunt implenda, dicit enim Isidorus, in malis
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diff changeset
981 promissis rescinde fidem. Ergo non omne mendacium est vitandum.</p>
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diff changeset
982 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 arg. 6"><a name="43662"><span class=
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diff changeset
983 "ref">[43662] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 arg. 6</span></a>
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diff changeset
984 Praeterea, mendacium ob hoc videtur esse peccatum quia per ipsum
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diff changeset
985 homo decipit proximum, unde Augustinus dicit, in libro contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 mendacium, <i>quisquis esse aliquod genus mendacii quod peccatum
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diff changeset
987 non sit, putaverit, decipiet seipsum turpiter, cum honestum se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 deceptorem arbitretur aliorum</i>. Sed non omne mendacium est
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diff changeset
989 deceptionis causa, quia per mendacium iocosum nullus decipitur. Non
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diff changeset
990 enim ad hoc dicuntur huiusmodi mendacia ut credantur, sed propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 delectationem solam, unde et hyperbolicae locutiones quandoque
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diff changeset
992 etiam in sacra Scriptura inveniuntur. Non ergo omne mendacium est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
994 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43663"><span class=
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diff changeset
995 "ref">[43663] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 est quod dicitur Eccli. VII, <i>noli velle mentiri omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 mendacium</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
998 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 co."><a name="43664"><span class=
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diff changeset
999 "ref">[43664] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 dicendum quod illud quod est secundum se malum ex genere, nullo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 modo potest esse bonum et licitum, quia ad hoc quod aliquid sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 bonum, requiritur quod omnia recte concurrant; bonum enim est ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 integra causa, malum autem est ex singularibus defectibus, ut
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diff changeset
1004 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Mendacium autem est malum ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 genere. Est enim actus cadens super indebitam materiam, cum enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 voces sint signa naturaliter intellectuum, innaturale est et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 indebitum quod aliquis voce significet id quod non habet in mente.
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diff changeset
1008 Unde philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>mendacium est per se
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diff changeset
1009 pravum et fugiendum, verum autem et bonum et laudabile</i>. Unde
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diff changeset
1010 omne mendacium est peccatum, sicut etiam Augustinus asserit, in
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diff changeset
1011 libro contra mendacium.</p>
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diff changeset
1012 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43665"><span class=
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diff changeset
1013 "ref">[43665] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1014 ergo dicendum quod nec in Evangelio, nec in aliqua Scriptura
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diff changeset
1015 canonica fas est opinari aliquod falsum asseri, nec quod scriptores
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diff changeset
1016 earum mendacium dixerunt, quia periret fidei certitudo, quae
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diff changeset
1017 auctoritati sacrae Scripturae innititur. In hoc vero quod in
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diff changeset
1018 Evangelio, et in aliis Scripturis sacris, verba aliquorum
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diff changeset
1019 diversimode recitantur, non est mendacium. Unde Augustinus dicit,
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diff changeset
1020 in libro de consensu Evangelist., <i>nullo modo laborandum esse
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diff changeset
1021 iudicat qui prudenter intelligit ipsas sententias esse necessarias
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diff changeset
1022 cognoscendae veritati, quibuslibet verbis fuerint explicatae. Et in
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diff changeset
1023 hoc apparet</i>, ut ibidem subdit, <i>non debere nos arbitrari
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diff changeset
1024 mentiri quemquam si, pluribus reminiscentibus rem quam audierunt
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diff changeset
1025 vel viderunt, non eodem modo atque eisdem verbis eadem res fuerit
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diff changeset
1026 indicata</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1027 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43666"><span class=
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diff changeset
1028 "ref">[43666] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1029 dicendum quod obstetrices non sunt remuneratae pro mendacio, sed
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diff changeset
1030 pro timore Dei et benevolentia, ex qua processit mendacium. Unde
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diff changeset
1031 signanter dicitur Exod. I, <i>et quia timuerunt obstetrices Deum,
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diff changeset
1032 aedificavit illis domos</i>. Mendacium vero postea sequens non fuit
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diff changeset
1033 meritorium.</p>
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diff changeset
1034 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43667"><span class=
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diff changeset
1035 "ref">[43667] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1036 dicendum quod in sacra Scriptura, sicut Augustinus dicit,
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diff changeset
1037 inducuntur aliquorum gesta quasi exempla perfectae virtutis, de
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diff changeset
1038 quibus non est aestimandum eos fuisse mentitos. Si qua tamen in
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diff changeset
1039 eorum dictis appareant quae mendacia videantur, intelligendum est
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diff changeset
1040 ea figuraliter et prophetice dicta esse. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
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diff changeset
1041 libro contra mendacium, <i>credendum est illos homines qui
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diff changeset
1042 propheticis temporibus digni auctoritate fuisse commemorantur,
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diff changeset
1043 omnia quae scripta sunt de illis prophetice gessisse atque
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diff changeset
1044 dixisse</i>. Abraham tamen, ut Augustinus dicit, in quaest. Genes.
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diff changeset
1045 Dicens Saram esse suam sororem, veritatem voluit celari, non
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diff changeset
1046 mendacium dici, soror enim dicitur quia filia fratris erat. Unde et
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diff changeset
1047 ipse Abraham dicit, Gen. XX, <i>vere soror mea est, filia patris
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diff changeset
1048 mei, et non matris meae filia</i>, quia scilicet ex parte patris ei
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diff changeset
1049 attinebat. Iacob vero mystice dixit se esse Esau, primogenitum
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diff changeset
1050 Isaac, quia videlicet primogenita illius de iure ei debebantur.
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diff changeset
1051 Usus autem est hoc modo loquendi per spiritum prophetiae, ad
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diff changeset
1052 designandum mysterium, quia videlicet minor populus, scilicet
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diff changeset
1053 gentilium, substituendus erat in locum primogeniti, scilicet in
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diff changeset
1054 locum Iudaeorum. Quidam vero commendantur in Scriptura non propter
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diff changeset
1055 perfectam virtutem, sed propter quandam virtutis indolem, quia
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diff changeset
1056 scilicet apparebat in eis aliquis laudabilis affectus, ex quo
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diff changeset
1057 movebantur ad quaedam indebita facienda. Et hoc modo Iudith
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diff changeset
1058 laudatur, non quia mentita est Holoferni, sed propter affectum quem
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diff changeset
1059 habuit ad salutem populi, pro qua periculis se exposuit. Quamvis
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diff changeset
1060 etiam dici possit quod verba eius veritatem habent secundum aliquem
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diff changeset
1061 mysticum intellectum.</p>
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diff changeset
1062 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="43668"><span class=
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diff changeset
1063 "ref">[43668] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1064 dicendum quod mendacium non solum habet rationem peccati ex damno
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diff changeset
1065 quod infert proximo, sed ex sua inordinatione, ut dictum est. Non
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diff changeset
1066 licet autem aliqua illicita inordinatione uti ad impediendum
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diff changeset
1067 nocumenta et defectus aliorum, sicut non licet furari ad hoc quod
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diff changeset
1068 homo eleemosynam faciat (nisi forte in casu necessitatis, in quo
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diff changeset
1069 omnia sunt communia). Et ideo non est licitum mendacium dicere ad
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diff changeset
1070 hoc quod aliquis alium a quocumque periculo liberet. Licet tamen
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diff changeset
1071 veritatem occultare prudenter sub aliqua dissimulatione, ut
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diff changeset
1072 Augustinus dicit, contra mendacium.</p>
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diff changeset
1073 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="43669"><span class=
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diff changeset
1074 "ref">[43669] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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diff changeset
1075 dicendum quod ille qui aliquid promittit, si habeat animum faciendi
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diff changeset
1076 quod promittit, non mentitur, quia non loquitur contra id quod
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diff changeset
1077 gerit in mente. Si vero non faciat quod promisit, tunc videtur
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diff changeset
1078 infideliter agere per hoc quod animum mutat. Potest tamen excusari
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diff changeset
1079 ex duobus. Uno modo, si promisit id quod est manifeste illicitum,
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diff changeset
1080 quia promittendo peccavit, mutando autem propositum bene facit.
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diff changeset
1081 Alio modo, si sint mutatae conditiones personarum et negotiorum. Ut
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diff changeset
1082 enim Seneca dicit, in libro de Benefic., ad hoc quod homo teneatur
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diff changeset
1083 facere quod promisit, requiritur quod omnia immutata permaneant,
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diff changeset
1084 alioquin nec fuit mendax in promittendo, quia promisit quod habebat
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diff changeset
1085 in mente, subintellectis debitis conditionibus; nec etiam est
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diff changeset
1086 infidelis non implendo quod promisit, quia eaedem conditiones non
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diff changeset
1087 extant. Unde et apostolus non est mentitus, qui non ivit Corinthum,
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diff changeset
1088 quo se iturum esse promiserat, ut dicitur II Cor. I, et hoc propter
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diff changeset
1089 impedimenta quae supervenerant.</p>
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diff changeset
1090 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="43670"><span class=
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diff changeset
1091 "ref">[43670] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
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diff changeset
1092 dicendum quod operatio aliqua potest considerari dupliciter, uno
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diff changeset
1093 modo, secundum seipsam; alio modo, ex parte operantis. Mendacium
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diff changeset
1094 igitur iocosum ex ipso genere operis habet rationem fallendi,
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diff changeset
1095 quamvis ex intentione dicentis non dicatur ad fallendum, nec fallat
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diff changeset
1096 ex modo dicendi. Nec est simile de hyperbolicis aut quibuscumque
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diff changeset
1097 figurativis locutionibus, quae in sacra Scriptura inveniuntur,
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diff changeset
1098 quia, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium,
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diff changeset
1099 <i>quidquid figurate fit aut dicitur, non est mendacium. Omnis enim
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diff changeset
1100 enuntiatio ad id quod enuntiat referenda est, omne autem figurate
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1101 aut factum aut dictum hoc enuntiat quod significat eis quibus
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1102 intelligendum prolatum est</i>.</p>
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1103 <br />
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diff changeset
1104 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
1105 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43671"><span class=
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diff changeset
1106 "ref">[43671] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1107 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod omne mendacium sit peccatum
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1108 mortale. Dicitur enim in Psalm., <i>perdes omnes qui loquuntur
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diff changeset
1109 mendacium</i>, et Sap. I, <i>os quod mentitur occidit animam</i>.
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diff changeset
1110 Sed perditio et mors animae non est nisi per peccatum mortale. Ergo
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1111 omne mendacium est peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
1112 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43672"><span class=
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diff changeset
1113 "ref">[43672] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1114 Praeterea, omne quod est contra praeceptum Decalogi est peccatum
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diff changeset
1115 mortale. Sed mendacium est contra hoc praeceptum Decalogi, non
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diff changeset
1116 falsum testimonium dices. Ergo omne mendacium est peccatum
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1117 mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
1118 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43673"><span class=
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diff changeset
1119 "ref">[43673] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
1120 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., <i>nemo
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diff changeset
1121 mentiens, in eo quod mentitur, servat fidem, nam hoc utique vult,
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1122 ut cui mentitur fidem sibi habeat, quam tamen ei mentiendo non
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diff changeset
1123 servat. Omnis autem fidei violator iniquus est</i>. Nullus autem
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diff changeset
1124 dicitur fidei violator vel iniquus propter peccatum veniale. Ergo
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diff changeset
1125 nullum mendacium est peccatum veniale.</p>
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1126 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="43674"><span class=
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diff changeset
1127 "ref">[43674] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a>
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diff changeset
1128 Praeterea, merces aeterna non perditur nisi pro peccato mortali.
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diff changeset
1129 Sed pro mendacio perditur merces aeterna, commutata in temporale,
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diff changeset
1130 dicit enim Gregorius quod <i>in remuneratione obstetricum
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diff changeset
1131 cognoscitur quid mendacii culpa mereatur. Nam benignitatis earum
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diff changeset
1132 merces, quae eis potuit in aeterna vita tribui, praemissa culpa
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diff changeset
1133 mendacii, in terrenam est remunerationem declinata</i>. Ergo etiam
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diff changeset
1134 mendacium officiosum, quale fuit obstetricum, quod videtur esse
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diff changeset
1135 levissimum, est peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
1136 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="43675"><span class=
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diff changeset
1137 "ref">[43675] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a>
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diff changeset
1138 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium, quod
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diff changeset
1139 <i>perfectorum praeceptum est omnino non solum non mentiri, sed nec
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diff changeset
1140 velle mentiri</i>. Sed facere contra praeceptum est peccatum
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diff changeset
1141 mortale. Ergo omne mendacium perfectorum est peccatum mortale. Pari
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diff changeset
1142 ergo ratione et quorumlibet aliorum, alioquin essent peioris
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diff changeset
1143 conditionis.</p>
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diff changeset
1144 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43676"><span class=
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diff changeset
1145 "ref">[43676] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1146 est quod Augustinus dicit, in V Psalm., <i>duo sunt genera
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diff changeset
1147 mendaciorum in quibus non est magna culpa, sed tamen non sunt sine
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diff changeset
1148 culpa, cum aut iocamur, aut proximo consulendo mentimur</i>. Sed
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diff changeset
1149 omne peccatum mortale habet gravem culpam. Ergo mendacium iocosum
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diff changeset
1150 et officiosum non sunt peccata mortalia.</p>
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diff changeset
1151 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 co."><a name="43677"><span class=
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diff changeset
1152 "ref">[43677] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1153 dicendum quod peccatum mortale proprie est quod repugnat caritati,
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diff changeset
1154 per quam anima vivit Deo coniuncta, ut dictum est. Potest autem
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diff changeset
1155 mendacium contrariari caritati tripliciter, uno modo, secundum se;
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diff changeset
1156 alio modo, secundum finem intentum; tertio modo, per accidens.
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diff changeset
1157 Secundum se quidem contrariatur caritati ex ipsa falsa
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diff changeset
1158 significatione. Quae quidem si sit circa res divinas, contrariatur
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diff changeset
1159 caritati Dei, cuius veritatem aliquis tali mendacio occultat vel
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diff changeset
1160 corrumpit. Unde huiusmodi mendacium non solum opponitur virtuti
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diff changeset
1161 veritatis, sed etiam virtuti fidei et religionis. Et ideo hoc
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diff changeset
1162 mendacium est gravissimum, et mortale. Si vero falsa significatio
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diff changeset
1163 sit circa aliquid cuius cognitio pertineat ad hominis bonum, puta
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diff changeset
1164 quae pertinent ad perfectionem scientiae et informationem morum,
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diff changeset
1165 tale mendacium, inquantum infert damnum falsae opinionis proximo,
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diff changeset
1166 contrariatur caritati quantum ad dilectionem proximi. Unde est
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diff changeset
1167 peccatum mortale. Si vero sit falsa opinio ex mendacio generata
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diff changeset
1168 circa aliquid de quo non referat utrum sic vel aliter cognoscatur,
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diff changeset
1169 tunc ex tali mendacio non damnificatur proximus, sicut si aliquis
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diff changeset
1170 fallatur in aliquibus particularibus contingentibus ad se non
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diff changeset
1171 pertinentibus. Unde tale mendacium secundum se non est peccatum
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diff changeset
1172 mortale. Ratione vero finis intenti, aliquod mendacium contrariatur
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diff changeset
1173 caritati, puta quod dicitur aut in iniuriam Dei, quod semper est
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diff changeset
1174 peccatum mortale, utpote religioni contrarium; aut in nocumentum
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diff changeset
1175 proximi, quantum ad personam, divitias vel famam. Et hoc etiam est
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diff changeset
1176 peccatum mortale, cum nocere proximo sit peccatum mortale; ex sola
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diff changeset
1177 autem intentione peccati mortalis, aliquis mortaliter peccat. Si
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diff changeset
1178 vero finis intentus non sit contrarium caritati, nec mendacium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 secundum hanc rationem erit peccatum mortale, sicut apparet in
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diff changeset
1180 mendacio iocoso, in quo intenditur aliqua levis delectatio; et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 mendacio officioso, in quo intenditur etiam utilitas proximi. Per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 accidens autem potest contrariari caritati ratione scandali, vel
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diff changeset
1183 cuiuscumque damni consequentis. Et sic erit etiam peccatum mortale,
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diff changeset
1184 dum scilicet aliquis non veretur propter scandalum publice
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diff changeset
1185 mentiri.</p>
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diff changeset
1186 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43678"><span class=
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diff changeset
1187 "ref">[43678] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1188 ergo dicendum quod auctoritates illae intelliguntur de mendacio
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diff changeset
1189 pernicioso, ut Glossa exponit, super illud Psalm., <i>perdes omnes
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diff changeset
1190 qui loquuntur mendacium</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1191 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43679"><span class=
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diff changeset
1192 "ref">[43679] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1193 dicendum quod, cum omnia praecepta Decalogi ordinentur ad
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diff changeset
1194 dilectionem Dei et proximi, sicut supra dictum est, intantum
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diff changeset
1195 mendacium est contra praeceptum Decalogi inquantum est contra
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diff changeset
1196 dilectionem Dei et proximi. Unde signanter prohibetur contra
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diff changeset
1197 proximum falsum testimonium.</p>
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diff changeset
1198 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43680"><span class=
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diff changeset
1199 "ref">[43680] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1200 dicendum quod etiam peccatum veniale largo modo potest dici
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diff changeset
1201 iniquitas, inquantum est praeter aequitatem iustitiae. Unde dicitur
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diff changeset
1202 I Ioan. III, omne peccatum est iniquitas. Et hoc modo loquitur
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diff changeset
1203 Augustinus.</p>
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diff changeset
1204 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="43681"><span class=
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diff changeset
1205 "ref">[43681] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1206 dicendum quod mendacium obstetricum potest dupliciter considerari.
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diff changeset
1207 Uno modo, quantum ad effectum benevolentiae in Iudaeos, et quantum
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diff changeset
1208 ad reverentiam divini timoris, ex quibus commendatur in eis indoles
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diff changeset
1209 virtutis. Et sic debetur eis remuneratio aeterna. Unde Hieronymus
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diff changeset
1210 exponit quod Deus aedificavit illis domos spirituales. Alio modo
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diff changeset
1211 potest considerari quantum ad ipsum exteriorem actum mendacii. Quo
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diff changeset
1212 quidem non potuerunt aeternam remunerationem mereri, sed forte
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diff changeset
1213 aliquam remunerationem temporalem, cuius merito non repugnabat
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diff changeset
1214 deformitas illius mendacii, sicut repugnabat merito remunerationis
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diff changeset
1215 aeternae. Et sic intelligenda sunt verba Gregorii, non quod per
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diff changeset
1216 illud mendacium mererentur amittere remunerationem aeternam quam
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diff changeset
1217 iam ex praecedenti affectu meruerant, sicut ratio procedebat.</p>
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diff changeset
1218 <p title="II-II q. 110 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="43682"><span class=
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diff changeset
1219 "ref">[43682] II&ordf;-IIae q. 110 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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diff changeset
1220 dicendum quod quidam dicunt quod perfectis viris omne mendacium est
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diff changeset
1221 peccatum mortale. Sed hoc irrationabiliter dicitur. Nulla enim
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diff changeset
1222 circumstantia aggravat in infinitum nisi quae transfert in aliam
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diff changeset
1223 speciem. Circumstantia autem personae non trahit in aliam speciem,
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diff changeset
1224 nisi forte ratione alicuius annexi, puta si sit contra votum
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diff changeset
1225 ipsius; quod non potest dici de mendacio officioso vel iocoso. Et
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diff changeset
1226 ideo mendacium officiosum vel iocosum non est peccatum mortale in
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diff changeset
1227 viris perfectis, nisi forte per accidens, ratione scandali. Et ad
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diff changeset
1228 hoc potest referri quod Augustinus dicit, <i>perfectis esse
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diff changeset
1229 praeceptum non solum non mentiri, sed nec velle mentiri</i>.
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diff changeset
1230 Quamvis hoc Augustinus non assertive, sed sub dubitatione dicat,
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diff changeset
1231 praemittit enim, nisi forte ita ut perfectorum et cetera. Nec
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diff changeset
1232 obstat quod ipsi ponuntur in statu conservandae veritatis qui ad
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diff changeset
1233 veritatem tenentur ex suo officio in iudicio vel doctrina. Contra
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diff changeset
1234 quae si mentiantur, erit mendacium quod est peccatum mortale. In
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diff changeset
1235 aliis autem non oportet quod mortaliter peccent mentiendo.</p>
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diff changeset
1236 <br />
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diff changeset
1237 <div class="D">Quaestio 111</div>
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diff changeset
1238 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1239 <p title="II-II q. 111 pr."><a name="43683"><span class=
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diff changeset
1240 "ref">[43683] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
1241 considerandum est de simulatione et hypocrisi. Et circa hoc
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diff changeset
1242 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum omnis simulatio sit peccatum.
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diff changeset
1243 Secundo, utrum hypocrisis sit simulatio. Tertio, utrum opponatur
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diff changeset
1244 veritati. Quarto, utrum sit peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
1245 <br />
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diff changeset
1246 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
1247 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43684"><span class=
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diff changeset
1248 "ref">[43684] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1249 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnis simulatio sit peccatum.
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diff changeset
1250 Dicitur enim Luc. ult., quod dominus se finxit longius ire. Et
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diff changeset
1251 Ambrosius dicit de Abraham, in libro de patriarchis, quod captiose
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diff changeset
1252 loquebatur cum servulis cum dixit, Gen. XXII, <i>ego et puer, illuc
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diff changeset
1253 usque properantes, postquam adoraverimus, revertemur ad vos</i>.
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diff changeset
1254 Fingere autem et captiose loqui ad simulationem pertinet. Non est
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diff changeset
1255 autem dicendum quod in Christo et in Abraham fuerit peccatum. Ergo
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diff changeset
1256 non omnis simulatio est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1257 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43685"><span class=
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diff changeset
1258 "ref">[43685] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1259 Praeterea, nullum peccatum est utile. Sed sicut Hieronymus dicit,
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diff changeset
1260 <i>utilem simulationem, et in tempore assumendam, Iehu, regis
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diff changeset
1261 Israel, nos doceat exemplum, qui interfecit sacerdotes Baal fingens
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diff changeset
1262 se</i> idola colere velle, ut habetur IV Reg. X. <i>Et David
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diff changeset
1263 immutavit faciem suam coram Achis, rege Geth</i>, ut habetur I Reg.
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diff changeset
1264 XXI. Ergo non omnis simulatio est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1265 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43686"><span class=
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diff changeset
1266 "ref">[43686] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
1267 Praeterea, bonum malo est contrarium. Si ergo simulare bonum est
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diff changeset
1268 malum, simulare malum erit bonum.</p>
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diff changeset
1269 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="43687"><span class=
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diff changeset
1270 "ref">[43687] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
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diff changeset
1271 Praeterea, Isaiae III, contra quosdam dicitur, <i>peccatum suum
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diff changeset
1272 quasi Sodoma praedicaverunt, nec absconderunt</i>. Sed abscondere
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diff changeset
1273 peccatum ad simulationem pertinet. Ergo non uti simulatione
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diff changeset
1274 interdum est reprehensibile. Vitare autem peccatum nunquam est
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diff changeset
1275 reprehensibile. Ergo simulatio non semper est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1276 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43688"><span class=
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diff changeset
1277 "ref">[43688] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1278 est quod Isaiae XVI, super illud, in tribus annis etc., dicit
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diff changeset
1279 Glossa, <i>in comparatione duorum malorum, levius est aperte
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diff changeset
1280 peccare quam sanctitatem simulare</i>. Sed aperte peccare semper
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diff changeset
1281 est peccatum. Ergo simulatio semper est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1282 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 co."><a name="43689"><span class=
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diff changeset
1283 "ref">[43689] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1284 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad virtutem veritatis pertinet ut
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diff changeset
1285 aliquis talem se exhibeat exterius per signa exteriora qualis est.
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diff changeset
1286 Signa autem exteriora non solum sunt verba, sed etiam facta. Sicut
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diff changeset
1287 ergo veritati opponitur quod aliquis per verba exteriora aliud
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diff changeset
1288 significet quam quod habet apud se, quod ad mendacium pertinet; ita
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diff changeset
1289 etiam veritati opponitur quod aliquis per aliqua signa factorum vel
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diff changeset
1290 rerum aliquid de se significet contrarium eius quod in eo est, quod
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diff changeset
1291 proprie simulatio dicitur. Unde simulatio proprie est mendacium
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diff changeset
1292 quoddam in exteriorum signis factorum consistens. Non refert autem
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diff changeset
1293 utrum aliquis mentiatur verbo, vel quocumque alio facto, ut supra
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diff changeset
1294 dictum est. Unde, cum omne mendacium sit peccatum, ut supra habitum
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diff changeset
1295 est, consequens est etiam quod omnis simulatio est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1296 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43690"><span class=
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diff changeset
1297 "ref">[43690] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1298 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de quaest.
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diff changeset
1299 Evang., <i>non omne quod fingimus mendacium est. Sed quando id
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diff changeset
1300 fingimus quod nihil significat, tunc est mendacium, cum autem
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diff changeset
1301 fictio nostra refertur ad aliquam significationem, non est
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diff changeset
1302 mendacium, sed aliqua figura veritatis</i>. Et subiungit exemplum
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diff changeset
1303 de figurativis locutionibus, in quibus fingitur quaedam res non ut
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diff changeset
1304 asseratur ita esse, sed eam proponimus ut figuram alterius quod
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diff changeset
1305 asserere volumus. Sic igitur dominus se finxit longius ire, quia
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diff changeset
1306 composuit motum suum quasi volentis longius ire, ad aliquid
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diff changeset
1307 figurate significandum, scilicet quod ipse ab eorum fide longe
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diff changeset
1308 erat, ut Gregorius dicit; vel, ut Augustinus dicit, quia, cum
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diff changeset
1309 longius recessurus esset ascendendo in caelum, per hospitalitatem
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diff changeset
1310 quodammodo retinebatur in terra. Abraham etiam figurate locutus
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diff changeset
1311 est. Unde Ambrosius dicit de Abraham quod <i>prophetavit quod
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diff changeset
1312 ignorabat. Ipse enim solus disponebat redire, immolato filio, sed
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diff changeset
1313 dominus per os eius locutus est quod parabat</i>. Unde patet quod
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diff changeset
1314 neuter simulavit.</p>
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diff changeset
1315 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43691"><span class=
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diff changeset
1316 "ref">[43691] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1317 dicendum quod Hieronymus large utitur nomine simulationis pro
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diff changeset
1318 quacumque fictione. Commutatio autem faciei David fuit fictio
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diff changeset
1319 figuralis, sicut Glossa exponit in titulo illius Psalmi,
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diff changeset
1320 <i>benedicam dominum in omni tempore</i>. Simulationem vero Iehu
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diff changeset
1321 non est necesse excusari a peccato vel mendacio, quia malus fuit,
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diff changeset
1322 utpote ab idololatria Ieroboam non recedens. Commendatur tamen et
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diff changeset
1323 temporaliter remuneratur a Deo, non pro simulatione, sed pro zelo
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diff changeset
1324 quo destruxit cultum Baal.</p>
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diff changeset
1325 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43692"><span class=
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diff changeset
1326 "ref">[43692] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1327 dicendum quod quidam dicunt quod nullus potest se simulare esse
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diff changeset
1328 malum, quia per opera bona nullus se simulat malum; si autem opera
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diff changeset
1329 mala faciat, malus est. Sed haec ratio non cogit. Potest enim
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diff changeset
1330 aliquis se simulare malum per opera quae in se non sunt mala, sed
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diff changeset
1331 habent quandam speciem mali. Et tamen ipsa simulatio est mala, tum
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diff changeset
1332 ratione mendacii; tum ratione scandali. Et quamvis per hoc fiat
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diff changeset
1333 malus, non tamen fit malus illa malitia quam simulat. Et quia ipsa
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diff changeset
1334 simulatio secundum se mala est, non ratione eius de quo est; sive
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diff changeset
1335 sit de bono sive de malo, peccatum est.</p>
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diff changeset
1336 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="43693"><span class=
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diff changeset
1337 "ref">[43693] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1338 dicendum quod sicut aliquis verbo mentitur quando significat quod
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diff changeset
1339 non est, non autem quando tacet quod est, quod aliquando licet; ita
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diff changeset
1340 etiam simulatio est quando aliquis per exteriora signa factorum vel
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diff changeset
1341 rerum significat aliquid quod non est, non autem si aliquis
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diff changeset
1342 praetermittat significare quod est. Unde aliquis potest peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 suum occultare absque simulatione. Et secundum hoc intelligendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 est quod Hieronymus dicit ibidem, quod <i>secundum remedium post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 naufragium est peccatum abscondere</i>, ne scilicet exinde aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 scandalum generetur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43694"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 "ref">[43694] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod hypocrisis non sit idem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 simulatio. Simulatio enim consistit in quodam factorum mendacio.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 Sed hypocrisis potest esse etiam si aliquis ostendat exterius quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 interius agit, secundum illud Matth. VI, <i>cum facis eleemosynam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 noli tuba canere ante te, sicut hypocritae faciunt</i>. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 hypocrisis non est idem simulationi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43695"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 "ref">[43695] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., <i>sunt nonnulli qui et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 sanctitatis habitum tenent, et perfectionis meritum exequi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 valent. Hos nequaquam credendum est in hypocritarum numerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 currere, quia aliud est infirmitate, aliud malitia peccare</i>. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 illi qui tenent habitum sanctitatis et meritum perfectionis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 exequuntur, sunt simulatores, quia exterior habitus sanctitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 opera perfectionis significat. Non ergo simulatio est idem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 hypocrisis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43696"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 "ref">[43696] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 Praeterea, hypocrisis in sola intentione consistit, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 dominus de hypocritis, Matth. XXIII, quod <i>omnia opera sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 faciunt ut ab hominibus videantur</i>; et Gregorius dicit, XXXI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 Moral., quod <i>nunquam quid agant, sed quomodo de actione qualibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 hominibus possint placere, considerant</i>. Sed simulatio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 consistit in sola intentione, sed in exteriori operatione, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 super illud Iob XXXVI, simulatores et callidi provocant iram Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 dicit Glossa quod <i>simulator aliud simulat, aliud agit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 castitatem praefert, et lasciviam sequitur; ostentat paupertatem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 et marsupium replet</i>. Ergo hypocrisis non est idem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 simulatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43697"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 "ref">[43697] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>hypocrita Graeco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 sermone in Latino simulator interpretatur, qui, dum intus malus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 sit, bonum se palam ostendit, hypo enim falsum, crisis iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 interpretatur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 2 co."><a name="43698"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 "ref">[43698] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 dicendum quod, sicut Isidorus dicit, ibidem, <i>nomen hypocritae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 tractum est a specie eorum qui in spectaculis contecta facie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 incedunt, distinguentes vultum vario colore ut ad personae quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 simulant colorem perveniant, modo in specie viri, modo in specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 feminae, ut in ludis populum fallant</i>. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, quod <i>sicut hypocritae simulatores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 personarum aliarum, agunt partes illius quod non sunt (non enim qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 agit partes Agamemnonis, vere ipse est, sed simulat eum); sic in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 Ecclesiis et in omni vita humana quisquis se vult videri quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 est, hypocrita est, simulat enim se iustum, non exhibet</i>. Sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 dicendum est quod hypocrisis simulatio est, non autem omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 simulatio, sed solum illa qua quis simulat personam alterius; sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 cum peccator simulat personam iusti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43699"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 "ref">[43699] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 ergo dicendum quod opus exterius naturaliter significat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 intentionem. Quando ergo aliquis per bona opera quae facit, ex suo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 genere ad Dei servitium pertinentia, non quaerit Deo placere, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 hominibus, simulat rectam intentionem, quam non habet. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod <i>hypocritae per causas Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 intentioni deserviunt saeculi, quia per ipsa quoque quae se agere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 sancta ostendunt, non conversionem quaerunt hominum, sed auras
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 favorum</i>. Et ita simulant mendaciter intentionem rectam, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 non habent, quamvis non simulent aliquod rectum opus quod non
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diff changeset
1412 agant.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43700"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 "ref">[43700] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 dicendum quod habitus sanctitatis, puta religionis vel clericatus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 significat statum quo quis obligatur ad opera perfectionis. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 cum quis habitum sanctitatis assumit intendens se ad statum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 perfectionis transferre, si per infirmitatem deficiat, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 simulator vel hypocrita, quia non tenetur manifestare suum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 sanctitatis habitum deponendo. Si autem ad hoc sanctitatis habitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 assumeret ut se iustum ostentaret, esset hypocrita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 simulator.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43701"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 "ref">[43701] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 dicendum quod in simulatione, sicut in mendacio, duo sunt, unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 quidem sicut signum, et aliud sicut signatum. Mala ergo intentio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 hypocrisi consideratur sicut signatum, quod non respondet signo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 Exteriora autem vel verba vel opera, vel quaecumque sensibilia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 considerantur in omni simulatione et mendacio sicut signa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43702"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 "ref">[43702] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod hypocrisis non opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 virtuti veritatis. In simulatione enim sive hypocrisi est signum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 signatum. Sed quantum ad utrumque, non videtur opponi alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 speciali virtuti, hypocrita enim simulat quamcumque virtutem; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 etiam per quaecumque virtutis opera, puta per ieiunium, orationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 et eleemosynam, ut habetur Matth. VI. Ergo hypocrisis non opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 specialiter virtuti veritatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43703"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 "ref">[43703] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 Praeterea, omnis simulatio ex aliquo dolo procedere videtur, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 et simplicitati opponitur. Dolus autem opponitur prudentiae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 supra habitum est. Ergo hypocrisis, quae est simulatio. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 opponitur veritati, sed magis prudentiae vel simplicitati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43704"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 "ref">[43704] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 Praeterea, species moralium considerantur ex fine. Sed finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 hypocrisis est acquisitio lucri vel inanis gloriae, unde super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 illud Iob XXVII, quae est spes hypocritae, si avare rapiat etc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 dicit Glossa, <i>hypocrita, qui Latine dicitur simulator, avarus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 raptor est, qui dum inique agens desiderat de sanctitate venerari,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 laudem vitae rapit alienae</i>. Cum ergo avaritia, vel inanis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 gloria, non directe opponatur veritati, videtur quod nec simulatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 sive hypocrisis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43705"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 "ref">[43705] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 est quia omnis simulatio est mendacium quoddam, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 Mendacium autem directe opponitur veritati. Ergo et simulatio sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 hypocrisis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 3 co."><a name="43706"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 "ref">[43706] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in X Metaphys., contrarietas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 est oppositio secundum formam, a qua scilicet res speciem habet. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 ideo dicendum est quod simulatio sive hypocrisis potest opponi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 alicui virtuti dupliciter, uno modo, directe; et alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 indirecte. Directa quidem oppositio eius sive contrarietas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 attendenda secundum ipsam speciem actus, quae accipitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 proprium obiectum. Unde cum hypocrisis sit quaedam simulatio qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 quis simulat se habere personam quam non habet, ut dictum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 consequens est quod directe opponatur veritati, <i>per quam aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 exhibet se talem vita et sermone qualis est</i>, ut dicitur in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 Ethic. Indirecta autem oppositio vel contrarietas hypocrisis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 attendi secundum quodcumque accidens, puta secundum aliquem finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 remotum, vel secundum aliquod instrumentum actus, vel quodcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 aliud huiusmodi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43707"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 "ref">[43707] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 ergo dicendum quod hypocrita simulans aliquam virtutem, assumit eam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 ut finem non quidem secundum existentiam, quasi volens eam habere;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 sed secundum apparentiam, quasi volens videri eam habere. Ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 non habet quod opponatur illi virtuti, sed quod opponatur veritati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 inquantum vult decipere homines circa illam virtutem. Opera autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 illius virtutis non assumit quasi per se intenta, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 instrumentaliter, quasi signa illius virtutis. Unde ex hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 habet directam oppositionem ad illam virtutem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43708"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 "ref">[43708] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, prudentiae directe opponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 astutia, ad quam pertinet adinvenire quasdam vias apparentes et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 existentes ad propositum consequendum. Executio autem astutiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 proprie per dolum in verbis, per fraudem autem in factis. Et sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 astutia se habet ad prudentiam, ita dolus et fraus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 simplicitatem. Dolus autem vel fraus ordinatur ad decipiendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 principaliter, et quandoque secundario ad nocendum. Unde ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 simplicitatem pertinet directe se praeservare a deceptione. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 secundum hoc, ut supra dictum est, virtus simplicitatis est eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 virtuti veritatis, sed differt sola ratione, quia veritas dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 secundum quod signa concordant signatis; simplicitas autem dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 secundum quod non tendit in diversa, ut scilicet aliud intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 interius, aliud praetendat exterius.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43709"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 "ref">[43709] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 dicendum quod lucrum vel gloria est finis remotus simulatoris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 sicut et mendacis. Unde ex hoc fine speciem non sortitur, sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 fine proximo, qui est ostendere se alium quam sit. Unde quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1508 contingit quod aliquis fingit de se magna, nullius alterius gratia,
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diff changeset
1509 sed sola libidine simulandi, sicut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 et sicut etiam supra de mendacio dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43710"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 "ref">[43710] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod hypocrisis semper sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 mortale. Dicit enim Hieronymus, Isaiae XVI, in Glossa, quod <i>in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 comparatione duorum malorum, levius est aperte peccare quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 sanctitatem simulare</i>. Et super illud Iob I, sicut autem domino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 placuit etc., dicit Glossa <i>quod simulata aequitas non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 aequitas, sed duplicatum peccatum</i>. Et super illud Thren. IV,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 <i>maior effecta est iniquitas populi mei peccato Sodomorum</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 dicit Glossa, <i>scelera animae planguntur quae in hypocrisim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 labitur, cuius maior est iniquitas peccato Sodomorum</i>. Peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 autem Sodomorum sunt peccata mortalia. Ergo et hypocrisis semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43711"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 "ref">[43711] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod hypocritae ex malitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 peccant. Sed hoc est gravissimum, quod pertinet ad peccatum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 spiritum sanctum. Ergo hypocrita semper mortaliter peccat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43712"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 "ref">[43712] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 Praeterea, nullus meretur iram Dei et exclusionem a Dei visione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 nisi propter peccatum mortale. Sed per hypocrisim aliquis meretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 iram Dei, secundum illud Iob XXXVI, <i>simulatores et callidi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 provocant iram Dei</i>. Excluditur etiam hypocrita a visione Dei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 secundum illud Iob XIII, <i>non veniet in conspectu eius omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 hypocrita</i>. Ergo hypocrisis semper est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 4 s. c. 1"><a name="43713"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 "ref">[43713] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 4 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 contra est quia hypocrisis est mendacium operis, cum sit simulatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 quaedam. Non autem omne mendacium oris est peccatum mortale. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 nec omnis hypocrisis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 4 s. c. 2"><a name="43714"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 "ref">[43714] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 4 s. c. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 Praeterea, intentio hypocritae est ad hoc quod videatur bonus. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 hoc non opponitur caritati. Ergo hypocrisis non est secundum se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 4 s. c. 3"><a name="43715"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 "ref">[43715] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 4 s. c. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 Praeterea, hypocrisis nascitur ex inani gloria, ut Gregorius dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 XXXI Moral. Sed inanis gloria non semper est peccatum mortale. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 neque hypocrisis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 4 co."><a name="43716"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 "ref">[43716] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 dicendum quod in hypocrisi duo sunt, scilicet defectus sanctitatis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 et simulatio ipsius. Si ergo hypocrita dicatur ille cuius intentio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 fertur ad utrumque, ut scilicet aliquis non curet sanctitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 habere, sed solum sanctus apparere, sicut consuevit accipi in sacra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 Scriptura, sic manifestum est quod est peccatum mortale. Nullus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 enim privatur totaliter sanctitate nisi per peccatum mortale. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 autem dicatur hypocrita ille qui intendit simulare sanctitatem, a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 qua deficit per peccatum mortale, tunc, quamvis sit in peccato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 mortali, ex quo privatur sanctitate; non tamen semper ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 simulatio est ei in peccatum mortale, sed quandoque veniale. Quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 discernendum est ex fine. Qui si repugnat caritati Dei vel proximi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 erit peccatum mortale, puta cum simulat sanctitatem ut falsam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 doctrinam disseminet, vel ut adipiscatur ecclesiasticam dignitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 indignus, vel quaecumque alia temporalia bona in quibus finem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 constituit. Si vero finis intentus non repugnet caritati, erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 peccatum veniale, puta cum aliquis in ipsa fictione delectatur, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 quo philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>magis videtur vanus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 quam malus</i>. Eadem enim ratio est de mendacio et simulatione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 Contingit tamen quandoque quod aliquis simulat perfectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 sanctitatis, quae non est de necessitate salutis. Et talis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 simulatio nec semper est peccatum mortale, nec semper est cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 peccato mortali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 <p title="II-II q. 111 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="43717"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 "ref">[43717] II&ordf;-IIae q. 111 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 <div class="D">Quaestio 112</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 <p title="II-II q. 112 pr."><a name="43718"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 "ref">[43718] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 considerandum est de iactantia et ironia, quae sunt partes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 mendacii, secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic. Primo autem circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 iactantiam quaeruntur duo. Primo, cui virtuti opponatur. Secundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 utrum sit peccatum mortale.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43719"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 "ref">[43719] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iactantia non opponatur virtuti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 veritatis. Veritati enim opponitur mendacium. Sed quandoque potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 esse iactantia etiam sine mendacio, sicut cum aliquis excellentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 suam ostentat, dicitur enim Esther I, quod <i>Assuerus fecit grande
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 convivium, ut ostenderet divitias gloriae suae ac regni sui, ac
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 magnitudinem atque iactantiam potentiae suae</i>. Ergo iactantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 non opponitur virtuti veritatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43720"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 "ref">[43720] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 Praeterea, iactantia ponitur a Gregorio, XXIII Moral., una de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 quatuor speciebus superbiae, cum scilicet quis iactat se habere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 quod non habet. Unde dicitur Ierem. XLVIII, <i>audivimus superbiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 Moab, superbus est valde. Sublimitatem eius et arrogantiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 superbiam et altitudinem cordis illius ego scio, ait dominus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 iactantiam eius, et quod non sit iuxta eam virtus eius</i>. Et XXXI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 Moral., dicit Gregorius quod iactantia oritur ex inani gloria.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 Superbia autem et inanis gloria opponuntur virtuti humilitatis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 Ergo iactantia non opponitur veritati, sed humilitati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43721"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 "ref">[43721] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 Praeterea, iactantia ex divitiis causari videtur, unde dicitur Sap.
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diff changeset
1615 V, <i>quid nobis profuit superbia? Aut quid divitiarum iactantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 contulit nobis?</i> Sed superfluitas divitiarum videtur pertinere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 ad peccatum avaritiae, quod opponitur iustitiae vel liberalitati.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 Non ergo iactantia opponitur veritati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43722"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 "ref">[43722] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 est quod philosophus, in II et IV Ethic., iactantiam opponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 veritati.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 1 co."><a name="43723"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 "ref">[43723] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 dicendum quod iactantia proprie importare videtur quod homo verbis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 se extollat, illa enim quae homo vult longe iactare, in altum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 elevat. Tunc autem proprie aliquis se extollit, quando de se supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 se aliquid dicit. Quod quidem contingit dupliciter. Quandoque enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 aliquis loquitur de se, non quidem supra id quod in se est, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 supra id quod de eo homines opinantur quod apostolus refugiens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 dicit, II ad Cor. XII, <i>parco, ne quis me existimet supra id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 videt in me, aut audit aliquid ex me</i>. Alio modo aliquis per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 verba se extollit loquens de se supra id quod in se est secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 rei veritatem. Et quia magis est aliquid iudicandum secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 in se est quam secundum quod est in opinione aliorum, inde est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 magis proprie dicitur iactantia quando aliquis effert se supra id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 quod in ipso est, quam quando effert se supra id quod est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 opinione aliorum, quamvis utroque modo iactantia dici possit. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 ideo iactantia proprie dicta opponitur veritati per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 excessus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43724"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 "ref">[43724] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de iactantia secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 excedit opinionem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43725"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 "ref">[43725] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 dicendum quod peccatum iactantiae potest considerari dupliciter.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 Uno modo, secundum speciem actus. Et sic opponitur veritati, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 dictum est. Alio modo, secundum causam suam, ex qua, etsi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 semper, tamen frequentius accidit. Et sic procedit quidem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 superbia sicut ex causa interius motiva et impellente, ex hoc enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 quod aliquis interius per arrogantiam supra seipsum elevatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 sequitur plerumque quod exterius maiora quaedam de se iactet; licet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 quandoque non ex arrogantia, sed ex quadam vanitate aliquis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 iactantiam procedat, et in hoc delectetur quia talis est secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 habitum. Et ideo arrogantia, per quam aliquis supra seipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 extollitur, est superbiae species, non tamen est idem iactantiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 sed, ut frequentius, eius causa, et propter hoc Gregorius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 iactantiam ponit inter superbiae species. Tendit autem iactator
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 plerumque ad hoc quod gloriam consequatur per suam iactantiam. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 ideo, secundum Gregorium, ex inani gloria oritur secundum rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 finis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43726"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 "ref">[43726] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 dicendum quod opulentia etiam iactantiam causat dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 modo, occasionaliter, inquantum de divitiis aliquis superbit. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 et signanter, Prov. VIII, opes dicuntur superbae. Alio modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 modum finis, quia, ut dicitur in IV Ethic., aliqui seipsos iactant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 non solum propter gloriam, sed etiam propter lucrum, qui de seipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 fingunt ea ex quibus lucrari possint, puta quod sint medici, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 sapientes et divini.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43727"><span class=
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diff changeset
1675 "ref">[43727] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod iactantia sit peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 mortale. Dicitur enim Prov. XXVIII, <i>qui se iactat et dilatat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 iurgia concitat</i>. Sed concitare iurgia est peccatum mortale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 detestatur enim Deus eos qui seminant discordias, ut habetur Prov.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 VI. Ergo iactantia est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43728"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 "ref">[43728] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 Praeterea, omne quod prohibetur in lege Dei est peccatum mortale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 Sed super illud Eccli. VI, <i>non te extollas in cogitatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 tua</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>iactantiam et superbiam prohibet</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 Ergo iactantia est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43729"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 "ref">[43729] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 Praeterea, iactantia est mendacium quoddam. Non est autem mendacium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 officiosum vel iocosum. Quod patet ex fine mendacii. Quia, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., iactator fingit de se maiora
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 existentibus, quandoque nullius gratia, quandoque autem gratia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 gloriae vel honoris, quandoque autem gratia argenti, et sic patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 quod neque est mendacium iocosum, neque officiosum. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 relinquitur quod semper sit perniciosum. Videtur ergo semper esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43730"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 "ref">[43730] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 est quod iactantia oritur ex inani gloria, secundum Gregorium, XXXI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 Moral. Sed inanis gloria non semper est peccatum mortale, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 quandoque veniale, quod vitare est valde perfectorum, dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 Gregorius quod <i>valde perfectorum est sic ostenso opere auctoris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 gloriam quaerere ut de illata laude privata nesciant exultatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 gaudere</i>. Ergo iactantia non semper est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 2 co."><a name="43731"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 "ref">[43731] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum mortale est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 caritati contrariatur. Dupliciter ergo iactantia considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 potest. Uno modo, secundum se, prout est mendacium quoddam. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 quandoque est peccatum mortale, quandoque veniale. Mortale quidem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 quando aliquis iactanter de se profert quod est contra gloriam Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1712 sicut ex persona regis Tyri dicitur Ezech. XXVIII, <i>elevatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 cor tuum, et dixisti, Deus ego sum</i>. Vel etiam contra caritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 proximi, sicut cum aliquis, iactando seipsum, prorumpit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 contumelias aliorum; sicut habetur Luc. XVIII de Pharisaeo, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 dicebat, <i>non sum sicut ceteri hominum, raptores, iniusti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 adulteri, velut etiam hic publicanus</i>. Quandoque vero est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 peccatum veniale, quando scilicet aliquis de se talia iactat quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 neque sunt contra Deum, neque contra proximum. Alio modo potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 considerari secundum suam causam, scilicet superbiam, vel appetitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 lucri aut inanis gloriae. Et sic, si procedat ex superbia vel inani
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 gloria quae sit peccatum mortale, etiam ipsa iactantia erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 peccatum mortale. Alioquin erit peccatum veniale. Sed quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 aliquis prorumpit in iactantiam propter appetitum lucri, hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 videtur iam pertinere ad proximi deceptionem et damnum. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 talis iactantia magis est peccatum mortale. Unde et philosophus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>turpior est qui se iactat causa lucri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 quam qui se iactat causa gloriae vel honoris</i>. Non tamen semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 est peccatum mortale, quia potest esse tale lucrum ex quo alius non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 damnificatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43732"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 "ref">[43732] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 ergo dicendum quod ille qui se iactat ad hoc quod iurgia concitet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 peccat mortaliter. Sed quandoque contingit quod iactantia est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 iurgiorum non per se, sed per accidens. Unde ex hoc iactantia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43733"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 "ref">[43733] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 dicendum quod Glossa illa loquitur de iactantia secundum quod
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diff changeset
1740 procedit ex superbia prohibita, quae est peccatum mortale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 <p title="II-II q. 112 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43734"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 "ref">[43734] II&ordf;-IIae q. 112 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 dicendum quod non semper iactantia importat mendacium perniciosum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 sed solum quando est contra caritatem Dei aut proximi, aut secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 se aut secundum causam suam. Quod autem aliquis se iactet quasi hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 ipso delectatus, est quiddam vanum, ut philosophus dicit. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 reducitur ad mendacium iocosum, nisi forte hoc divinae dilectioni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 praeferret, ut propter hoc Dei praecepta contemneret; sic enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 esset contra caritatem Dei, in quo solo mens nostra debet quiescere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 sicut in ultimo fine. Videtur autem ad mendacium officiosum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 pertinere cum aliquis ad hoc se iactat ut gloriam vel lucrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 acquirat, dummodo hoc sit sine damno aliorum; quia hoc iam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 pertineret ad mendacium perniciosum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 <div class="D">Quaestio 113</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 <p title="II-II q. 113 pr."><a name="43735"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 "ref">[43735] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 considerandum est de ironia. Circa quam quaeruntur duo. Primo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 utrum ironia sit peccatum. Secundo, de comparatione eius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 iactantiam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43736"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 "ref">[43736] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ironia, per quam aliquis minora de se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 fingit, non sit peccatum. Nullum enim peccatum procedit ex divina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 confortatione. Ex qua procedit quod aliquis de se minora dicat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 secundum illud Prov. XXX, <i>visio quam locutus est vir cum quo est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 Deus, et qui, Deo secum morante confortatus, ait, stultissimus sum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 virorum</i>. Et Amos VII dicitur, <i>respondit Amos, non sum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 propheta</i>. Ergo ironia, per quam aliquis minora de se dicit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43737"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 "ref">[43737] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, in epistola ad Augustinum Anglorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 episcopum, <i>bonarum mentium est ibi suas culpas agnoscere ubi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 culpa non est</i>. Sed omne peccatum repugnat bonitati mentis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 ironia non est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43738"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 "ref">[43738] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 Praeterea, fugere superbiam non est peccatum. <i>Sed aliqui minora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 de seipsis dicunt fugientes tumidum</i>, ut philosophus dicit, IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 Ethic. Ergo ironia non est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43739"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 "ref">[43739] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de verbis Apost., <i>cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 humilitatis causa mentiris, si non eras peccator antequam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 mentireris, mentiendo efficeris</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 1 co."><a name="43740"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 "ref">[43740] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 dicendum quod hoc quod aliqui minora de se dicant, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 contingere dupliciter. Uno modo, salva veritate, dum scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 maiora quae sunt in seipsis, reticent; quaedam vero minora detegunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 et de se proferunt, quae tamen in se esse recognoscunt. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 minora de se dicere non pertinet ad ironiam, nec est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 secundum genus suum, nisi per alicuius circumstantiae corruptionem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 Alio modo aliquis dicit minora a veritate declinans, puta cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 asserit de se aliquid vile quod in se non recognoscit; aut cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 negat de se aliquid magnum quod tamen percipit in seipso esse. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 sic pertinet ad ironiam, et est semper peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43741"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 "ref">[43741] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 ergo dicendum quod duplex est sapientia, et duplex stultitia. Est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 enim quaedam sapientia secundum Deum, quae humanam vel mundanam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 stultitiam habet adiunctam, secundum illud I ad Cor. III, <i>si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 quis inter vos sapiens videtur esse in hoc saeculo, stultus fiat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 ut sit sapiens</i>. Alia vero est sapientia mundana, quae, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 ibidem subditur. Stultitia est apud Deum. Ille ergo qui a Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 confortatur. Confitetur se esse stultissimum secundum reputationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 humanam, quia scilicet mundana contemnit, quae hominum sapientia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 quaerit. Unde et ibidem subditur, et sapientia hominum non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 mecum, et postea subdit, et novi sanctorum scientiam. Vel potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 dici sapientia hominum esse quae humana ratione acquiritur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 sapientia vero sanctorum quae ex divina inspiratione habetur. Amos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 autem negavit se esse prophetam origine, quia scilicet non erat de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 genere prophetarum. Unde et ibidem subdit, nec filius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 prophetae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43742"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 "ref">[43742] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 dicendum quod ad bonitatem mentis pertinet ut homo ad iustitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 perfectionem tendat. Et ideo in culpam reputat non solum si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 deficiat a communi iustitia, quod vere culpa est, sed etiam si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 deficiat a iustitiae perfectione, quod quandoque culpa non est. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 autem culpam dicit quod pro culpa non recognoscit, quod ad ironiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 mendacium pertineret.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43743"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 "ref">[43743] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 dicendum quod homo non debet unum peccatum facere ut aliud vitet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 Et ideo non debet mentiri qualitercumque ut vitet superbiam. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 Augustinus dicit, super Ioan., <i>non ita caveatur arrogantia ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 veritas relinquatur</i>. Et Gregorius dicit quod <i>incaute sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 humiles qui se mentiendo illaqueant</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43744"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 "ref">[43744] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ironia non sit minus peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 quam iactantia. Utrumque enim est peccatum inquantum declinat a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 veritate, quae est aequalitas quaedam. Sed ab aequalitate non magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 declinat qui excedit quam qui diminuit. Ergo ironia non est minus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 peccatum quam iactantia.</p>
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diff changeset
1843 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43745"><span class=
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diff changeset
1844 "ref">[43745] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1845 Praeterea, secundum philosophum, ironia quandoque iactantia est.
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diff changeset
1846 Iactantia autem non est ironia. Ergo ironia est gravius peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 quam iactantia.</p>
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diff changeset
1848 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43746"><span class=
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diff changeset
1849 "ref">[43746] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 Praeterea, Prov. XXVI dicitur, <i>quando submiserit vocem suam, ne
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diff changeset
1851 credideris ei, quoniam septem nequitiae sunt in corde illius</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 Sed submittere vocem pertinet ad ironiam. Ergo in ea est multiplex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 nequitia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43747"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 "ref">[43747] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1856 est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>irones et minus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 dicentes gratiores secundum mores videntur</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 2 co."><a name="43748"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 "ref">[43748] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1860 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, unum mendacium est gravius
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diff changeset
1861 altero, quandoque quidem ex materia de qua est, sicut mendacium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 quod fit in doctrina religionis est gravissimum, quandoque autem ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 motivo ad peccandum, sicut mendacium perniciosum est gravius quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 officiosum vel iocosum. Ironia autem et iactantia circa idem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 mentiuntur, vel verbis vel quibuscumque exterioribus signis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 scilicet circa conditionem personae. Unde quantum ad hoc aequalia
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diff changeset
1867 sunt. Sed ut plurimum iactantia ex turpiori motivo procedit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 scilicet ex appetitu lucri vel honoris, ironia vero ex hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 fugit, licet inordinate, per elationem aliis gravis esse. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 secundum hoc philosophus dicit quod iactantia est gravius peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 quam ironia. Contingit tamen quandoque quod aliquis minora de se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 fingit ex aliquo alio motivo, puta ad dolose decipiendum. Et tunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 ironia est gravior.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43749"><span class=
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diff changeset
1875 "ref">[43749] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1876 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de ironia et iactantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 secundum quod mendacii gravitas consideratur ex seipso, vel ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 materia eius. Sic enim dictum est quod aequalitatem habent.</p>
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diff changeset
1879 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43750"><span class=
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diff changeset
1880 "ref">[43750] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 dicendum quod duplex est excellentia, una quidem in temporalibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 rebus; alia vero in spiritualibus. Contingit autem quandoque quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 aliquis per exteriora signa vel per verba praetendit quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 defectum in exterioribus rebus, puta per aliquam vestem abiectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 aut per aliquid huiusmodi, et per hoc ipsum intendit ostentare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 aliquam excellentiam spiritualem, sicut dominus de quibusdam dicit,
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diff changeset
1887 Matth. VI, quod <i>exterminant facies suas ut appareant hominibus
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diff changeset
1888 ieiunantes</i>. Unde isti simul incurrunt vitium ironiae et
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diff changeset
1889 iactantiae (tamen secundum diversa), et propter hoc gravius
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diff changeset
1890 peccant. Unde et philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>et
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diff changeset
1891 superabundantia et valde defectus iactantium est</i>. Propter quod
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diff changeset
1892 et de Augustino legitur quod neque vestes nimis pretiosas, neque
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diff changeset
1893 nimis abiectas habere volebat, quia in utroque homines suam gloriam
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diff changeset
1894 quaerunt.</p>
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diff changeset
1895 <p title="II-II q. 113 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43751"><span class=
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diff changeset
1896 "ref">[43751] II&ordf;-IIae q. 113 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1897 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur Eccli. XIX, <i>est qui nequiter se
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diff changeset
1898 humiliat, et interiora eius plena sunt dolo</i>. Et secundum hoc,
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diff changeset
1899 Salomon loquitur de eo qui ex dolosa humilitate vocem suam
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diff changeset
1900 submittit.</p>
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diff changeset
1901 <br />
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diff changeset
1902 <div class="D">Quaestio 114</div>
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diff changeset
1903 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1904 <p title="II-II q. 114 pr."><a name="43752"><span class=
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diff changeset
1905 "ref">[43752] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
1906 considerandum est de amicitia quae affabilitas dicitur; et de
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diff changeset
1907 vitiis oppositis, quae sunt adulatio et litigium. Circa amicitiam
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diff changeset
1908 autem seu affabilitatem quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum sit specialis
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diff changeset
1909 virtus. Secundo, utrum sit pars iustitiae.</p>
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diff changeset
1910 <br />
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diff changeset
1911 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
1912 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43753"><span class=
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diff changeset
1913 "ref">[43753] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1914 sic proceditur. Videtur quod amicitia non sit specialis virtus.
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diff changeset
1915 Dicit enim philosophus, in VIII Ethic., quod <i>amicitia perfecta
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diff changeset
1916 est quae est propter virtutem</i>. Quaelibet autem virtus est
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diff changeset
1917 amicitiae causa, quia bonum omnibus est amabile, ut Dionysius
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diff changeset
1918 dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo amicitia non est specialis virtus,
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1919 sed consequens omnem virtutem.</p>
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1920 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43754"><span class=
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diff changeset
1921 "ref">[43754] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
1922 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., de tali amico, quod
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1923 <i>non in amando vel inimicando recipit singula ut oportet</i>. Sed
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diff changeset
1924 quod aliquis signa amicitiae ostendat ad eos quos non amat, videtur
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diff changeset
1925 pertinere ad simulationem, quae repugnat virtuti. Ergo huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1926 amicitia non est virtus.</p>
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diff changeset
1927 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43755"><span class=
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diff changeset
1928 "ref">[43755] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
1929 Praeterea, virtus in medietate constituitur prout sapiens
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1930 determinabit, sicut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed Eccle. VII dicitur,
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diff changeset
1931 <i>cor sapientum ubi tristitia, et cor stultorum ubi laetitia</i>,
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1932 unde ad virtuosum pertinet maxime a delectatione sibi cavere, ut
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1933 dicitur II Ethic. <i>Haec autem amicitia per se quidem desiderat
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diff changeset
1934 condelectare, contristare autem reveretur</i>, ut philosophus
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1935 dicit, in IV Ethic. Ergo huiusmodi amicitia non est virtus.</p>
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1936 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43756"><span class=
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1937 "ref">[43756] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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1938 contra, praecepta legis dantur de actibus virtutum. Sed Eccli. IV
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diff changeset
1939 dicitur, <i>congregationi pauperum affabilem te facito</i>. Ergo
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1940 affabilitas, quae hic amicitia dicitur, est quaedam specialis
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1941 virtus.</p>
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1942 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 1 co."><a name="43757"><span class=
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diff changeset
1943 "ref">[43757] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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1944 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, cum virtus ordinetur ad bonum, ubi
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1945 occurrit specialis ratio boni, ibi oportet esse specialem rationem
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1946 virtutis. Bonum autem in ordine consistit, sicut supra dictum est.
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1947 Oportet autem hominem convenienter ad alios homines ordinari in
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1948 communi conversatione, tam in factis quam in dictis, ut scilicet ad
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1949 unumquemque se habeat secundum quod decet. Et ideo oportet esse
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1950 quandam specialem virtutem quae hanc convenientiam ordinis
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1951 observet. Et haec vocatur amicitia sive affabilitas.</p>
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1952 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43758"><span class=
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1953 "ref">[43758] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1954 ergo dicendum quod philosophus in libro Ethicorum de duplici
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1955 amicitia loquitur. Quarum una consistit principaliter in affectu
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1956 quo unus alium diligit. Et haec potest consequi quamcumque
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1957 virtutem. Quae autem ad hanc amicitiam pertinent, supra de caritate
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1958 dicta sunt. Aliam vero amicitiam ponit quae consistit in solis
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1959 exterioribus verbis vel factis. Quae quidem non habet perfectam
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diff changeset
1960 rationem amicitiae, sed quandam eius similitudinem, inquantum
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1961 scilicet quis decenter se habet ad illos cum quibus
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1962 conversatur.</p>
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1963 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43759"><span class=
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1964 "ref">[43759] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1965 dicendum quod omnis homo naturaliter omni homini est amicus quodam
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1966 generali amore, sicut etiam dicitur Eccli. XIII, quod omne animal
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1967 diligit simile sibi. Et hunc amorem repraesentant signa amicitiae
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1968 quae quis exterius ostendit in verbis vel factis etiam extraneis et
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1969 ignotis. Unde non est ibi simulatio. Non enim ostendit eis signa
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1970 perfectae amicitiae, quia non eodem modo se habet familiariter ad
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1971 extraneos sicut ad eos qui sunt sibi speciali amicitia iuncti.</p>
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1972 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43760"><span class=
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diff changeset
1973 "ref">[43760] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1974 dicendum quod cor sapientum dicitur esse ubi tristitia non quidem
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1975 ut ipse proximo tristitiam inferat, dicit enim apostolus, <i>si
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1976 propter cibum frater tuus contristatur, iam non secundum caritatem
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1977 ambulas</i>, sed ut contristantibus consolationem ferat, secundum
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1978 illud Eccli. VII, <i>non desis plorantibus in consolationem, et cum
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diff changeset
1979 lugentibus ambula</i>. Cor autem stultorum est ubi laetitia, non
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diff changeset
1980 quidem ut ipsi alios laetificent, sed ut ipsi aliorum laetitia
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1981 perfruantur. Pertinet ergo ad sapientem ut condelectationem afferat
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1982 his cum quibus conversatur, non quidem lascivam, quam virtus cavet,
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1983 sed honestam; secundum illud Psalm., <i>ecce quam bonum et quam
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1984 iucundum habitare fratres in unum</i>. Quandoque tamen, propter
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1985 aliquod bonum consequens vel propter aliquod malum excludendum, non
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diff changeset
1986 refugiet virtuosus eos quibus convivit contristare, ut philosophus
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diff changeset
1987 dicit, IV Ethic. Unde et apostolus dicit, II ad Cor. VII, <i>si
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diff changeset
1988 contristavi vos in epistola, non me poenitet</i>, et postea,
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1989 <i>gaudeo, non quia contristati estis, sed quia contristati estis
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1990 ad poenitentiam</i>. Et ideo his qui sunt proni ad peccandum non
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1991 debemus hilarem vultum ostendere ad eos delectandum, ne videamur
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diff changeset
1992 eorum peccato consentire et quodammodo peccandi audaciam
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1993 ministrare. Unde dicitur Eccli. VII, <i>filiae tibi sunt, serva
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diff changeset
1994 corpus illarum, et non ostendas hilarem faciem tuam ad
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1995 illas</i>.</p>
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1996 <br />
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1997 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
1998 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43761"><span class=
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1999 "ref">[43761] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
2000 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod huiusmodi amicitia non sit
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2001 pars iustitiae. Ad iustitiam enim pertinet reddere debitum alteri.
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2002 Sed hoc non pertinet ad hanc virtutem, sed solum delectabiliter
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2003 aliis convivere. Ergo huiusmodi virtus non est pars iustitiae.</p>
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2004 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43762"><span class=
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diff changeset
2005 "ref">[43762] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
2006 Praeterea, secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic., <i>huiusmodi virtus
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diff changeset
2007 consistit circa delectationem vel tristitiam quae est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2008 convictu</i>. Sed moderari maximas delectationes pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2009 temperantiam, ut supra habitum est. Ergo haec virtus magis est pars
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 temperantiae quam iustitiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43763"><span class=
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diff changeset
2012 "ref">[43763] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 Praeterea, aequalia inaequalibus exhibere contra iustitiam est, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 supra habitum est. Sed sicut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic.,
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diff changeset
2015 <i>haec virtus similiter ad ignotos et notos, et consuetos et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 inconsuetos operatur</i>. Ergo haec virtus non est pars iustitiae,
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diff changeset
2017 sed magis ei contrariatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2018 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43764"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 "ref">[43764] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2020 est quod Macrobius ponit amicitiam partem iustitiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2021 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 2 co."><a name="43765"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 "ref">[43765] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 dicendum quod haec virtus est pars iustitiae, inquantum adiungitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 ei sicut principali virtuti. Convenit enim cum iustitia in hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 ad alterum est, sicut et iustitia. Deficit autem a ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 iustitiae, quia non habet plenam debiti rationem, prout aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 alteri obligatur vel debito legali, ad cuius solutionem lex cogit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 vel etiam aliquo debito proveniente ex aliquo beneficio suscepto,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 sed solum attendit quoddam debitum honestatis, quod magis est ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 parte ipsius virtuosi quam ex parte alterius, ut scilicet faciat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 alteri quod decet eum facere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43766"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 "ref">[43766] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, quia homo naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 est animal sociale, debet ex quadam honestate veritatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 manifestationem aliis hominibus, sine qua societas hominum durare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 non posset. Sicut autem non posset vivere homo in societate sine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 veritate, ita nec sine delectatione, quia sicut philosophus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 in VIII Ethic., <i>nullus potest per diem morari cum tristi, neque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 cum non delectabili</i>. Et ideo homo tenetur ex quodam debito
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 naturali honestatis ut homo aliis delectabiliter convivat, nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 propter aliquam causam necesse sit aliquando alios utiliter
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diff changeset
2043 contristare.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43767"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 "ref">[43767] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 dicendum quod ad temperantiam pertinet refrenare delectationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 sensibiles. Sed haec virtus consistit circa delectationes in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 convictu, quae ex ratione proveniunt, inquantum unus ad alterum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 decenter se habet. Et has delectationes non oportet refrenare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 tanquam noxias.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 <p title="II-II q. 114 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43768"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 "ref">[43768] II&ordf;-IIae q. 114 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 dicendum quod verbum illud philosophi non est intelligendum quod
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diff changeset
2054 aliquis eodem modo debeat colloqui et convivere notis et ignotis,
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diff changeset
2055 quia, ut ipse ibidem subdit, <i>non similiter convenit consuetos et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 extraneos curare aut contristare</i>. Sed in hoc attenditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 similitudo, quod ad omnes oportet facere quod decet.</p>
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diff changeset
2058 <br />
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diff changeset
2059 <div class="D">Quaestio 115</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 <p title="II-II q. 115 pr."><a name="43769"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 "ref">[43769] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
2063 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis praedictae virtuti. Et primo,
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diff changeset
2064 de adulatione; secundo, de litigio. Circa adulationem quaeruntur
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diff changeset
2065 duo. Primo, utrum adulatio sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit
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diff changeset
2066 peccatum mortale.</p>
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diff changeset
2067 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43770"><span class=
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diff changeset
2070 "ref">[43770] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2071 sic proceditur. Videtur quod adulatio non sit peccatum. Adulatio
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diff changeset
2072 enim consistit in quodam sermone laudis alteri exhibito intentione
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diff changeset
2073 placendi. Sed laudare aliquem non est malum, secundum illud Prov.
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diff changeset
2074 ult., <i>surrexerunt filii eius et beatissimam praedicaverunt, vir
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diff changeset
2075 eius, et laudavit eam</i>. Similiter etiam velle placere aliis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 est malum, secundum illud I ad Cor. X, <i>per omnia omnibus
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diff changeset
2077 placeo</i>. Ergo adulatio non est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43771"><span class=
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diff changeset
2079 "ref">[43771] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
2080 Praeterea, bono malum est contrarium, et similiter vituperium
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diff changeset
2081 laudi. Sed vituperare malum non est peccatum. Ergo neque laudare
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diff changeset
2082 bonum, quod videtur ad adulationem pertinere. Ergo adulatio non est
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diff changeset
2083 peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
2084 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43772"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 "ref">[43772] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
2086 Praeterea, adulationi detractio contrariatur. Unde Gregorius dicit
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diff changeset
2087 quod remedium contra adulationem est detractio. <i>Sciendum est,
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diff changeset
2088 inquit, quod ne immoderatis laudibus elevemur, plerumque nostri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 rectoris moderamine detractionibus lacerari permittimur, ut quos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 vox laudantis elevat, lingua detrahentis humiliet</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2091 detractio est malum, ut supra habitum est. Ergo adulatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2092 bonum.</p>
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diff changeset
2093 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43773"><span class=
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diff changeset
2094 "ref">[43773] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2095 est quod super illud Ezech. XIII, <i>vae, qui consuunt pulvillos
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diff changeset
2096 sub omni cubito manus</i>, dicit Glossa, idest, suavem adulationem.
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diff changeset
2097 Ergo adulatio est peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 1 co."><a name="43774"><span class=
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diff changeset
2099 "ref">[43774] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
2100 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, amicitia praedicta, vel
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diff changeset
2101 affabilitas, etsi principaliter delectare intendat eos quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 convivit, tamen, ubi necesse est propter aliquod bonum exequendum
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diff changeset
2103 vel malum vitandum, non veretur contristare. Si ergo aliquis in
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diff changeset
2104 omnibus velit ad delectationem alteri loqui, excedit modum in
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diff changeset
2105 delectando, et ideo peccat per excessum. Et si quidem hoc faciat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 sola intentione delectandi, vocatur placidus, secundum philosophum,
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diff changeset
2107 si autem hoc faciat intentione alicuius lucri consequendi, vocatur
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diff changeset
2108 blanditor sive adulator. Communiter tamen nomen adulationis solet
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diff changeset
2109 attribui omnibus qui supra debitum modum virtutis volunt alios
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diff changeset
2110 verbis vel factis delectare in communi conversatione.</p>
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diff changeset
2111 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43775"><span class=
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diff changeset
2112 "ref">[43775] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2113 ergo dicendum quod laudare aliquem contingit et bene et male, prout
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diff changeset
2114 scilicet debitae circumstantiae vel servantur vel praetermittuntur.
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diff changeset
2115 Si enim aliquis aliquem velit delectare laudando ut ex hoc eum
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diff changeset
2116 consoletur ne in tribulationibus deficiat, vel etiam ut in bono
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diff changeset
2117 proficere studeat, aliis debitis circumstantiis observatis,
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diff changeset
2118 pertinebit hoc ad praedictam virtutem amicitiae. Pertinet autem ad
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diff changeset
2119 adulationem si aliquis velit aliquem laudare in quibus non est
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diff changeset
2120 laudandus, quia forte mala sunt, secundum illud, <i>laudatur
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diff changeset
2121 peccator in desideriis animae suae</i>; vel quia non sunt certa,
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diff changeset
2122 secundum illud Eccli. XXVII, <i>ante sermonem ne laudes virum</i>,
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diff changeset
2123 et iterum Eccli. XI, <i>non laudes virum in specie sua</i>; vel
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diff changeset
2124 etiam si timeri possit ne humana laude ad inanem gloriam
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diff changeset
2125 provocetur, unde dicitur Eccli. XI, <i>ante mortem ne laudes
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diff changeset
2126 hominem</i>. Similiter etiam velle placere hominibus propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 caritatem nutriendam, et ut in eis homo spiritualiter proficere
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diff changeset
2128 possit, laudabile est. Quod autem aliquis velit placere hominibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 propter inanem gloriam vel propter lucrum, vel etiam in malis, hoc
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diff changeset
2130 esset peccatum, secundum illud Psalm., <i>Deus dissipavit ossa
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diff changeset
2131 eorum qui hominibus placent</i>. Et apostolus dicit, ad Galat. I,
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diff changeset
2132 <i>si adhuc hominibus placerem, Christi servus non essem</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2133 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43776"><span class=
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diff changeset
2134 "ref">[43776] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
2135 dicendum quod etiam vituperare malum, si non adhibeantur debitae
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diff changeset
2136 circumstantiae, est vitiosum. Et similiter laudare bonum.</p>
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diff changeset
2137 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43777"><span class=
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diff changeset
2138 "ref">[43777] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2139 dicendum quod nihil prohibet duo vitia esse contraria. Et ideo
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diff changeset
2140 sicut detractio est malum, ita et adulatio. Quae ei contrariatur
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diff changeset
2141 quantum ad ea quae dicuntur, non autem directe quantum ad finem,
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diff changeset
2142 quia adulator quaerit delectationem eius cui adulatur; detractor
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diff changeset
2143 autem non quaerit eius contristationem, cum aliquando occulte
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diff changeset
2144 detrahat, sed magis quaerit eius infamiam.</p>
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diff changeset
2145 <br />
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diff changeset
2146 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
2147 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43778"><span class=
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diff changeset
2148 "ref">[43778] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
2149 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod adulatio sit peccatum
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diff changeset
2150 mortale. Quia secundum Augustinum, in Enchirid., malum dicitur quia
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diff changeset
2151 nocet. Sed adulatio maxime nocet, secundum illud Psalm., <i>quoniam
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diff changeset
2152 laudatur peccator in desideriis animae suae, et iniquus
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diff changeset
2153 benedicitur, exacerbavit dominum peccator</i>. Et Hieronymus dicit
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diff changeset
2154 quod nihil est quod tam facile corrumpat mentes hominum quam
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diff changeset
2155 adulatio. Et super illud Psalm., <i>convertantur statim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 erubescentes</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>plus nocet lingua adulatoris
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diff changeset
2157 quam gladius persecutoris</i>. Ergo adulatio est gravissimum
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diff changeset
2158 peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
2159 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43779"><span class=
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diff changeset
2160 "ref">[43779] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
2161 Praeterea, quicumque verbis alii nocet, non minus nocet sibi quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 aliis, unde dicitur in Psalm., gladius eorum intret in corda
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diff changeset
2163 ipsorum. Sed ille qui alteri adulatur, inducit eum ad peccandum
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diff changeset
2164 mortaliter, unde super illud Psalm., oleum peccatoris non impinguet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 caput meum, dicit Glossa, <i>falsa laus adulatoris mentes a rigore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 veritatis emollit ad noxia</i>. Ergo multo magis adulator in se
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diff changeset
2167 mortaliter peccat.</p>
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diff changeset
2168 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43780"><span class=
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diff changeset
2169 "ref">[43780] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 Praeterea, in decretis scribitur, dist. XLVI, <i>clericus qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 adulationibus et proditionibus vacare deprehenditur, degradetur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 officio</i>. Sed talis poena non infligitur nisi pro peccato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 mortali. Ergo adulatio est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43781"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 "ref">[43781] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 est quod Augustinus, in Serm. de Purgat., inter peccata minuta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 numerat, si quis cuiquam maiori personae, <i>aut ex voluntate aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 ex necessitate, adulari voluerit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 2 co."><a name="43782"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 "ref">[43782] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum mortale est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 contrariatur caritati. Adulatio autem quandoque quidem caritati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 contrariatur, quandoque autem non. Contrariatur siquidem caritati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 tripliciter. Uno modo, ratione ipsius materiae, puta cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 laudat alicuius peccatum. Hoc enim contrariatur dilectioni Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 contra cuius iustitiam homo loquitur, et contra dilectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 proximi, quem in peccato fovet. Unde est peccatum mortale, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 illud Isaiae V, <i>vae, qui dicunt malum bonum</i>. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 ratione intentionis, puta cum aliquis adulatur alicui ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 fraudulenter ei noceat, vel corporaliter vel spiritualiter. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 etiam est peccatum mortale. Et de hoc habetur Prov. XXVII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 <i>meliora sunt vulnera diligentis quam fraudulenta odientis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 oscula</i>. Tertio modo, per occasionem, sicut cum laus adulatoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 fit alteri occasio peccandi, et praeter adulatoris intentionem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 in hoc considerare oportet utrum sit occasio data vel accepta, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 qualis ruina subsequatur, sicut potest patere ex his quae supra de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 scandalo dicta sunt. Si autem aliquis ex sola aviditate delectandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 alios, vel etiam ad evitandum aliquod malum vel consequendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 aliquid in necessitate, alicui adulatus fuerit, non est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 caritatem. Unde non est peccatum mortale, sed veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43783"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 "ref">[43783] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 ergo dicendum quod auctoritates illae loquuntur de adulatore qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 laudat peccatum alicuius. Talis enim adulatio dicitur plus nocere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 quam gladius persecutoris, quia in potioribus bonis nocet, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 in spiritualibus. Non enim nocet ita efficaciter, quia gladius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 persecutoris effective occidit, quasi sufficiens causa mortis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 nullus autem potest esse alteri sufficiens causa peccandi, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 supra dictis patet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43784"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 "ref">[43784] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de eo qui adulatur intentione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 nocendi. Ille enim plus nocet sibi quam aliis, quia sibi nocet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 tanquam sufficiens causa peccandi, aliis autem occasionaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 tantum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 <p title="II-II q. 115 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43785"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 "ref">[43785] II&ordf;-IIae q. 115 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 dicendum quod auctoritas illa loquitur de eo qui proditorie alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 adulatur ut eum decipiat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 <div class="D">Quaestio 116</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 <p title="II-II q. 116 pr."><a name="43786"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 "ref">[43786] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 considerandum est de litigio. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 utrum opponatur virtuti amicitiae. Secundo, de comparatione eius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 adulationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43787"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 "ref">[43787] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 sic proceditur. Videtur quod litigium non opponatur virtuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 amicitiae vel affabilitatis. Litigium enim ad discordiam pertinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 videtur, sicut et contentio. Sed discordia opponitur caritati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 sicut dictum est. Ergo et litigium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43788"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 "ref">[43788] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 Praeterea, Prov. XXVI dicitur, <i>homo iracundus incendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 litem</i>. Sed iracundia opponitur mansuetudini. Ergo et lis, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 litigium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43789"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 "ref">[43789] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 Praeterea, Iac. IV dicitur, <i>unde bella et lites in vobis? Nonne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 ex concupiscentiis vestris, quae militant in membris vestris?</i>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 Sed sequi concupiscentias videtur opponi temperantiae. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 quod litigium non opponatur amicitiae, sed temperantiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43790"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 "ref">[43790] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 est quod philosophus, in IV Ethic., litigium opponit amicitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 1 co."><a name="43791"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 "ref">[43791] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 dicendum quod proprie litigium in verbis consistit, cum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 unus verbis alterius contradicit. In qua quidem contradictione duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 possunt attendi. Quandoque enim contingit contradictio propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 personam dicentis cui contradicens consentire recusat propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 defectum amoris animos unientis. Et hoc videtur ad discordiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 pertinere, caritati contrariam. Quandoque vero contradictio oritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 ratione personae quam aliquis contristare non veretur. Et sic fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 litigium, quod praedictae amicitiae vel affabilitati opponitur, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 quam pertinet delectabiliter aliis convivere. Unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>illi qui ad omnia contrariantur causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 eius quod est contristare, neque quodcumque curantes, discoli et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 litigiosi vocantur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43792"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 "ref">[43792] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 ergo dicendum quod contentio magis proprie pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 contradictionem discordiae, litigium autem ad contradictionem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 fit intentione contristandi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43793"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 "ref">[43793] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 dicendum quod directa oppositio vitiorum ad virtutes non attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 secundum causas, cum contingat unum vitium ex diversis causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 oriri, sed attenditur secundum speciem actus. Licet autem quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 litigium ex ira oriatur, potest tamen ex multis aliis causis oriri.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 Unde non oportet quod directe opponatur mansuetudini.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43794"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 "ref">[43794] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 dicendum quod Iacobus loquitur ibi de concupiscentia secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 est generale malum, ex quo omnia vitia oriuntur, prout dicit Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 Rom. VII, <i>bona est lex, quae, dum concupiscentiam prohibet, omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 malum prohibet</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43795"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 "ref">[43795] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod litigium sit minus peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 quam contrarium vitium, scilicet placiditatis vel adulationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 Quanto enim aliquod peccatum plus nocet, tanto peius esse videtur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 Sed adulatio plus nocet quam litigium, dicitur enim Isaiae III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 <i>popule meus, qui beatum te dicunt, ipsi te decipiunt, et viam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 gressuum tuorum dissipant</i>. Ergo adulatio est gravius peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 quam litigium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43796"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 "ref">[43796] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 Praeterea, in adulatione videtur esse quaedam dolositas, quia aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 adulator dicit ore, aliud habet in corde. Litigiosus autem caret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 dolo, quia manifeste contradicit. Ille autem qui cum dolo peccat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 turpior est, ut philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic. Ergo gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 peccatum est adulatio quam litigium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43797"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 "ref">[43797] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 Praeterea, verecundia est timor de turpi, ut patet per philosophum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 in IV Ethic. Sed magis verecundatur homo esse adulator quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 litigiosus. Ergo litigium est minus peccatum quam adulatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43798"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 "ref">[43798] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 est quod tanto aliquod peccatum videtur esse gravius quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 spirituali statui magis repugnat. Sed litigium magis repugnare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 videtur spirituali, dicitur enim I ad Tim. III, quod <i>oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 episcopum non litigiosum esse</i>; et II ad Tim. II, <i>servum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 domini non oportet litigare</i>. Ergo litigium videtur esse gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 2 co."><a name="43799"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 "ref">[43799] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 dicendum quod de utroque istorum peccatorum loqui possumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 dupliciter. Uno modo, considerando speciem utriusque peccati. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 secundum hoc, tanto aliquod vitium est gravius quanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 repugnat oppositae virtuti. Virtus autem amicitiae principalius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 tendit ad delectandum quam ad contristandum. Et ideo litigiosus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 qui superabundat in contristando, gravius peccat quam placidus vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 adulator, qui superabundat in delectando. Alio modo possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 considerari secundum aliqua exteriora motiva. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 quandoque adulatio est gravior, puta quando intendit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 deceptionem indebite honorem vel lucrum acquirere. Quandoque vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 litigium est gravius, puta quando homo intendit vel veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 impugnare, vel dicentem in contemptum adducere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43800"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 "ref">[43800] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 ergo dicendum quod sicut adulator potest nocere occulte decipiendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 ita litigiosus potest interdum nocere manifeste impugnando. Gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 autem est, ceteris paribus, manifeste alicui nocere, quasi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 violentiam, quam occulte, unde rapina est gravius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 furtum, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43801"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 "ref">[43801] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 dicendum quod non semper in actibus humanis illud est gravius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 est turpius. Decor enim hominis est ex ratione, et ideo turpiora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 sunt peccata carnalia, quibus caro dominatur rationi, quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 peccata spiritualia sint graviora, quia procedunt ex maiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 contemptu. Et similiter peccata quae fiunt ex dolo sunt turpiora,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 inquantum videntur ex quadam infirmitate procedere, et ex quadam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 falsitate rationis, cum tamen peccata manifesta quandoque sint ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 maiori contemptu. Et ideo adulatio, quasi cum dolo existens videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 esse turpior, sed litigium, quasi ex maiori contemptu procedens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 videtur esse gravius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 <p title="II-II q. 116 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43802"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 "ref">[43802] II&ordf;-IIae q. 116 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, verecundia respicit turpitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 peccati. Unde non semper magis verecundatur homo de graviori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 peccato, sed de magis turpi peccato. Et inde est quod magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 verecundatur homo de adulatione quam de litigio, quamvis litigium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 sit gravius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 <div class="D">Quaestio 117</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 <p title="II-II q. 117 pr."><a name="43803"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 "ref">[43803] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 considerandum est de liberalitate, et vitiis oppositis, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 avaritia et prodigalitate. Circa liberalitatem quaeruntur sex.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 Primo, utrum liberalitas sit virtus. Secundo, quae sit materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 eius. Tertio, de actu ipsius. Quarto, utrum magis ad eum pertineat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 dare quam recipere. Quinto, utrum liberalitas sit pars iustitiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 Sexto, de comparatione eius ad alias virtutes.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43804"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 "ref">[43804] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 sic proceditur. Videtur quod liberalitas non sit virtus. Nulla enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 virtus contrariatur inclinationi naturali. Inclinatio autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 naturalis est ad hoc ut aliquis plus sibi quam aliis provideat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 Cuius contrarium pertinet ad liberalem, quia, ut philosophus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 in IV Ethic., <i>liberalis est non respicere ad seipsum, ita quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 sibi minora derelinquit</i>. Ergo liberalitas non est virtus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43805"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 "ref">[43805] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Item, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 divitias homo suam vitam sustentat, et ad felicitatem divitiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 organice deserviunt, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Cum igitur omnis virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 ordinetur ad felicitatem, videtur quod liberalis non est virtuosus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 de quo philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>non est acceptivus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 pecuniae neque custoditivus, sed emissivus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43806"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 "ref">[43806] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 Praeterea, virtutes habent connexionem ad invicem. Sed liberalitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 non videtur connexa aliis virtutibus, multi enim sunt virtuosi qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 non possunt esse liberales, quia non habent quod dent; multique
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 liberaliter dant vel expendunt qui tamen alias sunt vitiosi. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 liberalitas non est virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43807"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 "ref">[43807] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>in Evangelio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 multas disciplinas accipimus iustae liberalitatis</i>. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 Evangelio non docentur nisi ea quae ad virtutem pertinent. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 liberalitas est virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 1 co."><a name="43808"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 "ref">[43808] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Lib. Arbit.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 <i>bene uti his quibus male uti possumus, pertinet ad virtutem</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 Possumus autem bene et male uti non solum his quae intra nos sunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 puta potentiis et passionibus animae, sed etiam his quae extra nos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 sunt, scilicet rebus huius mundi concessis nobis ad sustentationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 vitae. Et ideo, cum bene uti his rebus pertineat ad liberalitatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 consequens est quod liberalitas virtus sit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43809"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 "ref">[43809] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Ambrosius et Basilius dicunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 superabundantia divitiarum datur aliquibus a Deo ut meritum bonae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 dispensationis acquirant. Pauca autem uni sufficiunt. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 liberalis plura laudabiliter in alios expendit quam in seipsum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 Debet autem homo semper magis sibi providere in spiritualibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 bonis, in quibus unusquisque sibi praecipue subvenire potest. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 tamen etiam in temporalibus rebus non pertinet ad liberalem ut sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 aliis intendat quod omnino se et suos despiciat. Unde Ambrosius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 dicit, in I de Offic., <i>est illa probanda liberalitas ut proximos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 seminis tui non despicias, si egere cognoscas</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43810"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 "ref">[43810] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 dicendum quod ad liberalem non pertinet sic divitias emittere ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 non sibi remaneat unde sustentetur, et unde virtutis opera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 exequatur, quibus ad felicitatem pervenitur. Unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>liberalis curat propria, volens per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 hoc quibusdam sufficere</i>. Et Ambrosius dicit, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 Offic., quod <i>dominus non vult simul effundi opes, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 dispensari. Nisi forte ut Elisaeus boves suos occidit et pavit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 pauperes ex eo quod habuit, ut nulla cura teneretur domestica</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 quod pertinet ad statum perfectionis spiritualis vitae, de quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 infra dicetur. Et tamen sciendum quod hoc ipsum quod est sua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 liberaliter largiri, inquantum est actus virtutis, ad beatitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 ordinatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43811"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 "ref">[43811] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., illi qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 consumunt multa in intemperantias, non sunt liberales, sed prodigi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 Et similiter quicumque effundit quae habet propter quaecumque alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 peccata. Unde et Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>si adiuves eum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 qui possessiones aliorum eripere conatur, non probatur largitas.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 Nec illa perfecta est liberalitas, si iactantiae causa, magis quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 misericordiae, largiaris</i>. Et ideo illi qui carent aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 virtutibus, licet in aliqua mala opera multa expendant, non sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 liberales. Nihil etiam prohibet aliquos multa in bonos usus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 expendentes habitum liberalitatis non habere, sicut et aliarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 virtutum opera faciunt homines antequam habitum virtutis habeant,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 licet non eo modo quo virtuosi, ut supra dictum est. Similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 etiam nihil prohibet aliquos virtuosos, licet sint pauperes, esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 liberales. Unde philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 substantiam, idest facultatem divitiarum, liberalitas dicitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 <i>non enim consistit in multitudine datorum, sed in dantis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 habitu</i>. Et Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 divitem collationem aut pauperem facit, et pretium rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 imponit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43812"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 "ref">[43812] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod liberalitas non sit circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 pecunias. Omnis enim virtus moralis est circa operationes vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 passiones. Esse autem circa operationes est proprium iustitiae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 dicitur in V Ethic. Ergo, cum liberalitas sit virtus moralis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 videtur quod sit circa passiones, et non circa pecunias.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43813"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 "ref">[43813] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 Praeterea, ad liberalem pertinet quarumcumque divitiarum usus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 divitiae naturales sunt veriores quam divitiae artificiales, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 in pecuniis consistunt, ut patet per philosophum, in I Polit. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 liberalitas non est principaliter circa pecunias.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43814"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 "ref">[43814] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 Praeterea, diversarum virtutum diversae sunt materiae, quia habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 distinguuntur secundum obiecta. Sed res exteriores sunt materiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 iustitiae distributivae et commutativae. Ergo non sunt materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 liberalitatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43815"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 "ref">[43815] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>liberalitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 videtur esse medietas quaedam circa pecunias</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 2 co."><a name="43816"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 "ref">[43816] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic., ad liberalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 pertinet emissivum esse. Unde et alio nomine liberalitas largitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 nominatur, quia quod largum est, non est retentivum, sed est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 emissivum. Et ad hoc idem videtur pertinere etiam liberalitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 nomen, cum enim aliquis a se emittit, quodammodo illud a sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 custodia et dominio liberat, et animum suum ab eius affectu liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 esse ostendit. Ea vero quae emittenda sunt ab uno homine in alium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 sunt bona possessa, quae nomine pecuniae significantur. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 propria materia liberalitatis est pecunia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43817"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 "ref">[43817] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, liberalitas non attenditur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 quantitate dati, sed in affectu dantis. Affectus autem dantis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 disponitur secundum passiones amoris et concupiscentiae, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 consequens delectationis et tristitiae, ad ea quae dantur. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 immediata materia liberalitatis sunt interiores passiones, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 pecunia exterior est obiectum ipsarum passionum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43818"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 "ref">[43818] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de doctrina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 Christ., <i>totum quidquid homines in terra habent, et omnia quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 sunt domini, pecunia vocatur, quia antiqui, quae habebant, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 pecoribus habebant</i>. Et philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 <i>pecunias dicimus omnia quorum dignitas numismate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 mensuratur</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43819"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 "ref">[43819] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 dicendum quod iustitia constituit aequalitatem in istis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 exterioribus rebus, non autem ad eam proprie pertinet moderari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 interiores passiones. Unde aliter pecunia est materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 liberalitatis, et aliter iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43820"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 "ref">[43820] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod uti pecunia non sit actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 liberalitatis. Diversarum enim virtutum diversi sunt actus. Sed uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 pecunia convenit aliis virtutibus, sicut iustitiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 magnificentiae. Non ergo est proprius actus liberalitatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43821"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 "ref">[43821] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 Praeterea, ad liberalem non solum pertinet dare, sed etiam accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 et custodire. Sed acceptio et custodia non videtur ad usum pecuniae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 pertinere. Ergo inconvenienter dicitur proprius liberalitatis actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 usus pecuniae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43822"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 "ref">[43822] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 Praeterea, usus pecuniae non solum consistit in hoc quod pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 detur, sed in hoc quod expendatur. Sed expendere pecuniam refertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 ad ipsum expendentem, et sic non videtur esse liberalitatis actus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 dicit enim Seneca, in V de Benefic., <i>non est liberalis aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 ex hoc quod sibi donat</i>. Ergo non quilibet usus pecuniae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 pertinet ad liberalitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43823"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 "ref">[43823] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., <i>unoquoque optime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 utitur qui habet circa singula virtutem. Divitiis ergo utetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 optime qui habet circa pecunias virtutem</i>. Iste autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 liberalis. Ergo bonus usus pecuniarum est actus liberalitatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 3 co."><a name="43824"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 "ref">[43824] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 dicendum quod species actus sumitur ex obiecto, ut supra habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 est. Obiectum autem sive materia liberalitatis est pecunia, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 quidquid pecunia mensurari potest, ut dictum est. Et quia quaelibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 virtus convenienter se habet ad suum obiectum, consequens est ut,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 cum liberalitas sit virtus, actus eius sit proportionatus pecuniae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 Pecunia autem cadit sub ratione bonorum utilium, quia omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 exteriora bona ad usum hominis sunt ordinata. Et ideo proprius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 actus liberalitatis est pecunia vel divitiis uti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43825"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 "ref">[43825] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 ergo dicendum quod ad liberalitatem pertinet bene uti divitiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 inquantum huiusmodi, eo quod divitiae sunt propria materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 liberalitatis. Ad iustitiam autem pertinet uti divitiis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 aliam rationem, scilicet secundum rationem debiti, prout scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 res exterior debetur alteri. Ad magnificentiam etiam pertinet uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 divitiis secundum quandam specialem rationem, idest secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 assumuntur in alicuius magni operis expletionem. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 magnificentia quodammodo se habet ex additione ad liberalitatem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 infra dicetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43826"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 "ref">[43826] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 dicendum quod ad virtuosum pertinet non solum convenienter uti sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 materia vel instrumento, sed etiam praeparare opportunitates ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 bene utendum, sicut ad fortitudinem militis pertinet non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 exserere gladium in hostes, sed etiam exacuere gladium et in vagina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 conservare. Sic etiam ad liberalitatem pertinet non solum uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 pecunia, sed etiam eam praeparare et conservare ad idoneum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 usum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43827"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 "ref">[43827] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, propinqua materia liberalitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 sunt interiores passiones secundum quas homo afficitur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 pecuniam. Et ideo ad liberalitatem praecipue pertinet ut homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 propter inordinatam affectionem ad pecuniam non prohibeatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 quocumque debito usu eius. Est autem duplex usus pecuniae, unus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 seipsum, qui videtur ad sumptus vel expensas pertinere; alius autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 quo quis utitur ad alios, quod pertinet ad dationes. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 liberalem pertinet ut neque propter immoderatum amorem pecuniae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 aliquis impediatur a convenientibus expensis, neque a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 convenientibus dationibus. Unde circa dationes et sumptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 liberalitas consistit, secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic. Verbum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 autem Senecae intelligendum est de liberalitate secundum quod se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 habet ad dationes. Non enim dicitur aliquis liberalis ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 sibi aliquid donat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43828"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 "ref">[43828] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ad liberalem non maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 pertineat dare. Liberalitas enim a prudentia dirigitur, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 quaelibet alia moralis virtus. Sed maxime videtur ad prudentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 pertinere divitias conservare, unde et philosophus dicit, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 Ethic., quod <i>illi qui non acquisierunt pecuniam, sed susceperunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 ab aliis acquisitam, liberalius eam expendunt, quia sunt inexperti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 indigentiae</i>. Ergo videtur quod dare non maxime pertineat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 liberalitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43829"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 "ref">[43829] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 Praeterea, de hoc quod aliquis maxime intendit, nullus tristatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 neque ab eo cessat. Sed liberalis quandoque tristatur de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 dedit, neque etiam dat omnibus, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Ergo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 liberalem non maxime pertinet dare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43830"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 "ref">[43830] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 Praeterea, ad illud implendum quod quis maxime intendit, homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 utitur viis quibus potest. Sed liberalis non est petitivus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., cum per hoc posset sibi praeparare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 facultatem aliis donandi. Ergo videtur quod maxime non intendat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 dandum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="43831"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 "ref">[43831] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 Praeterea, magis homo obligatur ad hoc quod provideat sibi quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 aliis. Sed expendendo aliquid providet sibi, dando autem providet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 aliis. Ergo ad liberalem magis pertinet expendere quam dare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43832"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 "ref">[43832] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>liberalis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 superabundare in datione</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 co."><a name="43833"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 "ref">[43833] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 dicendum quod proprium est liberalis uti pecunia. Usus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 pecuniae est in emissione ipsius, nam acquisitio pecuniae magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 assimilatur generationi quam usui; custodia vero pecuniae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 inquantum ordinatur ad facultatem utendi, assimilatur habitui.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 Emissio autem alicuius rei, quanto fit ad aliquid distantius, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 a maiori virtute procedit, sicut patet in his quae proiiciuntur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 ideo ex maiori virtute procedit quod aliquis emittat pecuniam dando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 eam aliis, quam expendendo eam circa seipsum. Proprium autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 virtutis ut praecipue tendat in id quod perfectius est, nam virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 est perfectio quaedam, ut dicitur in VII Physic. Et ideo liberalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 maxime laudatur ex datione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43834"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 "ref">[43834] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 ergo dicendum quod ad prudentiam pertinet custodire pecuniam ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 subripiatur aut inutiliter expendatur. Sed utiliter eam expendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 non est minoris prudentiae quam utiliter eam conservare, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 maioris, quia plura sunt attendenda circa usum rei, qui assimilatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 motui, quam circa conservationem, quae assimilatur quieti. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 autem illi qui susceperunt pecunias ab aliis acquisitas, liberalius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 expendunt, quasi existentes inopiae inexperti, si solum propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 hanc inexperientiam liberaliter expenderent, non haberent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 liberalitatis virtutem. Sed quandoque huiusmodi inexperientia se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 habet solum sicut tollens impedimentum liberalitatis, ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 promptius liberaliter agant. Timor enim inopiae, ex eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 experientia procedens, impedit quandoque eos qui acquisiverunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 pecuniam ne eam consumant liberaliter agendo. Et similiter amor quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 eam amant tanquam proprium effectum, ut philosophus dicit, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 Ethic.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43835"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 "ref">[43835] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad liberalitatem pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 convenienter uti pecunia, et per consequens convenienter dare, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 est quidam pecuniae usus. Quaelibet autem virtus tristatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 contrario sui actus, et vitat eius impedimenta. Ei autem quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 convenienter dare duo opponuntur, scilicet non dare quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 convenienter est dandum, et dare aliquid non convenienter. Unde de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 utroque tristatur liberalis, sed de primo magis, quia plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 opponitur proprio actui. Et ideo etiam non dat omnibus, impediretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 enim actus eius si quibuslibet daret; non enim haberet unde aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 daret, quibus dare convenit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43836"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 "ref">[43836] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 dicendum quod dare et accipere se habent sicut agere et pati. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 est autem idem principium agendi et patiendi. Unde quia liberalitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 est principium dationis, non pertinet ad liberalem ut sit promptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 ad recipiendum, et multo minus ad petendum. Ordinat autem ad dandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 aliqua secundum liberalitatis convenientiam, scilicet fructus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 propriarum possessionum; quos sollicite procurat, ut eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 liberaliter utatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="43837"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 "ref">[43837] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 dicendum quod ad expendendum in seipsum natura inclinat. Unde hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 quod pecuniam quis perfundat in alios, pertinet proprie ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 virtutem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="43838"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 "ref">[43838] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod liberalitas non sit pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 iustitiae. Iustitia enim respicit debitum. Sed quanto aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 magis debitum, tanto minus liberaliter datur. Ergo liberalitas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 est pars iustitiae, sed ei repugnat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="43839"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 "ref">[43839] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 Praeterea, iustitia est circa operationes, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 Liberalitas autem praecipue est circa amorem et concupiscentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 pecuniarum, quae sunt passiones. Ergo magis videtur liberalitas ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 temperantiam pertinere quam ad iustitiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="43840"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 "ref">[43840] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 Praeterea, ad liberalitatem pertinet praecipue convenienter dare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 ut dictum est. Sed convenienter dare pertinet ad beneficentiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 misericordiam, quae pertinent ad caritatem, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 Ergo liberalitas magis est pars caritatis quam iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 5 s. c."><a name="43841"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 "ref">[43841] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>iustitia ad societatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 generis humani refertur. Societatis enim ratio dividitur in duas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 partes, iustitiam et beneficentiam, quam eandem liberalitatem aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 benignitatem vocant</i>. Ergo liberalitas ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 pertinet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 5 co."><a name="43842"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 "ref">[43842] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 dicendum quod liberalitas non est species iustitiae, quia iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 exhibet alteri quod est eius, liberalitas autem exhibet id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 suum. Habet tamen quandam convenientiam cum iustitia in duobus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 Primo quidem, quia principaliter est ad alterum, sicut et iustitia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 Secundo, quia est circa res exteriores, sicut et iustitia, licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 secundum aliam rationem, ut dictum est. Et ideo liberalitas a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 quibusdam ponitur pars iustitiae, sicut virtus ei annexa ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 principali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="43843"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 "ref">[43843] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 ergo dicendum quod liberalitas, etsi non attendat debitum legale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 quod attendit iustitia, attendit tamen debitum quoddam morale, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 attenditur ex quadam ipsius decentia, non ex hoc quod sit alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 obligatus. Unde minimum habet de ratione debiti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="43844"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 "ref">[43844] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 dicendum quod temperantia est circa concupiscentias corporalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 delectationum. Concupiscentia autem pecuniae, et delectatio, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 est corporalis, sed magis animalis. Unde liberalitas non pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 proprie ad temperantiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="43845"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 "ref">[43845] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 dicendum quod datio benefici et misericordis procedit ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 homo est aliqualiter affectus circa eum cui dat. Et ideo talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 datio pertinet ad caritatem sive ad amicitiam. Sed datio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 liberalitatis provenit ex eo quod dans est aliqualiter affectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 circa pecuniam, dum eam non concupiscit neque amat. Unde etiam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 solum amicis, sed etiam ignotis dat, quando oportet. Unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 pertinet ad caritatem, sed magis ad iustitiam, quae est circa res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 exteriores.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="43846"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 "ref">[43846] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 sic proceditur. Videtur quod liberalitas sit maxima virtutum. Omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 enim virtus hominis est quaedam similitudo divinae bonitatis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 per liberalitatem homo maxime assimilatur Deo, <i>qui dat omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 affluenter et non improperat</i>, ut dicitur Iac. Ergo liberalitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 est maxima virtutum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="43847"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 "ref">[43847] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 Praeterea, secundum Augustinum, in VI de Trin., <i>in his quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 mole magna sunt, idem est esse maius quod melius</i>. Sed ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 bonitatis maxime videtur ad liberalitatem pertinere, quia bonum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 diffusivum, ut patet per Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>iustitia censuram tenet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 liberalitas bonitatem</i>. Ergo liberalitas est maxima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 virtutum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="43848"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 "ref">[43848] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 Praeterea, homines honorantur et amantur propter virtutem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 Boetius dicit, in libro de Consolat., <i>largitas maxime claros
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 facit</i>. Et philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 virtuosos maxime liberales amantur</i>. Ergo liberalitas est maxima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 virtutum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 6 s. c."><a name="43849"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 "ref">[43849] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 excelsior videtur liberalitate, sed liberalitas gratior</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 Philosophus etiam dicit, in I Rhetoric., quod <i>fortes et iusti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 maxime honorantur, et post eos liberales</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 6 co."><a name="43850"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 "ref">[43850] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 dicendum quod quaelibet virtus tendit in aliquod bonum. Unde quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 aliqua virtus in melius bonum tendit, tanto melior est. Liberalitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 autem tendit in aliquod bonum dupliciter, uno modo, primo et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 se; alio modo, ex consequenti. Primo quidem et per se tendit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 ordinandum propriam affectionem circa pecuniarum possessionem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 usum. Et sic, secundum hoc, praefertur liberalitati et temperantia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 quae moderatur concupiscentias et delectationes pertinentes ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 proprium corpus; et fortitudo et iustitia, quae ordinantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 quodammodo in bonum commune, una tempore pacis, alia tempore belli;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 et omnibus praeferuntur virtutes quae ordinant in bonum divinum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 Nam bonum divinum praeeminet cuilibet bono humano; et in bonis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 humanis bonum publicum praeeminet bono privato; in quibus bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 corporis praeeminet bono exteriorum rerum. Alio modo ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 liberalitas ad aliquod bonum ex consequenti. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 liberalitas ordinatur in omnia bona praedicta, ex hoc enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 homo non est amativus pecuniae, sequitur quod de facili utatur ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 et ad seipsum, et ad utilitatem aliorum, et ad honorem Dei. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 secundum hoc, habet quandam excellentiam ex hoc quod utilis est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 multa. Quia tamen unumquodque magis iudicatur secundum illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 primo et per se competit ei quam secundum id quod consequenter se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 habet, ideo dicendum est liberalitatem non esse maximam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 virtutem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="43851"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 "ref">[43851] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 ergo dicendum quod datio divina provenit ex eo quod amat homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 quibus dat, non autem ex eo quod afficiatur ad ea quae dat. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 magis videtur pertinere ad caritatem, quae est maxima virtutum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 quam ad liberalitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="43852"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 "ref">[43852] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 dicendum quod quaelibet virtus participat rationem boni quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 emissionem proprii actus. Actus autem quarundam aliarum virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 meliores sunt pecunia, quam emittit liberalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 <p title="II-II q. 117 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="43853"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 "ref">[43853] II&ordf;-IIae q. 117 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 dicendum quod liberales maxime amantur, non quidem amicitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 honesti, quasi sint meliores; sed amicitia utilis, quia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 utiliores in exterioribus bonis, quae communiter homines maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 cupiunt. Et etiam propter eandem causam clari redduntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 <div class="D">Quaestio 118</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 <p title="II-II q. 118 pr."><a name="43854"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 "ref">[43854] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis liberalitati. Et primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 avaritia; secundo, de prodigalitate. Circa primum quaeruntur octo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 Primo, utrum avaritia sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 peccatum. Tertio, cui virtuti opponatur. Quarto, utrum sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 mortale. Quinto, utrum sit gravissimum peccatorum. Sexto, utrum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 peccatum carnale, vel spirituale. Septimo, utrum sit vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 capitale. Octavo, de filiabus eius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43855"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 "ref">[43855] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 sic proceditur. Videtur quod avaritia non sit peccatum. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 enim avaritia quasi aeris aviditas, quia scilicet in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 pecuniae consistit, per quam omnia exteriora bona intelligi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 possunt. Sed appetere exteriora bona non est peccatum. Naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 enim homo ea appetit, tum quia naturaliter subiecta sunt homini;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 tum quia per ea vita hominis conservatur, unde et substantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 hominis dicuntur. Ergo avaritia non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43856"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 "ref">[43856] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 Praeterea, omne peccatum aut est in Deum, aut in proximum, aut est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 in seipsum, sicut supra habitum est. Sed avaritia non est proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 peccatum contra Deum, non enim opponitur neque religioni neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 virtutibus theologicis, quibus homo ordinatur in Deum. Neque etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 est peccatum in seipsum, hoc enim proprie pertinet ad gulam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 luxuriam, de qua apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. VI, quod <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 fornicatur in corpus suum peccat</i>. Similiter etiam non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 peccatum esse in proximum, quia per hoc quod homo retinet sua,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 nulli facit iniuriam. Ergo avaritia non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43857"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 "ref">[43857] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 Praeterea, ea quae naturaliter adveniunt non sunt peccata. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 avaritia naturaliter consequitur senectutem et quemlibet defectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 ut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic. Ergo avaritia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43858"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 "ref">[43858] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 est quod dicitur Heb. ult., <i>sint mores sine avaritia, contenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 praesentibus</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 1 co."><a name="43859"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 "ref">[43859] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 dicendum quod in quibuscumque bonum consistit in debita mensura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 necesse est quod per excessum vel diminutionem illius mensurae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 malum proveniat. In omnibus autem quae sunt propter finem, bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 consistit in quadam mensura, nam ea quae sunt ad finem necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 commensurari fini, sicut medicina sanitati; ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 philosophum, in I Polit. Bona autem exteriora habent rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 utilium ad finem, sicut dictum est. Unde necesse est quod bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 hominis circa ea consistat in quadam mensura, dum scilicet homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 secundum aliquam mensuram quaerit habere exteriores divitias prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 sunt necessaria ad vitam eius secundum suam conditionem. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 excessu huius mensurae consistit peccatum, dum scilicet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 supra debitum modum vult eas vel acquirere vel retinere. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 pertinet ad rationem avaritiae, quae definitur esse immoderatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 amor habendi. Unde patet quod avaritia est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43860"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 "ref">[43860] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 ergo dicendum quod appetitus rerum exteriorum est homini naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 ut eorum quae sunt propter finem. Et ideo intantum vitio caret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 inquantum continetur sub regula sumpta ex ratione finis. Avaritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 autem hanc regulam excedit. Et ideo est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43861"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 "ref">[43861] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 dicendum quod avaritia potest importare immoderantiam circa res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 exteriores dupliciter. Uno modo, immediate, quantum ad acceptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 vel conservationem ipsarum, ut scilicet homo plus debito eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 acquirat vel conservet. Et secundum hoc, est directe peccatum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 proximum, quia in exterioribus divitiis non potest unus homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 superabundare nisi alter deficiat, quia bona temporalia non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 simul possideri a multis. Alio modo, potest importare immoderantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 circa interiores affectiones quas quis ad divitias habet, puta quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 immoderate aliquis divitias amet aut desideret, aut delectetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 eis. Et sic avaritia est peccatum hominis in seipsum, quia per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 deordinatur eius affectus; licet non deordinetur corpus, sicut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 vitia carnalia. Ex consequenti autem est peccatum in Deum, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 omnia peccata mortalia, inquantum homo propter bonum temporale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 contemnit aeternum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43862"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 "ref">[43862] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 dicendum quod inclinationes naturales sunt regulandae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 rationem, quae principatum tenet in natura humana. Et ideo quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 senes, propter naturae defectum, avidius exteriorum rerum inquirant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 subsidia, sicut et omnis indigens quaerit suae indigentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 supplementum; non tamen a peccato excusantur, si debitam rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 mensuram circa divitias excedant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43863"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 "ref">[43863] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod avaritia non sit speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 peccatum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in III de Lib. Arbit.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 <i>avaritia, quae Graece philargyria dicitur, non in solo argento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 vel nummis, sed in omnibus rebus quae immoderate cupiuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 intelligenda est</i>. Sed in omni peccato est cupiditas immoderata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 alicuius rei, quia peccatum est, spreto bono incommutabili, bonis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 commutabilibus inhaerere, ut supra habitum est. Ergo avaritia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 generale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43864"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 "ref">[43864] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 Praeterea, secundum Isidorum, in libro Etymol., avarus dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 quasi avidus aeris, idest pecuniae, unde et in Graeco avaritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 philargyria nominatur, idest amor argenti. Sed sub argento, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 quod pecunia significatur, significantur omnia exteriora bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 quorum pretium potest numismate mensurari, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 Ergo avaritia consistit in appetitu cuiuslibet exterioris rei. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 videtur esse generale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43865"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 "ref">[43865] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 Praeterea, super illud Rom. VII, <i>nam concupiscentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 nesciebam</i> etc., dicit Glossa, <i>bona est lex, quae, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 concupiscentiam prohibet, omne malum prohibet</i>. Videtur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 lex specialiter prohibere concupiscentiam avaritiae, ubi dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 Exod. XX, <i>non concupisces rem proximi tui</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 concupiscentia avaritiae est omne malum. Et ita avaritia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 generale peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43866"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 "ref">[43866] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 est quod Rom. I, avaritia connumeratur inter alia specialia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 peccata, ubi dicitur, <i>repletos omni iniquitate, malitia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 fornicatione, avaritia,</i> et cetera.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 2 co."><a name="43867"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 "ref">[43867] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 dicendum quod peccata sortiuntur speciem secundum obiecta, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 habitum est. Obiectum autem peccati est illud bonum in quod tendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 inordinatus appetitus. Et ideo ubi est specialis ratio boni quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 inordinate appetitur, ibi est specialis ratio peccati. Alia autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 est ratio boni utilis, et boni delectabilis. Divitiae autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 secundum se habent rationem utilis, ea enim ratione appetuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 inquantum in usum hominis cedunt. Et ideo speciale quoddam peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 est avaritia, secundum quod est immoderatus amor habendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 possessiones, quae nomine pecuniae designantur, ex qua sumitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 avaritiae nomen. Verum quia verbum habendi secundum primam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 impositionem ad possessiones pertinere videtur, quarum sumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 totaliter domini; ad multa alia derivatur, sicut dicitur homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 habere sanitatem, uxorem, vestimentum, et alia huiusmodi, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 in praedicamentis, per consequens etiam et nomen avaritiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 ampliatum est ad omnem immoderatum appetitum habendi quamcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 rem; sicut Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia, quod <i>avaritia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 non solum pecuniae, sed etiam scientiae et altitudinis, cum supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 modum sublimitas ambitur</i>. Et secundum hoc, avaritia non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 peccatum speciale. Et hoc etiam modo loquitur Augustinus de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 avaritia in auctoritate inducta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43868"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 "ref">[43868] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 responsio ad primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43869"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 "ref">[43869] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 dicendum quod omnes res exteriores quae veniunt in usum humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 vitae, nomine pecuniae intelliguntur inquantum habent rationem boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 utilis. Sunt autem quaedam exteriora bona quae potest aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 pecunia consequi, sicut voluptates et honores et alia huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 quae habent aliam rationem appetibilitatis. Et ideo illorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 appetitus non proprie dicitur avaritia, secundum quod est vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 speciale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43870"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 "ref">[43870] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 dicendum quod Glossa illa loquitur de concupiscentia inordinata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 cuiuscumque rei. Potest enim intelligi quod per prohibitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 concupiscentiae rerum possessarum prohibeatur quarumcumque rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 concupiscentia quae per res possessas acquiri possunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43871"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 "ref">[43871] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod avaritia non opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 liberalitati. Quia super illud Matth. V, <i>beati qui esuriunt et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 sitiunt iustitiam</i>, dicit Chrysostomus quod est duplex iustitia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 una generalis, et alia specialis, cui opponitur avaritia. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 idem philosophus dicit, in V Ethic. Ergo avaritia non opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 liberalitati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43872"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 "ref">[43872] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 Praeterea, peccatum avaritiae in hoc consistit quod homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 transcendit mensuram in rebus possessis. Sed huiusmodi mensura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 statuitur per iustitiam. Ergo avaritia directe opponitur iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 et non liberalitati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43873"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 "ref">[43873] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 Praeterea, liberalitas est virtus media inter duo vitia contraria,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 ut patet per philosophum, in II et IV Ethic. Sed avaritia non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 peccatum contrarium oppositum, ut patet per philosophum, in V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 Ethic. Ergo avaritia non opponitur liberalitati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43874"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 "ref">[43874] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 est quod, sicut dicitur Eccle. V, <i>avarus non impletur pecunia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 et qui amat divitias fructum non capiet ex eis</i>. Sed non impleri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 pecunia, et inordinate eas amare, est contrarium liberalitati, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 in appetitu divitiarum medium tenet. Ergo avaritia opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 liberalitati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 3 co."><a name="43875"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 "ref">[43875] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 dicendum quod avaritia importat immoderantiam quandam circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 divitias dupliciter. Uno modo, immediate circa ipsam acceptionem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 conservationem divitiarum, inquantum scilicet aliquis acquirit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 pecuniam ultra debitum aliena subripiendo vel retinendo. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 opponitur iustitiae. Et hoc modo accipitur avaritia Ezech. XXII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 ubi dicitur, <i>principes eius in medio eius quasi lupi rapientes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 praedam ad effundendum sanguinem, et avare lucra sectanda</i>. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 modo, importat immoderantiam circa interiores affectiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 divitiarum, puta cum quis nimis amat vel desiderat divitias, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 nimis delectatur in eis, etiam si nolit rapere aliena. Et hoc modo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 avaritia opponitur liberalitati, quae moderatur huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 affectiones, ut dictum est. Et sic accipitur avaritia II ad Cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 IX, <i>praeparent repromissam benedictionem hanc paratam esse sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 quasi benedictionem, non quasi avaritiam</i>, Glossa, ut scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 doleant pro dato, et parum sit quod dent.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43876"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 "ref">[43876] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 ergo dicendum quod Chrysostomus et philosophus loquuntur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 avaritia primo modo dicta. Avaritiam autem secundo modo dictam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 nominat philosophus illiberalitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43877"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 "ref">[43877] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 dicendum quod iustitia proprie statuit mensuram in acceptionibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 conservationibus divitiarum secundum rationem debiti legalis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 scilicet homo nec accipiat nec retineat alienum. Sed liberalitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 constituit mensuram rationis principaliter quidem in interioribus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 affectionibus, et per consequens in exteriori acceptione et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 conservatione pecuniarum et emissione earum secundum quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 interiori affectione procedunt, non observando rationem debiti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 legalis, sed debiti moralis, quod attenditur secundum regulam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 rationis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43878"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 "ref">[43878] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 dicendum quod avaritia secundum quod opponitur iustitiae, non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 vitium oppositum, quia avaritia consistit in plus habendo quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 debeat secundum iustitiam, et huic opponitur minus habere, quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 habet rationem culpae, sed poenae. Sed avaritia secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 opponitur liberalitati, habet vitium prodigalitatis oppositum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43879"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 "ref">[43879] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod avaritia semper sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 mortale. Nullus enim est dignus morte nisi pro peccato mortali. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 propter avaritiam homines digni sunt morte, cum enim apostolus, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 Rom. I, praemisisset, repletos omni iniquitate, fornicatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 avaritia, subdit, qui talia agunt digni sunt morte. Ergo avaritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43880"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 "ref">[43880] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 Praeterea, minimum in avaritia est quod aliquis inordinate retineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 sua. Sed hoc videtur esse peccatum mortale, dicit enim Basilius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 <i>est panis famelici quem tu tenes, nudi tunica quam conservas,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 indigentis argentum quod possides. Quocirca tot iniuriaris quot
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 exhibere valeres</i>. Sed iniuriari alteri est peccatum mortale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 quia contrariatur dilectioni proximi. Ergo multo magis omnis alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 avaritia est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43881"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 "ref">[43881] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 Praeterea, nullus excaecatur spirituali caecitate nisi per peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 mortale, quod animam privat lumine gratiae. Sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 Chrysostomum, tenebra animae est pecuniarum cupido. Ergo avaritia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 quae est pecuniarum cupido, est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43882"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 "ref">[43882] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 est quod I ad Cor. III, super illud, si quis aedificaverit super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 hoc fundamentum etc., dicit Glossa quod <i>lignum, faenum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 stipulam superaedificat ille qui cogitat quae mundi sunt, quomodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 placeat mundo</i>, quod pertinet ad peccatum avaritiae. Ille autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 qui aedificat lignum, faenum et stipulam, non peccat mortaliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 sed venialiter, de eo enim dicitur quod salvus erit sic quasi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 ignem. Ergo avaritia quandoque est peccatum veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 4 co."><a name="43883"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 "ref">[43883] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, avaritia dupliciter dicitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 Uno modo, secundum quod opponitur iustitiae. Et hoc modo ex genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 suo est peccatum mortale, sic enim ad avaritiam pertinet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 aliquis iniuste accipiat vel retineat res alienas, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 rapinam vel furtum, quae sunt peccata mortalia, ut supra habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 est. Contingit tamen in hoc genere avaritiae aliquid esse peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 veniale propter imperfectionem actus, sicut supra dictum est, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 de furto ageretur. Alio modo potest accipi avaritia secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 opponitur liberalitati. Et secundum hoc, importat inordinatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 amorem divitiarum. Si ergo intantum amor divitiarum crescat quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 praeferatur caritati, ut scilicet propter amorem divitiarum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 non vereatur facere contra amorem Dei et proximi, sic avaritia erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 peccatum mortale. Si autem inordinatio amoris infra hoc sistat, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 scilicet homo, quamvis superflue divitias amet, non tamen praefert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 earum amorem amori divino, ut scilicet propter divitias non velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 aliquid facere contra Deum et proximum, sic avaritia est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 veniale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43884"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 "ref">[43884] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 ergo dicendum quod avaritia connumeratur peccatis mortalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 secundum illam rationem qua est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43885"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 "ref">[43885] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 dicendum quod Basilius loquitur in illo casu in quo aliquis tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 ex debito legali bona sua pauperibus erogare, vel propter periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 necessitatis, vel etiam propter superfluitatem habitorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43886"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 "ref">[43886] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 dicendum quod cupido divitiarum obtenebrat animam proprie quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 excludit lumen caritatis, praeferendo amorem divitiarum amori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 divino.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="43887"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 "ref">[43887] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod avaritia sit maximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 peccatorum. Dicitur enim Eccli. X, <i>avaro nihil est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 scelestius</i>; et postea subditur, <i>nihil est iniquius quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 amare pecuniam, hic enim et animam suam venalem habet</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>nihil est tam angusti animi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 tamque parvi, quam amare pecuniam</i>. Sed hoc pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 avaritiam. Ergo avaritia est gravissimum peccatorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="43888"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 "ref">[43888] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 Praeterea, tanto aliquod peccatum est gravius quanto magis caritati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 contrariatur. Sed avaritia maxime contrariatur caritati, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod <i>venenum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 caritatis est cupiditas</i>. Ergo avaritia est maximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 peccatorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="43889"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 "ref">[43889] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 Praeterea, ad gravitatem peccati pertinet quod sit incurabile, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 et peccatum in spiritum sanctum, quod est gravissimum, dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 irremissibile. Sed avaritia est peccatum insanabile, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 philosophus, in IV Ethic., quod <i>senectus et omnis impotentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 illiberales facit</i>. Ergo avaritia est gravissimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 peccatorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="43890"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 "ref">[43890] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 Praeterea, apostolus dicit, ad Ephes. V, quod avaritia est idolorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 servitus. Sed idololatria computatur inter gravissima peccata. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 et avaritia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 s. c."><a name="43891"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 "ref">[43891] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 est quod adulterium est gravius peccatum quam furtum, ut habetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 Prov. VI. Furtum autem pertinet ad avaritiam. Ergo avaritia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 gravissimum peccatorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 co."><a name="43892"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 "ref">[43892] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 dicendum quod omne peccatum, ex hoc ipso quod est malum, consistit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 in quadam corruptione seu privatione alicuius boni, inquantum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 est voluntarium, consistit in appetitu alicuius boni. Dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 ergo ordo peccatorum potest attendi. Uno modo, ex parte boni quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 per peccatum contemnitur vel corrumpitur, quod quanto maius est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 tanto peccatum gravius est. Et secundum hoc, peccatum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 contra Deum est gravissimum; et sub hoc est peccatum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 contra personam hominis; sub quo est peccatum quod est contra res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 exteriores quae sunt ad usum hominis deputatae, quod videtur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 avaritiam pertinere. Alio modo potest attendi gradus peccatorum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 parte boni cui inordinate subditur appetitus humanus, quod quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 minus est, tanto peccatum est deformius; turpius enim est subesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 inferiori bono quam superiori. Bonum autem exteriorum rerum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 infimum inter humana bona, est enim minus quam bonum corporis; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 etiam est minus quam bonum animae; quod etiam exceditur a bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 divino. Et secundum hoc, peccatum avaritiae, quo appetitus humanus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 subiicitur etiam exterioribus rebus, habet quodammodo deformitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 maiorem. Quia tamen corruptio vel privatio boni formaliter se habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 in peccato, conversio autem ad bonum commutabile materialiter;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 magis est iudicanda gravitas peccati ex parte boni quod corrumpitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 quam ex parte boni cui subiicitur appetitus. Et ideo dicendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 quod avaritia non est simpliciter maximum peccatorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="43893"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 "ref">[43893] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 ergo dicendum quod auctoritates illae loquuntur de avaritia ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 parte boni cui subditur appetitus. Unde et in ecclesiastico pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 ratione subditur, quia avarus animam suam habet venalem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 videlicet animam suam, idest vitam, exponit periculis pro pecunia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 et ideo subdit, quoniam in vita sua proiecit, idest contempsit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 intima sua, ut scilicet pecuniam lucraretur. Tullius etiam addit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 hoc esse angusti animi, ut scilicet velit pecuniae subiici.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="43894"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 "ref">[43894] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 dicendum quod Augustinus ibi accipit cupiditatem generaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 cuiuscumque temporalis boni, non secundum quod specialiter pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 avaritia accipitur. Cupiditas enim cuiuscumque temporalis boni est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 venenum caritatis, inquantum scilicet homo spernit bonum divinum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 propter hoc quod inhaeret bono temporali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="43895"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 "ref">[43895] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 dicendum quod aliter est insanabile peccatum in spiritum sanctum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 et aliter avaritia. Nam peccatum in spiritum sanctum est insanabile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 ex parte contemptus, puta quia homo contemnit vel misericordiam vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 iustitiam divinam, aut aliquid horum per quae hominis peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 sanantur. Et ideo talis insanabilitas pertinet ad maiorem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 gravitatem peccati. Avaritia vero habet insanabilitatem ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 defectus humani, in quem scilicet semper procedit humana natura,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 quia quo aliquis est magis deficiens, eo magis indiget adminiculo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 exteriorum rerum, et ideo magis in avaritiam labitur. Unde per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 talem insanabilitatem non ostenditur peccatum esse gravius, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 quodammodo per hoc est periculosius.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="43896"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 "ref">[43896] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 dicendum quod avaritia comparatur idololatriae per quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 similitudinem quam habet ad ipsam, quia sicut idololatra subiicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 se creaturae exteriori, ita etiam et avarus. Non tamen eodem modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 sed idololatra quidem subiicit se creaturae exteriori ut exhibeat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 ei cultum divinum; avarus autem subiicit se creaturae exteriori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 immoderate ipsam concupiscendo ad usum, non ad cultum. Et ideo non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 oportet quod avaritia habeat tantam gravitatem quantam habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 idololatria.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="43897"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 "ref">[43897] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 sic proceditur. Videtur quod avaritia non sit peccatum spirituale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 Vitia enim spiritualia videntur esse circa spiritualia bona. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 materia avaritiae sunt bona corporalia, scilicet exteriores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 divitiae. Ergo avaritia non est peccatum spirituale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="43898"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 "ref">[43898] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 Praeterea, peccatum spirituale contra carnale dividitur. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 avaritia videtur esse peccatum carnale, sequitur enim corruptionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 carnis; ut patet in senibus, qui propter naturae carnalis defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 in avaritiam incidunt. Ergo avaritia non est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 spirituale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="43899"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 "ref">[43899] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 Praeterea, peccatum carnale est per quod etiam corpus hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 deordinatur, secundum illud apostoli, I ad Cor. VI, qui fornicatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 in corpus suum peccat. Sed avaritia etiam hominem corporaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 vexat, unde et Chrysostomus, Marc. V, comparat avarum daemoniaco,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 qui in corpore vexatur. Ergo avaritia non videtur esse peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 spirituale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 6 s. c."><a name="43900"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 "ref">[43900] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., computat avaritiam vitiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 spiritualibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 6 co."><a name="43901"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 "ref">[43901] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 dicendum quod peccata praecipue in affectu consistunt. Omnes autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 affectiones animae, sive passiones, terminantur ad delectationes et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 tristitias, ut patet per philosophum, in II Ethic. Delectationum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 autem quaedam sunt carnales, et quaedam spirituales. Carnales
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 quidem delectationes dicuntur quae in sensu carnis complentur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 sicut delectationes ciborum et venereorum, delectationes vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 spirituales dicuntur quae complentur in sola animae apprehensione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 Illa ergo peccata dicuntur carnalia quae perficiuntur in carnalibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 delectationibus, illa vero dicuntur spiritualia quae perficiuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 in spiritualibus delectationibus, absque carnali delectatione. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 huiusmodi est avaritia, delectatur enim avarus in hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 considerat se possessorem divitiarum. Et ideo avaritia est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 spirituale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="43902"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 "ref">[43902] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 ergo dicendum quod avaritia circa corporale obiectum non quaerit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 delectationem corporalem, sed solum animalem, prout scilicet homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 delectatur in hoc quod divitias possideat. Et ideo non est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 carnale. Ratione tamen obiecti, medium est inter peccata pure
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 spiritualia, quae quaerunt delectationem spiritualem circa obiecta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 spiritualia, sicut superbia est circa excellentiam; et vitia pure
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 carnalia, quae quaerunt delectationem pure corporalem circa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 obiectum corporale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="43903"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 "ref">[43903] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 dicendum quod motus recipit speciem secundum terminum ad quem, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 autem secundum terminum a quo. Et ideo vitium dicitur carnale ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 hoc quod tendit in delectationem carnalem, non autem ex eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 procedit ex aliquo defectu carnis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="43904"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 "ref">[43904] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 dicendum quod Chrysostomus comparat avarum daemoniaco, non quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 vexetur in carne sicut daemoniacus, sed per oppositum, quia sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 daemoniacus ille de quo legitur Marc. V, se denudabat, ita avarus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 se superfluis divitiis onerat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="43905"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 "ref">[43905] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod avaritia non sit vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 capitale. Avaritia enim opponitur liberalitati sicut medio, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 prodigalitati sicut extremo. Sed neque liberalitas est principalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 virtus, neque prodigalitas vitium capitale. Ergo etiam avaritia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 debet poni vitium capitale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="43906"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 "ref">[43906] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 Praeterea, sicut supra dictum est, illa dicuntur esse vitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 capitalia quae habent principales fines, ad quos ordinantur fines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 aliorum vitiorum. Sed hoc non competit avaritiae, quia divitiae non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 habent rationem finis, sed magis rationem eius quod est ad finem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 ut dicitur in I Ethic. Ergo avaritia non est vitium capitale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="43907"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 "ref">[43907] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, in Moral., quod <i>avaritia quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 oritur ex elatione, quandoque per timorem. Dum enim quidam deficere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 sibi ad sumptum necessaria aestimant, mentem ad avaritiam relaxant.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 Sunt alii qui, dum potentiores videri appetunt, ad alienarum rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 ambitum succenduntur</i>. Ergo avaritia magis oritur ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 vitiis quam ipsa sit vitium capitale respectu aliorum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 7 s. c."><a name="43908"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 "ref">[43908] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., ponit avaritiam inter vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 capitalia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 7 co."><a name="43909"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 "ref">[43909] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium capitale dicitur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 quo alia oriuntur secundum rationem finis; qui cum sit multum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 appetibilis, propter eius appetitum homo procedit ad multa facienda
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 vel bona vel mala. Finis autem maxime appetibilis est beatitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 sive felicitas, quae est ultimus finis humanae vitae, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 habitum est. Et ideo quanto aliquid magis participat conditiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 felicitatis, tanto magis est appetibile. Est autem una de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 conditionibus felicitatis ut sit per se sufficiens, alioquin non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 quietaret appetitum tanquam ultimus finis. Sed per se sufficientiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 maxime repromittunt divitiae, ut Boetius dicit, in III de Consol.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 Cuius ratio est quia, sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 <i>denario utimur quasi fideiussore ad omnia habenda</i>, et Eccle.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 X dicitur quod pecuniae obediunt omnia. Et ideo avaritia, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 consistit in appetitu pecuniae, est vitium capitale.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="43910"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 "ref">[43910] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 ergo dicendum quod virtus perficitur secundum rationem, vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 autem perficitur secundum inclinationem appetitus sensitivi. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 autem ad idem genus principaliter respicit ratio, et appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 sensitivus. Et ideo non oportet quod principale vitium opponatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 principali virtuti. Unde licet liberalitas non sit principalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 virtus, quia non respicit ad principale bonum rationis; avaritia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 tamen est principale vitium, quia respicit ad pecuniam, quae habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 quandam principalitatem inter bona sensibilia, ratione iam dicta.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 Prodigalitas autem non ordinatur ad aliquem finem principaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 appetibilem, sed magis videtur procedere ex defectu rationis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod prodigus magis dicitur vanus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 quam malus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="43911"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 "ref">[43911] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 dicendum quod pecunia ordinatur quidem ad aliud sicut ad finem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 inquantum tamen utilis est ad omnia sensibilia conquirenda,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 continet quodammodo virtute omnia. Et ideo habet quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 similitudinem felicitatis, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="43912"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 "ref">[43912] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 dicendum quod nihil prohibet vitium capitale interdum a quibusdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 aliis oriri, ut dictum est, dum tamen ex eo alia vitia soleant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 plerumque oriri.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="43913"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 "ref">[43913] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sint avaritiae filiae quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 dicuntur, <i>scilicet proditio, fraus, fallacia, periuria,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 inquietudo, violentiae, et contra misericordiam obduratio</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 Avaritia enim opponitur liberalitati, ut dictum est. Proditio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 autem, fraus et fallacia opponuntur prudentiae; periuria religioni;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 inquietudo spei vel caritati, quae quiescit in amato; violentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 opponuntur iustitiae; obduratio misericordiae. Ergo huiusmodi vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 non pertinent ad avaritiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="43914"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 "ref">[43914] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 Praeterea, proditio, dolus et fallacia ad idem pertinere videntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 scilicet ad proximi deceptionem. Ergo non debent enumerari tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 diversae filiae avaritiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="43915"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 "ref">[43915] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 Praeterea, Isidorus ponit novem filias, quae sunt <i>mendacium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 fraus, furtum, periurium, et turpis lucri appetitus, falsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 testimonia, violentia inhumanitas, rapacitas</i>. Ergo prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 assignatio filiarum fuit insufficiens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="43916"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 "ref">[43916] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 Praeterea, philosophus, in IV Ethic., ponit multa genera vitiorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 pertinentium ad avaritiam, quam illiberalitatem nominat, videlicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 <i>parcos, tenaces, kimibiles, illiberales operationes operantes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 et de meretricio pastos, et usurarios, aleatores, et mortuorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 spoliatores, et latrones</i>. Ergo videtur quod praedicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 enumeratio sit insufficiens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 arg. 5"><a name="43917"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 "ref">[43917] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 arg. 5</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 Praeterea, tyranni maxime violentias subditis inferunt. Dicit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 philosophus, ibidem, quod <i>tyrannos civitates desolantes et sacra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 praedantes non dicimus illiberales</i>, idest avaros. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 violentia non debet poni filia avaritiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 s. c."><a name="43918"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 "ref">[43918] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., assignat avaritiae filias prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 enumeratas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 co."><a name="43919"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 "ref">[43919] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 dicendum quod filiae avaritiae dicuntur vitia quae ex ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 oriuntur, et praecipue secundum appetitum finis. Quia vero avaritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 est superfluus amor habendi divitias, in duobus excedit. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 enim, superabundat in retinendo. Et ex hac parte oritur ex avaritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 obduratio contra misericordiam, quia scilicet cor eius misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 non emollitur, ut de divitiis suis subveniat miseris. Secundo, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 avaritiam pertinet superabundare in accipiendo. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 avaritia potest considerari dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 in affectu. Et sic ex avaritia oritur inquietudo, inquantum ingerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 homini sollicitudinem et curas superfluas, avarus enim non impletur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 pecunia, ut dicitur Eccle. V. Alio modo, potest considerari in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 effectu. Et sic in acquirendo aliena utitur quandoque quidem vi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 quod pertinet ad violentias; quandoque autem dolo. Qui quidem si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 fiat in verbo, erit fallacia, quantum ad simplex verbum; periurium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 autem si addatur confirmatio iuramenti. Si autem dolus committatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 in opere, sic, quantum ad res, erit fraus; quantum autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 personas, proditio, ut patet de Iuda, qui ex avaritia prodidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 Christum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="43920"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 "ref">[43920] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 ergo dicendum quod non oportet filias alicuius peccati capitalis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 idem genus vitii pertinere, quia ad finem unius vitii possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 ordinari etiam peccata alterius generis. Aliud est enim peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 habere filias, et peccatum habere species.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="43921"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 "ref">[43921] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 dicendum quod illa tria distinguuntur sicut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="43922"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 "ref">[43922] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 dicendum quod illa novem reducuntur ad praedicta septem. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 mendacium et falsum testimonium continetur sub fallacia, falsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 enim testimonium est quaedam specificatio mendacii; sicut et furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 est quaedam specificatio fraudis, unde sub fraude continetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 Appetitus autem turpis lucri pertinet ad inquietudinem. Rapacitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 autem continetur sub violentia, cum sit species eius. Inhumanitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 autem est idem quod obduratio contra misericordiam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="43923"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 "ref">[43923] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 dicendum quod illa quae ponit Aristoteles sunt illiberalitatis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 avaritiae species magis quam filiae. Potest enim aliquis dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 illiberalis vel avarus ex eo quod deficit in dando, et si quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 parum det, vocatur parcus; si autem nihil, tenax; si autem cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 magna difficultate det, vocatur kimibilis, quasi kimini venditor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 quia de parvis magnam vim facit. Quandoque autem aliquis dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 illiberalis vel avarus quia excedit in accipiendo. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 dupliciter. Uno modo, quia turpiter lucratur, vel vilia et servilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 opera exercendo per illiberales operationes; vel quia de aliquibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 vitiosis actibus lucratur, sicut de meretricio, vel de aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 huiusmodi; vel quia lucratur de eo quod gratis oportet concedere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 sicut usurarii; vel quia lucratur parva cum magno labore. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 modo, quia iniuste lucratur, vel vivis vim inferendo, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 latrones; vel mortuos spoliando; vel ab amicis auferendo, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 aleatores.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 <p title="II-II q. 118 a. 8 ad 5"><a name="43924"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 "ref">[43924] II&ordf;-IIae q. 118 a. 8 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 dicendum quod sicut liberalitas est circa mediocres pecunias, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 et illiberalitas. Unde tyranni, qui magna per violentiam auferunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 non dicuntur illiberales, sed iniusti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 <div class="D">Quaestio 119</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 <p title="II-II q. 119 pr."><a name="43925"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 "ref">[43925] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 considerandum est de prodigalitate. Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 Primo, utrum prodigalitas avaritiae opponatur. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 prodigalitas sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum sit gravius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 avaritia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43926"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 "ref">[43926] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 sic proceditur. Videtur quod prodigalitas non opponatur avaritiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 Opposita enim non possunt esse simul in eodem. Sed aliqui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 simul prodigi et illiberales. Ergo prodigalitas non opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 avaritiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43927"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 "ref">[43927] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 Praeterea, opposita sunt circa idem. Sed avaritia, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 opponitur liberalitati, est circa passiones quasdam quibus homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 afficitur ad pecuniam. Prodigalitas autem non videtur esse circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 aliquas animae passiones, non enim afficitur circa pecunias, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 circa aliquid aliud huiusmodi. Non ergo prodigalitas opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 avaritiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43928"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 "ref">[43928] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 Praeterea, peccatum principaliter recipit speciem a fine, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 habitum est. Sed prodigalitas semper videtur ordinari ad aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 finem illicitum, propter quem bona sua expendit, et praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 propter voluptates, unde et Luc. XV dicitur de filio prodigo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 <i>dissipavit substantiam suam luxuriose vivendo</i>. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 quod prodigalitas opponatur magis temperantiae et insensibilitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 quam avaritiae et liberalitati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43929"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 "ref">[43929] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 est quod philosophus, in II et IV Ethic., ponit prodigalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 oppositam liberalitati et illiberalitati, quam nunc avaritiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 dicimus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 1 co."><a name="43930"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 "ref">[43930] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 dicendum quod in moralibus attenditur oppositio vitiorum ad invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 et ad virtutem secundum superabundantiam et defectum. Differunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 autem avaritia et prodigalitas secundum superabundantiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 defectum, diversimode. Nam in affectione divitiarum, avarus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 superabundat, plus debito eas diligens, prodigus autem deficit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 minus debito earum sollicitudinem gerens. Circa exteriora vero, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 prodigalitatem pertinet excedere quidem in dando, deficere autem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 retinendo et acquirendo, ad avaritiam autem pertinet e contrario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 deficere quidem in dando, superabundare autem in accipiendo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 retinendo. Unde patet quod prodigalitas avaritiae opponitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43931"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 "ref">[43931] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet eidem inesse opposita secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 diversa, ab illo tamen aliquid magis denominatur quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 principalius. Sicut autem in liberalitate, quae medium tenet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 praecipua est datio, ad quam acceptio et retentio ordinantur; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 etiam avaritia et prodigalitas praecipue attenduntur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 dationem. Unde ille qui superabundat in dando vocatur prodigus; qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 autem deficit in dando vocatur avarus. Contingit autem quandoque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 quod aliquis deficit in dando qui tamen non excedit in accipiendo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 ut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic. Similiter etiam contingit quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 aliquis excedat in dando, et ex hoc est prodigus; et simul cum hoc,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 excedat in accipiendo. Vel ex quadam necessitate, quia, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 superabundant in dando, deficiunt eis propria bona, unde coguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 indebite acquirere, quod pertinet ad avaritiam. Vel etiam propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 animi inordinationem, dum enim non dant propter bonum, quasi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 contempta virtute, non curant undecumque et qualitercumque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 accipiant. Et sic non secundum idem sunt prodigi et avari.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43932"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 "ref">[43932] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 dicendum quod prodigalitas attenditur circa passiones pecuniae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 sicut superabundans in eis, sed sicut deficiens.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43933"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 "ref">[43933] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 dicendum quod prodigus non semper abundat in dando propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 voluptates, circa quas est intemperantia, sed quandoque quidem ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 eo quod taliter est dispositus ut divitias non curet; quandoque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 autem propter aliquid aliud. Ut frequentius tamen ad intemperantias
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 declinant, tum quia, ex quo superflue expendunt in aliis, etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 rebus voluptuosis expendere non verentur, ad quas magis inclinat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 concupiscentia carnis; tum etiam, quia non delectantur in bono
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 virtutis, quaerunt sibi delectationes corporales. Et inde est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>multi prodigorum fiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 intemperati</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43934"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 "ref">[43934] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod prodigalitas non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 peccatum. Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Tim. ult., <i>radix omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 malorum est cupiditas</i>. Non autem est radix prodigalitatis, quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 ei opponitur. Ergo prodigalitas non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43935"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 "ref">[43935] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 Praeterea, apostolus, I ad Tim. ult., dicit, <i>divitibus huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 saeculi praecipe facile tribuere, communicare</i>. Sed hoc maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 faciunt prodigi. Ergo prodigalitas non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43936"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 "ref">[43936] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 Praeterea, ad prodigalitatem pertinet superabundare in datione et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 deficere in sollicitudine divitiarum. Sed hoc maxime convenit viris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 perfectis implentibus quod dominus dicit, Matth. VI, <i>nolite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 solliciti esse in crastinum</i>; et XIX, <i>vende omnia quae habes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 et da pauperibus</i>. Ergo prodigalitas non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43937"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 "ref">[43937] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 est quod filius prodigus vituperatur de sua prodigalitate, Luc.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 XV.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 2 co."><a name="43938"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 "ref">[43938] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, prodigalitas opponitur avaritiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 secundum oppositionem superabundantiae et defectus. Medium autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 virtutis per utrumque horum corrumpitur. Ex hoc autem est aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 vitiosum et peccatum quod corrumpit bonum virtutis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 relinquitur quod prodigalitas sit peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43939"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 "ref">[43939] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 ergo dicendum quod illud verbum apostoli quidam exponunt non de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 cupiditate actuali, sed de quadam habituali cupiditate, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 concupiscentia fomitis, ex qua omnia peccata oriuntur. Alii vero
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 dicunt quod loquitur de cupiditate generali respectu cuiuscumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 boni. Et sic manifestum est quod etiam prodigalitas ex cupiditate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 oritur, prodigus enim aliquod bonum temporale cupit consequi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 inordinate; vel placere aliis, vel saltem satisfacere suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 voluntati in dando. Sed si quis recte consideret, apostolus ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 loquitur, ad litteram, de cupiditate divitiarum, nam supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 praemiserat, qui volunt divites fieri, et cetera. Et sic dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 esse avaritia radix omnium malorum, non quia omnia mala semper ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 avaritia oriantur, sed quia nullum malum est quod non interdum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 avaritia oriatur. Unde et prodigalitas quandoque ex avaritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 nascitur, sicut cum aliquis prodige multa consumit intentione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 captandi favorem aliquorum, a quibus divitias accipiat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43940"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 "ref">[43940] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 dicendum quod apostolus monet divites ut facile tribuant et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 communicent sua secundum quod oportet. Quod non faciunt prodigi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 quia, ut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., <i>dationes eorum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 sunt bonae, neque boni gratia, neque secundum quod oportet, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 quandoque dant multa illis quos oporteret pauperes esse, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 histrionibus et adulatoribus, bonis autem nihil darent</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43941"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 "ref">[43941] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 dicendum quod superexcessus prodigalitatis non attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 principaliter secundum quantitatem dati, sed magis inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 excedit id quod fieri oportet. Unde quandoque liberalis maiora dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 quam prodigus, si necessarium sit. Sic ergo dicendum est quod illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 qui, intentione sequendi Christum, omnia sua dant, et ab animo suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 omnem temporalium sollicitudinem removent, non sunt prodigi, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 perfecte liberales.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43942"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 "ref">[43942] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod prodigalitas sit gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 peccatum quam avaritia. Per avaritiam enim aliquis nocet proximo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 cui bona sua non communicat. Per prodigalitatem autem aliquis sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 ipsi nocet, dicit enim philosophus, in IV Ethic., quod <i>corruptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 divitiarum, per quas homo vivit, est quaedam ipsius esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 perditio</i>. Gravius autem peccat qui sibi ipsi nocet, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 illud Eccli. XIV, <i>qui sibi nequam est, cui bonus erit?</i> Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 prodigalitas erit gravius peccatum quam avaritia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43943"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 "ref">[43943] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 Praeterea, inordinatio quae provenit cum aliqua conditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 laudabili, minus est vitiosa. Sed inordinatio avaritiae quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 est cum aliqua laudabili conditione, ut patet in illis qui nolunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 sua expendere nec aliena accipere. Prodigalitatis autem inordinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 provenit cum conditione vituperabili, unde et prodigalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 attribuimus intemperatis hominibus, ut philosophus dicit, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 Ethic. Ergo prodigalitas est gravius vitium quam avaritia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43944"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 "ref">[43944] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 Praeterea, prudentia est praecipua inter morales virtutes, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 habitum est. Sed prodigalitas magis opponitur prudentiae quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 avaritia, dicitur enim Prov. XXI, <i>thesaurus desiderabilis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 oleum in tabernaculo iusti, et imprudens homo dissipabit illud</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 et philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>insipientis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 superabundanter dare et non accipere</i>. Ergo prodigalitas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 gravius peccatum quam avaritia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43945"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 "ref">[43945] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod prodigus multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 videtur melior illiberali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 3 co."><a name="43946"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 "ref">[43946] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 dicendum quod prodigalitas, secundum se considerata, minus peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 est quam avaritia. Et hoc triplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 avaritia magis differt a virtute opposita. Magis enim ad liberalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 pertinet dare, in quo superabundat prodigus, quam accipere vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 retinere, in quo superabundat avarus. Secundo, quia prodigus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 multis utilis, quibus dat, avarus autem nulli, sed nec sibi ipsi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Tertio, quia prodigalitas est facile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 sanabilis. Et per hoc quod declinat ad aetatem senectutis, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 contraria prodigalitati. Et per hoc quod pervenit ad egestatem de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 facili, dum multa inutiliter consumit, et sic, pauper factus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 potest in dando superabundare. Et etiam quia de facili perducitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 ad virtutem, propter similitudinem quam habet ad ipsam. Sed avarus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 non de facili sanatur, ratione supradicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43947"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 "ref">[43947] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 ergo dicendum quod differentia prodigi et avari non attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 secundum hoc quod est peccare in seipsum, et in alium. Nam prodigus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 peccat in seipsum, dum bona sua consumit, unde vivere debet, peccat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 etiam in alterum, consumendo bona ex quibus aliis deberet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 providere. Et praecipue hoc apparet in clericis, qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 dispensatores bonorum Ecclesiae, quae sunt pauperum, quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 defraudant prodige expendendo. Similiter etiam avarus peccat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 alios, inquantum deficit in dationibus, peccat etiam in seipsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 inquantum deficit in sumptibus; unde dicitur Eccle. VI, <i>vir cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 Deus dedit divitias, nec tribuit ei potestatem ut comedat ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 eis</i>. Sed tamen in hoc superabundat prodigus, quia sic sibi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 quibusdam aliis nocet quod tamen aliquibus prodest. Avarus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 nec sibi nec aliis prodest, quia non audet uti etiam ad suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 utilitatem bonis suis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43948"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 "ref">[43948] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 dicendum quod cum de vitiis communiter loquimur, iudicamus de eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 secundum proprias rationes ipsorum, sicut circa prodigalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 attendimus quod superflue consumit divitias, circa avaritiam vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 quod superflue eas retinet. Quod autem aliquis propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 intemperantiam superflue consumat, hoc iam nominat simul multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 peccata, unde et tales prodigi sunt peiores, ut dicitur IV Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 Quod autem illiberalis sive avarus abstineat ab accipiendis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 alienis, etsi in se laudabile videatur, tamen ex causa propter quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 facit, vituperabile est, dum ideo non vult ab aliis accipere ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 cogatur aliis dare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 <p title="II-II q. 119 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43949"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 "ref">[43949] II&ordf;-IIae q. 119 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 dicendum quod omnia vitia prudentiae opponuntur, sicut et omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 virtutes a prudentia diriguntur. Et ideo vitium ex hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 opponitur soli prudentiae, levius reputatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 <div class="D">Quaestio 120</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 <p title="II-II q. 120 pr."><a name="43950"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 "ref">[43950] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 considerandum est de epieikeia. Circa quam quaeruntur duo. Primo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 utrum epieikeia sit virtus. Secundo, utrum sit pars iustitiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43951"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 "ref">[43951] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 sic proceditur. Videtur quod epieikeia non sit virtus. Nulla enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 virtus aufert aliam virtutem. Sed epieikeia aufert aliam virtutem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 quia et tollit id quod iustum est secundum legem; et opponi videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 severitati. Ergo epieikeia non est virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43952"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 "ref">[43952] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de vera Relig., <i>in istis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 temporalibus legibus, quanquam de his homines iudicent cum eas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 instituunt, tamen cum fuerint institutae et firmatae, non licebit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 iudici de ipsis iudicare, sed secundum ipsas</i>. Sed epieikes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 videtur iudicare de lege, quando eam aestimat non esse servandam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 aliquo casu. Ergo epieikeia magis est vitium quam virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43953"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 "ref">[43953] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 Praeterea, ad epieikeiam videtur pertinere ut attendat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 intentionem legislatoris, ut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 interpretari intentionem legislatoris ad solum principem pertinet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 unde imperator dicit, in codice, de legibus et Constitut. Princip.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 <i>inter aequitatem iusque interpositam interpretationem nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 solis et oportet et licet inspicere</i>. Ergo actus epieikeiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 illicitus. Non ergo epieikeia est virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43954"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 "ref">[43954] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., ponit eam virtutem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 1 co."><a name="43955"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 "ref">[43955] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de legibus ageretur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 quia humani actus, de quibus leges dantur, in singularibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 contingentibus consistunt, quae infinitis modis variari possunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 non fuit possibile aliquam regulam legis institui quae in nullo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 casu deficeret, sed legislatores attendunt ad id quod in pluribus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 accidit, secundum hoc legem ferentes; quam tamen in aliquibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 casibus servare est contra aequalitatem iustitiae, et contra bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 commune, quod lex intendit. Sicut lex instituit quod deposita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 reddantur, quia hoc ut in pluribus iustum est, contingit tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 aliquando esse nocivum, puta si furiosus deposuit gladium et eum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 reposcat dum est in furia, vel si aliquis reposcat depositum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 patriae impugnationem. In his ergo et similibus casibus malum esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 sequi legem positam, bonum autem est, praetermissis verbis legis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 sequi id quod poscit iustitiae ratio et communis utilitas. Et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 hoc ordinatur epieikeia, quae apud nos dicitur aequitas. Unde patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 quod epieikeia est virtus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43956"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 "ref">[43956] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 ergo dicendum quod epieikes non deserit iustum simpliciter, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 iustum quod est lege determinatum. Nec etiam opponitur severitati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 quae sequitur veritatem legis in quibus oportet, sequi autem verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 legis in quibus non oportet, vitiosum est. Unde dicitur in codice,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 de legibus et Constit. Princip., <i>non dubium est in legem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 committere eum qui, verba legis amplexus, contra legis nititur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 voluntatem</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43957"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 "ref">[43957] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 dicendum quod ille de lege iudicat qui dicit eam non esse bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 positam. Qui vero dicit verba legis non esse in hoc casu servanda,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 non iudicat de lege, sed de aliquo particulari negotio quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 occurrit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43958"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 "ref">[43958] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 dicendum quod interpretatio locum habet in dubiis, in quibus non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 licet, absque determinatione principis, a verbis legis recedere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 Sed in manifestis non est opus interpretatione, sed executione.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43959"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 "ref">[43959] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod epieikeia non sit pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 iustitiae. Ut enim ex praedictis patet, duplex est iustitia, una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 particularis, et alia legalis. Sed epieikeia non est pars iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 particularis, quia se extendit ad omnes virtutes, sicut et iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 legalis. Similiter etiam non est pars iustitiae legalis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 operatur praeter id quod lege positum est. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 epieikeia non sit pars iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43960"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 "ref">[43960] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 Praeterea, virtus principalior non assignatur virtuti minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 principali ut pars, cardinalibus enim virtutibus, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 principalibus, assignantur secundariae virtutes ut partes. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 epieikeia videtur esse principalior virtus quam iustitia, ut ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 nomen sonat, dicitur enim ab epi, quod est supra, et dikaion, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 est iustum. Ergo epieikeia non est pars iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43961"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 "ref">[43961] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 Praeterea, videtur quod epieikeia sit idem quod modestia. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 Philipp. IV, ubi dicitur, modestia vestra nota sit omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 hominibus, in Graeco habetur epieikeia. Sed secundum Tullium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 modestia est pars temperantiae. Ergo epieikeia non est pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 iustitiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43962"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 "ref">[43962] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod <i>epieikes est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 quoddam iustum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 2 co."><a name="43963"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 "ref">[43963] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtus aliqua habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 triplicem partem, scilicet partem subiectivam, integralem et quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 potentialem. Pars autem subiectiva est de qua essentialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 praedicatur totum, et est in minus. Quod quidem contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 dupliciter, quandoque enim aliquid praedicatur de pluribus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 unam rationem, sicut animal de equo et bove; quandoque autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 praedicatur secundum prius et posterius, sicut ens praedicatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 substantia et accidente. Epieikeia ergo est pars iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 communiter dictae, tanquam iustitia quaedam existens, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 philosophus dicit, in V Ethic. Unde patet quod epieikeia est pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 subiectiva iustitiae. Et de ea iustitia per prius dicitur quam de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 legali, nam legalis iustitia dirigitur secundum epieikeiam. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 epieikeia est quasi superior regula humanorum actuum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43964"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 "ref">[43964] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 ergo dicendum quod epieikeia correspondet proprie iustitiae legali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 et quodammodo continetur sub ea, et quodammodo excedit eam. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 iustitia legalis dicatur quae obtemperat legi sive quantum ad verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 legis sive quantum ad intentionem legislatoris, quae potior est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 sic epieikeia est pars potior legalis iustitiae. Si vero iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 legalis dicatur solum quae obtemperat legi secundum verba legis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 sic epieikeia non est pars legalis iustitiae, sed est pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 iustitiae communiter dictae, contra iustitiam legalem divisa sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 excedens ipsam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43965"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 "ref">[43965] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., epieikeia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 melior quadam iustitia, scilicet legali quae observat verba legis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 Quia tamen et ipsa est iustitia quaedam, non est melior omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 iustitia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 <p title="II-II q. 120 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43966"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 "ref">[43966] II&ordf;-IIae q. 120 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 dicendum quod ad epieikeiam pertinet aliquid moderari, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 observantiam verborum legis. Sed modestia quae ponitur pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 temperantiae, moderatur exteriorem hominis vitam, puta in incessu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 vel habitu, vel aliis huiusmodi. Potest tamen esse quod nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 epieikeiae, apud Graecos, per quandam similitudinem transfertur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 omnes moderationes.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 <div class="centro"><br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 <p><a href="sth3106.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 <a href="sth3121.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 <hr />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 hanc editionem<br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 </div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 </body>
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diff changeset
3827 </html>