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annotate summa/latin/sth1044.html @ 35:178aed5d2c3c

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convert to XML
author ht
date Mon, 30 Nov 2009 22:05:42 +0000
parents 544e12f679ad
children d777cc3962f2
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, I&ordf; q. 44-49</title>
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23 </head>
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24 <body>
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25 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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26 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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27 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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29 <div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione XLIV ad quaestionem
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30 XLIX</div>
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31 <br />
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32 <div class="centro">
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33 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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34 <tr>
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35 <th><img src="icons/ghent190.jpg" width="120" height="190" border=
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36 "0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" align=
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37 "middle" /></th>
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38 </tr>
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39 </table>
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40 <br />
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41 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1888 editum<br />
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42 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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43 magneticas<br />
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44 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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45 <br /></span><br />
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46 <hr />
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47 <br />
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48 <p><a href="sth1028.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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49 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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50 <a href="sth1050.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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52 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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53 //<![CDATA[
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54 <!--
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55 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30357">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30358">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
141 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30359">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30360">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30361">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
144 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30362">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
145 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30363">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
146 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30364">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
147 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30365">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30366">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
149 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30367">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30368">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30369">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30370">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30371">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30372">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
155 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30373">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
156 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30374">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
157 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30375">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
158 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30376">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
159 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30377">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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160 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30378">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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161 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30379">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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162 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30380">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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163 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30381">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
164 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30382">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
165 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30383">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
166 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30384">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
167 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30385">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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168 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30386">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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169 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30387">I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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170 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30388">I&ordf; q. 46 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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171 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30389">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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172 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30390">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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173 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30391">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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174 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30392">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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175 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30393">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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176 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30394">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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177 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30395">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 7');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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178 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30396">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 8');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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179 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30397">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 9');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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180 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30398">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 10');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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181 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30399">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
182 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30400">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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183 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30401">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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184 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30402">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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185 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30403">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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186 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30404">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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187 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30405">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
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188 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30406">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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189 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30407">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 7');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
190 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30408">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 8');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
191 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30409">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 9');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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192 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30410">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 10');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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193 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30411">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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194 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30412">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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195 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30413">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
196 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30414">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
197 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30415">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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198 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30416">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
199 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30417">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 7');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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200 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30418">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 8');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
201 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30419">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
202 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30420">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
203 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30421">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
204 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30422">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
205 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30423">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
206 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30424">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
207 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30425">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
208 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30426">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 6');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
209 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30427">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 7');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
210 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30428">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 8');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
211 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30429">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
212 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30430">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
213 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30431">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
214 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30432">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
215 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30433">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
216 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30434">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
217 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30435">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
218 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30436">I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
219 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30437">I&ordf; q. 47 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
220 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30438">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
221 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30439">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
222 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30440">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
223 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30441">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
224 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30442">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
225 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30443">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
226 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30444">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
227 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30445">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
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228 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30446">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
229 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30447">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
230 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30448">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
231 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30449">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
232 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30450">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
233 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30451">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
234 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30452">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
235 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30453">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
236 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30454">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
237 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30455">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
238 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30456">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
239 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30457">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
240 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30458">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
241 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30459">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
242 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30460">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
243 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30461">I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
244 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30462">I&ordf; q. 48 pr.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
245 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30463">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
246 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30464">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
247 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30465">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
248 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30466">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
249 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30467">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 5');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
250 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30468">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 s. c.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
251 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30469">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 co.');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
252 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30470">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 1');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
253 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30471">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 2');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
254 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30472">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 3');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
255 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30473">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 4');
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
256 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30474">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 5');
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257 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30475">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1');
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258 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30476">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2');
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259 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30477">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3');
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260 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30478">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 s. c.');
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261 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30479">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 co.');
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262 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30480">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 1');
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263 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30481">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 2');
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264 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30482">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 3');
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265 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30483">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1');
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266 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30484">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2');
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267 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30485">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3');
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268 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30486">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 4');
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269 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30487">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 s. c.');
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270 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30488">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 co.');
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271 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30489">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 1');
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272 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30490">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 2');
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273 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30491">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 3');
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274 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30492">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 4');
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275 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30493">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1');
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276 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30494">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2');
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277 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30495">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3');
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278 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30496">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 s. c.');
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279 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30497">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 co.');
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280 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30498">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 1');
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281 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30499">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 2');
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282 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30500">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 3');
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283 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30501">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 1');
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284 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30502">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 2');
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285 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30503">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 3');
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286 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30504">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 s. c.');
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287 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30505">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 co.');
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288 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30506">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 1');
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289 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30507">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 2');
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290 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30508">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 3');
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291 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30509">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 4');
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292 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30510">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 1');
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293 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30511">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 2');
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294 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30512">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 3');
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295 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30513">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 s. c.');
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296 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30514">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 co.');
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297 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30515">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 1');
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298 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30516">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 2');
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299 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30517">I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 3');
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300 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30518">I&ordf; q. 49 pr.');
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301 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30519">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 1');
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302 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30520">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 2');
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303 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30521">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents:
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304 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30522">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents:
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305 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30523">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 s. c.');
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ht
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306 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30524">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 co.');
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307 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30525">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 1');
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308 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30526">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 2');
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309 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30527">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 3');
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310 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30528">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 4');
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311 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30529">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 1');
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312 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30530">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 2');
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313 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30531">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 3');
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314 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30532">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 s. c.');
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ht
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315 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30533">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 co.');
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316 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30534">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 1');
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317 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30535">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 2');
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318 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30536">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 3');
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319 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30537">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 1');
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320 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30538">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 2');
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321 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30539">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 3');
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322 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30540">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 4');
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323 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30541">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 5');
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324 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30542">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 6');
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325 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30543">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 s. c.');
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326 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30544">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 co.');
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327 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30545">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 1');
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328 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30546">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 2');
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329 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30547">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 3');
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330 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30548">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 4');
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331 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30549">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 5');
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332 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#30550">I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 6');
28
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333 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
26
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334 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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335 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
28
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336 document.write('<\/FORM>');
26
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337 // -->
28
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338 //]]>
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339 </script><br />
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340 <hr />
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341 <br /></div>
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342 <div class="D">Quaestio 44</div>
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343 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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344 <p title="I q. 44 pr."><a name="30282"><span class="ref">[30282]
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345 I&ordf; q. 44 pr.</span></a> Post considerationem divinarum
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346 personarum, considerandum restat de processione creaturarum a Deo.
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347 Erit autem haec consideratio tripartita, ut primo consideretur de
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348 productione creaturarum; secundo, de earum distinctione; tertio, de
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349 conservatione et gubernatione. Circa primum tria sunt consideranda,
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350 primo quidem, quae sit prima causa entium; secundo, de modo
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351 procedendi creaturarum a prima causa; tertio vero, de principio
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352 durationis rerum. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
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353 Deus sit causa efficiens omnium entium. Secundo, utrum materia
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354 prima sit creata a Deo, vel sit principium ex aequo coordinatum ei.
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355 Tertio, utrum Deus sit causa exemplaris rerum, vel sint alia
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356 exemplaria praeter ipsum. Quarto, utrum ipse sit causa finalis
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357 rerum.</p>
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358 <br />
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359 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
360 <p title="I q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30283"><span class=
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361 "ref">[30283] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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362 proceditur. Videtur quod non sit necessarium omne ens esse creatum
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363 a Deo. Nihil enim prohibet inveniri rem sine eo quod non est de
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364 ratione rei, sicut hominem sine albedine. Sed habitudo causati ad
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365 causam non videtur esse de ratione entium quia sine hac possunt
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366 aliqua entia intelligi. Ergo sine hac possunt esse. Ergo nihil
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367 prohibet esse aliqua entia non creata a Deo.</p>
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diff changeset
368 <p title="I q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30284"><span class=
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369 "ref">[30284] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad
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370 hoc aliquid indiget causa efficiente, ut sit. Ergo quod non potest
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371 non esse, non indiget causa efficiente. Sed nullum necessarium
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372 potest non esse, quia quod necesse est esse, non potest non esse.
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373 Cum igitur multa sint necessaria in rebus, videtur quod non omnia
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374 entia sint a Deo.</p>
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diff changeset
375 <p title="I q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30285"><span class=
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diff changeset
376 "ref">[30285] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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377 quorumcumque est aliqua causa, in his potest fieri demonstratio per
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378 causam illam. Sed in mathematicis non fit demonstratio per causam
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379 agentem, ut per philosophum patet, in III Metaphys. Non igitur
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380 omnia entia sunt a Deo sicut a causa agente.</p>
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diff changeset
381 <p title="I q. 44 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30286"><span class=
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382 "ref">[30286] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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383 quod dicitur Rom. XI, <i>ex ipso, et per ipsum, et in ipso sunt
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384 omnia</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
385 <p title="I q. 44 a. 1 co."><a name="30287"><span class=
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386 "ref">[30287] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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387 quod necesse est dicere omne quod quocumque modo est, a Deo esse.
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388 Si enim aliquid invenitur in aliquo per participationem, necesse
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389 est quod causetur in ipso ab eo cui essentialiter convenit; sicut
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390 ferrum fit ignitum ab igne. Ostensum est autem supra, cum de divina
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391 simplicitate ageretur, quod Deus est ipsum esse per se subsistens.
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392 Et iterum ostensum est quod esse subsistens non potest esse nisi
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393 unum, sicut si albedo esset subsistens, non posset esse nisi una,
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394 cum albedines multiplicentur secundum recipientia. Relinquitur ergo
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395 quod omnia alia a Deo non sint suum esse, sed participant esse.
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396 Necesse est igitur omnia quae diversificantur secundum diversam
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397 participationem essendi, ut sint perfectius vel minus perfecte,
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diff changeset
398 causari ab uno primo ente, quod perfectissime est. Unde et Plato
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diff changeset
399 dixit quod necesse est ante omnem multitudinem ponere unitatem. Et
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diff changeset
400 Aristoteles dicit, in II Metaphys., quod id quod est maxime ens et
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diff changeset
401 maxime verum, est causa omnis entis et omnis veri, sicut id quod
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402 maxime calidum est, est causa omnis caliditatis.</p>
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diff changeset
403 <p title="I q. 44 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30288"><span class=
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404 "ref">[30288] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
405 dicendum quod, licet habitudo ad causam non intret definitionem
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diff changeset
406 entis quod est causatum, tamen sequitur ad ea qua sunt de eius
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diff changeset
407 ratione, quia ex hoc quod aliquid per participationem est ens,
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diff changeset
408 sequitur quod sit causatum ab alio. Unde huiusmodi ens non potest
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diff changeset
409 esse, quin sit causatum; sicut nec homo, quin sit risibile. Sed
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diff changeset
410 quia esse causatum non est de ratione entis simpliciter, propter
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411 hoc invenitur aliquod ens non causatum.</p>
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diff changeset
412 <p title="I q. 44 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30289"><span class=
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diff changeset
413 "ref">[30289] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
414 dicendum quod ex hac ratione quidam moti fuerunt ad ponendum quod
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415 id quod est necessarium non habeat causam, ut dicitur in VIII
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416 Physic. Sed hoc manifeste falsum apparet in scientiis
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417 demonstrativis, in quibus principia necessaria sunt causae
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diff changeset
418 conclusionum necessariarum. Et ideo dicit Aristoteles, in V
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diff changeset
419 Metaphys., quod sunt quaedam necessaria quae habent causam suae
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420 necessitatis. Non ergo propter hoc solum requiritur causa agens,
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diff changeset
421 quia effectus potest non esse, sed quia effectus non esset, si
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422 causa non esset. Haec enim conditionalis est vera, sive antecedens
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423 et consequens sint possibilia, sive impossibilia.</p>
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424 <p title="I q. 44 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30290"><span class=
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425 "ref">[30290] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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426 dicendum quod mathematica accipiuntur ut abstracta secundum
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diff changeset
427 rationem, cum tamen non sint abstracta secundum esse. Unicuique
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428 autem competit habere causam agentem, secundum quod habet esse.
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429 Licet igitur ea quae sunt mathematica habeant causam agentem, non
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430 tamen secundum habitudinem quam habent ad causam agentem, cadunt
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431 sub consideratione mathematici. Et ideo in scientiis mathematicis
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432 non demonstratur aliquid per causam agentem.</p>
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433 <br />
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434 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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435 <p title="I q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30291"><span class=
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436 "ref">[30291] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
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437 proceditur. Videtur quod materia prima non sit creata a Deo. Omne
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438 enim quod fit, componitur ex subiecto et ex aliquo alio, ut dicitur
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439 in I Physic. Sed materiae primae non est aliquod subiectum. Ergo
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440 materia prima non potest esse facta a Deo.</p>
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diff changeset
441 <p title="I q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30292"><span class=
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442 "ref">[30292] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, actio
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443 et passio dividuntur contra se invicem. Sed sicut primum principium
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444 activum est Deus, ita primum principium passivum est materia. Ergo
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445 Deus et materia prima sunt duo principia contra se invicem divisa,
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446 quorum neutrum est ab alio.</p>
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diff changeset
447 <p title="I q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30293"><span class=
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448 "ref">[30293] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
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449 agens agit sibi simile, et sic, cum omne agens agat inquantum est
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450 actu, sequitur quod omne factum aliquo modo sit in actu. Sed
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451 materia prima est tantum in potentia, inquantum huiusmodi. Ergo
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452 contra rationem materiae primae est, quod sit facta.</p>
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453 <p title="I q. 44 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30294"><span class=
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454 "ref">[30294] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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455 quod dicit Augustinus, XII Confess., duo fecisti, domine, unum
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456 prope te, scilicet Angelum, aliud prope nihil, scilicet materiam
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457 primam.</p>
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458 <p title="I q. 44 a. 2 co."><a name="30295"><span class=
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diff changeset
459 "ref">[30295] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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460 quod antiqui philosophi paulatim, et quasi pedetentim, intraverunt
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461 in cognitionem veritatis. A principio enim, quasi grossiores
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462 existentes, non existimabant esse entia nisi corpora sensibilia.
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463 Quorum qui ponebant in eis motum, non considerabant motum nisi
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464 secundum aliqua accidentia, ut puta secundum raritatem et
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465 densitatem, congregationem et segregationem. Et supponentes ipsam
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466 substantiam corporum increatam, assignabant aliquas causas
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467 huiusmodi accidentalium transmutationum, ut puta amicitiam, litem,
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468 intellectum, aut aliquid huiusmodi. Ulterius vero procedentes,
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469 distinxerunt per intellectum inter formam substantialem et
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470 materiam, quam ponebant increatam; et perceperunt transmutationem
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471 fieri in corporibus secundum formas essentiales. Quarum
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472 transmutationum quasdam causas universaliores ponebant, ut obliquum
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473 circulum, secundum Aristotelem, vel ideas, secundum Platonem. Sed
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474 considerandum est quod materia per formam contrahitur ad
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475 determinatam speciem; sicut substantia alicuius speciei per
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476 accidens ei adveniens contrahitur ad determinatum modum essendi, ut
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477 homo contrahitur per album. Utrique igitur consideraverunt ens
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478 particulari quadam consideratione, vel inquantum est hoc ens, vel
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diff changeset
479 inquantum est tale ens. Et sic rebus causas agentes particulares
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480 assignaverunt. Et ulterius aliqui erexerunt se ad considerandum ens
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481 inquantum est ens, et consideraverunt causam rerum, non solum
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482 secundum quod sunt haec vel talia, sed secundum quod sunt entia.
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483 Hoc igitur quod est causa rerum inquantum sunt entia, oportet esse
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484 causam rerum, non solum secundum quod sunt talia per formas
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485 accidentales, nec secundum quod sunt haec per formas substantiales,
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486 sed etiam secundum omne illud quod pertinet ad esse illorum
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487 quocumque modo. Et sic oportet ponere etiam materiam primam creatam
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488 ab universali causa entium.</p>
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diff changeset
489 <p title="I q. 44 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30296"><span class=
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490 "ref">[30296] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
491 dicendum quod philosophus in I Physic. loquitur de fieri
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492 particulari, quod est de forma in formam, sive accidentalem sive
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493 substantialem nunc autem loquimur de rebus secundum emanationem
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494 earum ab universali principio essendi. A qua quidem emanatione nec
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495 materia excluditur, licet a primo modo factionis excludatur.</p>
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496 <p title="I q. 44 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30297"><span class=
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diff changeset
497 "ref">[30297] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
498 dicendum quod passio est effectus actionis. Unde et rationabile est
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499 quod primum principium passivum sit effectus primi principii
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500 activi, nam omne imperfectum causatur a perfecto. Oportet enim
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501 primum principium esse perfectissimum, ut dicit Aristoteles, in XII
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502 Metaphys.</p>
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503 <p title="I q. 44 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30298"><span class=
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diff changeset
504 "ref">[30298] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
505 dicendum quod ratio illa non ostendit quod materia non sit creata,
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506 sed quod non sit creata sine forma. Licet enim omne creatum sit in
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507 actu, non tamen est actus purus. Unde oportet quod etiam illud quod
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508 se habet ex parte potentiae, sit creatum, si totum quod ad esse
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509 ipsius pertinet, creatum est.</p>
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510 <br />
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511 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
512 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30299"><span class=
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diff changeset
513 "ref">[30299] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
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514 proceditur. Videtur quod causa exemplaris sit aliquid praeter Deum.
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515 Exemplatum enim habet similitudinem exemplaris. Sed creaturae longe
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516 sunt a divina similitudine. Non ergo Deus est causa exemplaris
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517 earum.</p>
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518 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30300"><span class=
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diff changeset
519 "ref">[30300] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
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diff changeset
520 quod est per participationem, reducitur ad aliquid per se existens,
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521 ut ignitum ad ignem, sicut iam dictum est. Sed quaecumque sunt in
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522 sensibilibus rebus, sunt solum per participationem alicuius
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523 speciei, quod ex hoc patet, quod in nullo sensibilium invenitur
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524 solum id quod ad rationem speciei pertinet, sed adiunguntur
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525 principiis speciei principia individuantia. Oportet ergo ponere
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526 ipsas species per se existentes, ut per se hominem, et per se
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527 equum, et huiusmodi. Et haec dicuntur exemplaria. Sunt igitur
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528 exemplaria res quaedam extra Deum.</p>
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diff changeset
529 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30301"><span class=
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diff changeset
530 "ref">[30301] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
531 scientiae et definitiones sunt de ipsis speciebus, non secundum
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532 quod sunt in particularibus, quia particularium non est scientia
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diff changeset
533 nec definitio. Ergo sunt quaedam entia, quae sunt entia vel species
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534 non in singularibus. Et haec dicuntur exemplaria. Ergo idem quod
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535 prius.</p>
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diff changeset
536 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30302"><span class=
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diff changeset
537 "ref">[30302] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, hoc
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diff changeset
538 idem videtur per Dionysium, qui dicit, V cap. de Div. Nom., quod
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539 <i>ipsum secundum se esse, prius est eo quod est per se vitam esse,
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540 et eo quod est per se sapientiam esse</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
541 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30303"><span class=
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diff changeset
542 "ref">[30303] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
543 quod exemplar est idem quod idea. Sed ideae, secundum quod
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diff changeset
544 Augustinus libro octoginta trium quaest. dicit, <i>sunt formae
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545 principales, quae divina intelligentia continentur</i>. Ergo
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546 exemplaria rerum non sunt extra Deum.</p>
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diff changeset
547 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 co."><a name="30304"><span class=
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diff changeset
548 "ref">[30304] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
549 quod Deus est prima causa exemplaris omnium rerum. Ad cuius
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diff changeset
550 evidentiam, considerandum est quod ad productionem alicuius rei
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diff changeset
551 ideo necessarium est exemplar, ut effectus determinatam formam
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552 consequatur, artifex enim producit determinatam formam in materia,
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diff changeset
553 propter exemplar ad quod inspicit, sive illud sit exemplar ad quod
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554 extra intuetur, sive sit exemplar interius mente conceptum.
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555 Manifestum est autem quod ea quae naturaliter fiunt, determinatas
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diff changeset
556 formas consequuntur. Haec autem formarum determinatio oportet quod
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557 reducatur, sicut in primum principium, in divinam sapientiam, quae
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diff changeset
558 ordinem universi excogitavit, qui in rerum distinctione consistit.
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diff changeset
559 Et ideo oportet dicere quod in divina sapientia sunt rationes
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560 omnium rerum, quas supra diximus ideas, id est formas exemplares in
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diff changeset
561 mente divina existentes. Quae quidem licet multiplicentur secundum
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diff changeset
562 respectum ad res, tamen non sunt realiter aliud a divina essentia,
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563 prout eius similitudo a diversis participari potest diversimode.
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564 Sic igitur ipse Deus est primum exemplar omnium. Possunt etiam in
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diff changeset
565 rebus creatis quaedam aliorum exemplaria dici, secundum quod
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566 quaedam sunt ad similitudinem aliorum, vel secundum eandem speciem,
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567 vel secundum analogiam alicuius imitationis.</p>
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diff changeset
568 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30305"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 "ref">[30305] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 dicendum quod, licet creaturae non pertingant ad hoc quod sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
571 similes Deo secundum suam naturam, similitudine speciei, ut homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 genitus homini generanti; attingunt tamen ad eius similitudinem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
573 secundum repraesentationem rationis intellectae a Deo, ut domus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 quae est in materia, domui quae est in mente artificis.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
575 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30306"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
576 "ref">[30306] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 dicendum quod de ratione hominis est quod sit in materia, et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
578 non potest inveniri homo sine materia. Licet igitur hic homo sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 per participationem speciei, non tamen potest reduci ad aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
580 existens per se in eadem specie; sed ad speciem superexcedentem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 sicut sunt substantiae separatae. Et eadem ratio est de aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 sensibilibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30307"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 "ref">[30307] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
585 dicendum quod, licet quaelibet scientia et definitio sit solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 entium, non tamen oportet quod res eundem modum habeant in essendo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 quem intellectus habet in intelligendo. Nos enim, per virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
588 intellectus agentis, abstrahimus species universales a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
589 particularibus conditionibus, non tamen oportet quod universalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 praeter particularia subsistant, ut particularium exemplaria.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 <p title="I q. 44 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30308"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
592 "ref">[30308] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Dionysius, XI cap. de Div. Nom., per se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 vitam et per se sapientiam quandoque nominat ipsum Deum, quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 virtutes ipsis rebus datas, non autem quasdam subsistentes res,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 sicut antiqui posuerunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
598 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
599 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30309"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 "ref">[30309] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non sit causa finalis omnium. Agere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 enim propter finem videtur esse alicuius indigentis fine. Sed Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 nullo est indigens. Ergo non competit sibi agere propter finem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30310"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 "ref">[30310] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 generationis et forma generati et agens non incidunt in idem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 numero, ut dicitur in II Physic., quia finis generationis est forma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 generati. Sed Deus est primum agens omnium. Non ergo est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 finalis omnium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30311"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 "ref">[30311] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, finem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 omnia appetunt. Sed Deum non omnia appetunt, quia neque omnia ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 cognoscunt. Deus ergo non est omnium finis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="30312"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 "ref">[30312] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 finalis causa est prima causarum. Si igitur Deus sit causa agens et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
617 causa finalis, sequitur quod in eo sit prius et posterius. Quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 impossibile.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
619 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30313"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
620 "ref">[30313] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 quod dicitur Prov. XVI, <i>universa propter semetipsum operatus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
622 dominus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
623 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 co."><a name="30314"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
624 "ref">[30314] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
625 quod omne agens agit propter finem, alioquin ex actione agentis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
626 magis sequeretur hoc quam illud, nisi a casu. Est autem idem finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
627 agentis et patientis, inquantum huiusmodi, sed aliter et aliter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
628 unum enim et idem est quod agens intendit imprimere, et quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
629 patiens intendit recipere. Sunt autem quaedam quae simul agunt et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
630 patiuntur, quae sunt agentia imperfecta, et his convenit quod etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
631 in agendo intendant aliquid acquirere. Sed primo agenti, qui est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
632 agens tantum, non convenit agere propter acquisitionem alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
633 finis; sed intendit solum communicare suam perfectionem, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 eius bonitas. Et unaquaeque creatura intendit consequi suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
635 perfectionem, quae est similitudo perfectionis et bonitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
636 divinae. Sic ergo divina bonitas est finis rerum omnium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
637 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30315"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
638 "ref">[30315] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
639 dicendum quod agere propter indigentiam non est nisi agentis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 imperfecti, quod natum est agere et pati. Sed hoc Deo non competit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 Et ideo ipse solus est maxime liberalis, quia non agit propter suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 utilitatem, sed solum propter suam bonitatem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30316"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 "ref">[30316] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 dicendum quod forma generati non est finis generationis nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
646 inquantum est similitudo formae generantis, quod suam similitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
647 communicare intendit. Alioquin forma generati esset nobilior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
648 generante, cum finis sit nobilior his quae sunt ad finem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
649 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30317"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
650 "ref">[30317] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
651 dicendum quod omnia appetunt Deum ut finem, appetendo quodcumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
652 bonum, sive appetitu intelligibili, sive sensibili, sive naturali,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 qui est sine cognitione, quia nihil habet rationem boni et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
654 appetibilis, nisi secundum quod participat Dei similitudinem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 <p title="I q. 44 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="30318"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 "ref">[30318] I&ordf; q. 44 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 dicendum quod, cum Deus sit causa efficiens, exemplaris et finalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
658 omnium rerum, et materia prima sit ab ipso, sequitur quod primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 principium omnium rerum sit unum tantum secundum rem. Nihil tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 prohibet in eo considerari multa secundum rationem, quorum quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 prius cadunt in intellectu nostro quam alia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 <div class="D">Quaestio 45</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 <p title="I q. 45 pr."><a name="30319"><span class="ref">[30319]
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parents: 26
diff changeset
666 I&ordf; q. 45 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de modo emanationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 rerum a primo principio, qui dicitur creatio. De qua quaeruntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
668 octo. Primo, quid sit creatio. Secundo, utrum Deus possit aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
669 creare. Tertio, utrum creatio sit aliquod ens in rerum natura.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
670 Quarto, cui competit creari. Quinto, utrum solius Dei sit creare.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 Sexto, utrum commune sit toti Trinitati, aut proprium alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
672 personae. Septimo, utrum vestigium aliquod Trinitatis sit in rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 creatis. Octavo, utrum opus creationis admisceatur in operibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
674 naturae et voluntatis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
675 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
676 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
677 <p title="I q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30320"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
678 "ref">[30320] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 proceditur. Videtur quod creare non sit ex nihilo aliquid facere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 Dicit enim Augustinus, contra adversarium legis et prophetarum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
681 <i>facere est quod omnino non erat, creare vero est ex eo quod iam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 erat educendo aliquid constituere</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 <p title="I q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30321"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 "ref">[30321] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 nobilitas actionis et motus ex terminis consideratur. Nobilior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 igitur est actio quae ex bono in bonum est, et ex ente in ens, quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 quae est ex nihilo in aliquid. Sed creatio videtur esse nobilissima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
688 actio, et prima inter omnes actiones. Ergo non est ex nihilo in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
689 aliquid, sed magis ex ente in ens.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 <p title="I q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30322"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 "ref">[30322] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 praepositio ex importat habitudinem alicuius causae, et maxime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 materialis; sicut cum dicimus quod statua fit ex aere. Sed nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 non potest esse materia entis, nec aliquo modo causa eius. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 creare non est ex nihilo aliquid facere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 <p title="I q. 45 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30323"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 "ref">[30323] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 quod super illud Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum</i>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 etc., dicit Glossa quod creare est aliquid ex nihilo facere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 <p title="I q. 45 a. 1 co."><a name="30324"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 "ref">[30324] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 quod, sicut supra dictum est, non solum oportet considerare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 emanationem alicuius entis particularis ab aliquo particulari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 agente, sed etiam emanationem totius entis a causa universali, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 est Deus, et hanc quidem emanationem designamus nomine creationis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 Quod autem procedit secundum emanationem particularem, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 praesupponitur emanationi, sicut, si generatur homo, non fuit prius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 homo, sed homo fit ex non homine, et album ex non albo. Unde, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 consideretur emanatio totius entis universalis a primo principio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 impossibile est quod aliquod ens praesupponatur huic emanationi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 Idem autem est nihil quod nullum ens. Sicut igitur generatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 hominis est ex non ente quod est non homo, ita creatio, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 emanatio totius esse, est ex non ente quod est nihil.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 <p title="I q. 45 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30325"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 "ref">[30325] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 dicendum quod Augustinus aequivoce utitur nomine creationis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 secundum quod creari dicuntur ea quae in melius reformantur, ut cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 dicitur aliquis creari in episcopum. Sic autem non loquimur hic de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 creatione, sed sicut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 <p title="I q. 45 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30326"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 "ref">[30326] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 dicendum quod mutationes accipiunt speciem et dignitatem non a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 termino a quo, sed a termino ad quem. Tanto ergo perfectior et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 prior est aliqua mutatio, quanto terminus ad quem illius mutationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 est nobilior et prior; licet terminus a quo, qui opponitur termino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 ad quem, sit imperfectior. Sicut generatio simpliciter est nobilior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 et prior quam alteratio, propter hoc quod forma substantialis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 nobilior quam forma accidentalis, tamen privatio substantialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 formae, quae est terminus a quo in generatione, est imperfectior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 quam contrarium, quod est terminus a quo in alteratione. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 similiter creatio est perfectior et prior quam generatio et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 alteratio, quia terminus ad quem est tota substantia rei. Id autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 quod intelligitur ut terminus a quo, est simpliciter non ens.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 <p title="I q. 45 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30327"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
735 "ref">[30327] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 dicendum quod, cum dicitur aliquid ex nihilo fieri, haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 praepositio ex non designat causam materialem, sed ordinem tantum;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 sicut cum dicitur, ex mane fit meridies, idest, post mane fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 meridies. Sed intelligendum est quod haec praepositio ex potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 includere negationem importatam in hoc quod dico nihil, vel includi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
741 ab ea. Si primo modo, tunc ordo remanet affirmatus, et ostenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
742 ordo eius, quod est ad non esse praecedens. Si vero negatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
743 includat praepositionem, tunc ordo negatur, et est sensus, fit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
744 nihilo, idest non fit ex aliquo; sicut si dicatur, iste loquitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
745 nihilo, quia non loquitur de aliquo. Et utroque modo verificatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
746 cum dicitur ex nihilo aliquid fieri. Sed primo modo, haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
747 praepositio ex importat ordinem, ut dictum est, secundo modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 importat habitudinem causae materialis, quae negatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
750 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
751 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30328"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
752 "ref">[30328] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit aliquid creare. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
754 secundum philosophum, I Physic., antiqui philosophi acceperunt ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 communem conceptionem animi, ex nihilo nihil fieri. Sed potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
756 Dei non se extendit ad contraria primorum principiorum; utpote quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
757 Deus faciat quod totum non sit maius sua parte, vel quod affirmatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 et negatio sint simul vera. Ergo Deus non potest aliquid ex nihilo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
759 facere, vel creare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
760 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30329"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
761 "ref">[30329] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 creare est aliquid ex nihilo facere, ergo creari est aliquid fieri.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
763 Sed omne fieri est mutari. Ergo creatio est mutatio. Sed omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
764 mutatio est ex subiecto aliquo, ut patet per definitionem motus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
765 nam motus est actus existentis in potentia. Ergo est impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
766 aliquid a Deo ex nihilo fieri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
767 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30330"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
768 "ref">[30330] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
769 factum est, necesse est aliquando fieri. Sed non potest dici quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
770 illud quod creatur, simul fiat et factum sit, quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
771 permanentibus, quod fit, non est, quod autem factum est, iam est;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
772 simul ergo aliquid esset et non esset. Ergo, si aliquid fit, fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
773 eius praecedit factum esse. Sed hoc non potest esse, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
774 praeexistat subiectum in quo sustentetur ipsum fieri. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
775 impossibile est aliquid fieri ex nihilo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
776 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="30331"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
777 "ref">[30331] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 infinitam distantiam non est pertransire. Sed infinita distantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
779 est inter ens et nihil. Ergo non contingit ex nihilo aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 fieri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
781 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30332"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
782 "ref">[30332] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
784 terram</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 co."><a name="30333"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
786 "ref">[30333] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 quod non solum non est impossibile a Deo aliquid creari, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
788 necesse est ponere a Deo omnia creata esse, ut ex praemissis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
789 habetur. Quicumque enim facit aliquid ex aliquo, illud ex quo facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
790 praesupponitur actioni eius, et non producitur per ipsam actionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
791 sicut artifex operatur ex rebus naturalibus, ut ex ligno et aere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
792 quae per artis actionem non causantur, sed causantur per actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
793 naturae. Sed et ipsa natura causat res naturales quantum ad formam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 sed praesupponit materiam. Si ergo Deus non ageret nisi ex aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 praesupposito, sequeretur quod illud praesuppositum non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 causatum ab ipso. Ostensum est autem supra quod nihil potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 in entibus quod non sit a Deo, qui est causa universalis totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 esse. Unde necesse est dicere quod Deus ex nihilo res in esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 producit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30334"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 "ref">[30334] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 dicendum quod antiqui philosophi, sicut supra dictum est, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
803 consideraverunt nisi emanationem effectuum particularium a causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
804 particularibus, quas necesse est praesupponere aliquid in sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
805 actione, et secundum hoc erat eorum communis opinio, ex nihilo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 nihil fieri. Sed tamen hoc locum non habet in prima emanatione ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 universali rerum principio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
808 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30335"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 "ref">[30335] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 dicendum quod creatio non est mutatio nisi secundum modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 intelligendi tantum. Nam de ratione mutationis est, quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 idem se habeat aliter nunc et prius, nam quandoque est idem ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 actu, aliter se habens nunc et prius, sicut in motibus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 quantitatem et qualitatem et ubi; quandoque vero est idem ens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 potentia tantum, sicut in mutatione secundum substantiam, cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 subiectum est materia. Sed in creatione, per quam producitur tota
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 substantia rerum, non potest accipi aliquid idem aliter se habens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 nunc et prius, nisi secundum intellectum tantum; sicut si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 intelligatur aliqua res prius non fuisse totaliter, et postea esse.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 Sed cum actio et passio conveniant in substantia motus, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 differant solum secundum habitudines diversas, ut dicitur in III
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 Physic., oportet quod, subtracto motu, non remaneant nisi diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 habitudines in creante et creato. Sed quia modus significandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 sequitur modum intelligendi, ut dictum est, creatio significatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 per modum mutationis, et propter hoc dicitur quod creare est ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 nihilo aliquid facere. Quamvis facere et fieri magis in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 conveniant quam mutare et mutari, quia facere et fieri important
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 habitudinem causae ad effectum et effectus ad causam, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 mutationem ex consequenti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30336"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 "ref">[30336] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 dicendum quod in his quae fiunt sine motu, simul est fieri et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 factum esse, sive talis factio sit terminus motus, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 illuminatio (nam simul aliquid illuminatur et illuminatum est);
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 sive non sit terminus motus, sicut simul formatur verbum in corde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 et formatum est. Et in his, quod fit, est, sed cum dicitur fieri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 significatur ab alio esse, et prius non fuisse. Unde, cum creatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 sit sine motu, simul aliquid creatur et creatum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 <p title="I q. 45 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="30337"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 "ref">[30337] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit ex falsa imaginatione, ac si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 sit aliquod infinitum medium inter nihilum et ens, quod patet esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 falsum. Procedit autem falsa haec imaginatio ex eo quod creatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 significatur ut quaedam mutatio inter duos terminos existens.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 <p title="I q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30338"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 "ref">[30338] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 proceditur. Videtur quod creatio non sit aliquid in creatura. Sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 enim creatio passive accepta attribuitur creaturae, ita creatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 active accepta attribuitur creatori. Sed creatio active accepta non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 est aliquid in creatore, quia sic sequeretur quod in Deo esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 aliquid temporale. Ergo creatio passive accepta non est aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 creatura.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 <p title="I q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30339"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 "ref">[30339] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 est medium inter creatorem et creaturam. Sed creatio significatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 ut medium inter utrumque, non enim est creator, cum non sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 aeterna; neque creatura, quia oporteret eadem ratione aliam ponere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 creationem qua ipsa crearetur, et sic in infinitum. Creatio ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 non est aliquid.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 <p title="I q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30340"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 "ref">[30340] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 creatio est aliquid praeter substantiam creatam, oportet quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 accidens eius. Omne autem accidens est in subiecto. Ergo res creata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 esset subiectum creationis. Et sic idem esset subiectum creationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 et terminus. Quod est impossibile, quia subiectum prius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 accidente, et conservat accidens; terminus autem posterius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 actione et passione cuius est terminus, et eo existente cessat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 actio et passio. Igitur ipsa creatio non est aliqua res.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 <p title="I q. 45 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30341"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 "ref">[30341] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, maius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 est fieri aliquid secundum totam substantiam, quam secundum formam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 substantialem vel accidentalem. Sed generatio simpliciter vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 secundum quid, qua fit aliquid secundum formam substantialem vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 accidentalem, est aliquid in generato. Ergo multo magis creatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
877 qua fit aliquid secundum totam substantiam, est aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 creato.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 <p title="I q. 45 a. 3 co."><a name="30342"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 "ref">[30342] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 quod creatio ponit aliquid in creato secundum relationem tantum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 Quia quod creatur, non fit per motum vel per mutationem. Quod enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 fit per motum vel mutationem, fit ex aliquo praeexistenti, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 quidem contingit in productionibus particularibus aliquorum entium;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 non autem potest hoc contingere in productione totius esse a causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 universali omnium entium, quae est Deus. Unde Deus, creando,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 producit res sine motu. Subtracto autem motu ab actione et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 passione, nihil remanet nisi relatio, ut dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 relinquitur quod creatio in creatura non sit nisi relatio quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 ad creatorem, ut ad principium sui esse; sicut in passione quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 cum motu, importatur relatio ad principium motus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
892 <p title="I q. 45 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30343"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 "ref">[30343] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 dicendum quod creatio active significata significat actionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 divinam, quae est eius essentia cum relatione ad creaturam. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 relatio in Deo ad creaturam non est realis, sed secundum rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 tantum. Relatio vero creaturae ad Deum est relatio realis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 dictum est, cum de divinis nominibus ageretur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 <p title="I q. 45 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30344"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 "ref">[30344] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 dicendum quod, quia creatio significatur ut mutatio, sicut dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 est; mutatio autem media quodammodo est inter movens et motum, ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 etiam creatio significatur ut media inter creatorem et creaturam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 Tamen creatio passive accepta est in creatura, et est creatura.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 Neque tamen oportet quod alia creatione creetur, quia relationes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 cum hoc ipsum quod sunt, ad aliquid dicantur, non referuntur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 aliquas alias relationes, sed per seipsas; sicut etiam supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 est, cum de aequalitate personarum ageretur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 <p title="I q. 45 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30345"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 "ref">[30345] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
911 dicendum quod creationis, secundum quod significatur ut mutatio,
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diff changeset
912 creatura est terminus, sed secundum quod vere est relatio, creatura
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diff changeset
913 est eius subiectum, et prius ea in esse, sicut subiectum accidente.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 Sed habet quandam rationem prioritatis ex parte obiecti ad quod
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diff changeset
915 dicitur, quod est principium creaturae. Neque tamen oportet quod,
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diff changeset
916 quandiu creatura sit, dicatur creari, quia creatio importat
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diff changeset
917 habitudinem creaturae ad creatorem cum quadam novitate seu
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diff changeset
918 incoeptione.</p>
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diff changeset
919 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 <p title="I q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30346"><span class=
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diff changeset
922 "ref">[30346] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 proceditur. Videtur quod creari non sit proprium compositorum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 subsistentium. Dicitur enim in libro de causis, prima rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 creatarum est esse. Sed esse rei creatae non est subsistens. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 creatio proprie non est subsistentis et compositi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 <p title="I q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30347"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 "ref">[30347] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quod
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diff changeset
929 creatur est ex nihilo. Composita autem non sunt ex nihilo, sed ex
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diff changeset
930 suis componentibus. Ergo compositis non convenit creari.</p>
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diff changeset
931 <p title="I q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30348"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 "ref">[30348] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, illud
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diff changeset
933 proprie producitur per primam emanationem, quod supponitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 secunda, sicut res naturalis per generationem naturalem, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 supponitur in operatione artis. Sed illud quod supponitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 generatione naturali, est materia. Ergo materia est quae proprie
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diff changeset
937 creatur, et non compositum.</p>
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diff changeset
938 <p title="I q. 45 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30349"><span class=
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diff changeset
939 "ref">[30349] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
940 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
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diff changeset
941 terram</i>. Caelum autem et terra sunt res compositae subsistentes.
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diff changeset
942 Ergo horum proprie est creatio.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 <p title="I q. 45 a. 4 co."><a name="30350"><span class=
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diff changeset
944 "ref">[30350] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
945 quod creari est quoddam fieri, ut dictum est. Fieri autem ordinatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 ad esse rei. Unde illis proprie convenit fieri et creari, quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 convenit esse. Quod quidem convenit proprie subsistentibus, sive
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diff changeset
948 sint simplicia, sicut substantiae separatae; sive sint composita,
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diff changeset
949 sicut substantiae materiales. Illi enim proprie convenit esse, quod
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diff changeset
950 habet esse; et hoc est subsistens in suo esse. Formae autem et
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diff changeset
951 accidentia, et alia huiusmodi, non dicuntur entia quasi ipsa sint,
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diff changeset
952 sed quia eis aliquid est; ut albedo ea ratione dicitur ens, quia ea
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diff changeset
953 subiectum est album. Unde, secundum philosophum, accidens magis
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diff changeset
954 proprie dicitur entis quam ens. Sicut igitur accidentia et formae,
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diff changeset
955 et huiusmodi, quae non subsistunt, magis sunt coexistentia quam
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diff changeset
956 entia; ita magis debent dici concreata quam creata. Proprie vero
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diff changeset
957 creata sunt subsistentia.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 <p title="I q. 45 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30351"><span class=
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diff changeset
959 "ref">[30351] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
960 dicendum quod, cum dicitur, prima rerum creatarum est esse, ly esse
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diff changeset
961 non importat subiectum creatum; sed importat propriam rationem
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diff changeset
962 obiecti creationis. Nam ex eo dicitur aliquid creatum, quod est
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diff changeset
963 ens, non ex eo quod est hoc ens, cum creatio sit emanatio totius
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diff changeset
964 esse ab ente universali, ut dictum est. Et est similis modus
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diff changeset
965 loquendi, sicut si diceretur quod primum visibile est color,
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diff changeset
966 quamvis illud quod proprie videtur, sit coloratum.</p>
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diff changeset
967 <p title="I q. 45 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30352"><span class=
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diff changeset
968 "ref">[30352] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
969 dicendum quod creatio non dicit constitutionem rei compositae ex
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diff changeset
970 principiis praeexistentibus, sed compositum sic dicitur creari,
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diff changeset
971 quod simul cum omnibus suis principiis in esse producitur.</p>
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diff changeset
972 <p title="I q. 45 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30353"><span class=
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diff changeset
973 "ref">[30353] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
974 dicendum quod ratio illa non probat quod sola materia creetur; sed
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diff changeset
975 quod materia non sit nisi ex creatione. Nam creatio est productio
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diff changeset
976 totius esse, et non solum materiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 <br />
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diff changeset
978 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 <p title="I q. 45 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30354"><span class=
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diff changeset
980 "ref">[30354] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
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diff changeset
981 proceditur. Videtur quod non solius Dei sit creare. Quia secundum
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diff changeset
982 philosophum, perfectum est quod potest sibi simile facere. Sed
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diff changeset
983 creaturae immateriales sunt perfectiores creaturis materialibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 quae faciunt sibi simile, ignis enim generat ignem, et homo generat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 hominem. Ergo substantia immaterialis potest facere substantiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 sibi similem. Sed substantia immaterialis non potest fieri nisi per
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diff changeset
987 creationem, cum non habeat materiam ex qua fiat. Ergo aliqua
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diff changeset
988 creatura potest creare.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 <p title="I q. 45 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30355"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
990 "ref">[30355] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
991 quanto maior est resistentia ex parte facti, tanto maior virtus
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diff changeset
992 requiritur in faciente. Sed plus resistit contrarium quam nihil.
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diff changeset
993 Ergo maioris virtutis est aliquid facere ex contrario, quod tamen
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diff changeset
994 creatura facit; quam aliquid facere ex nihilo. Multo magis igitur
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diff changeset
995 creatura hoc facere potest.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 <p title="I q. 45 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30356"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
997 "ref">[30356] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
998 virtus facientis consideratur secundum mensuram eius quod fit. Sed
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diff changeset
999 ens creatum est finitum, ut supra probatum est, cum de Dei
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diff changeset
1000 infinitate ageretur. Ergo ad producendum per creationem aliquid
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diff changeset
1001 creatum, non requiritur nisi virtus finita. Sed habere virtutem
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diff changeset
1002 finitam non est contra rationem creaturae. Ergo non est impossibile
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diff changeset
1003 creaturam creare.</p>
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diff changeset
1004 <p title="I q. 45 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30357"><span class=
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diff changeset
1005 "ref">[30357] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
1006 quod Augustinus dicit, in III de Trin., quod neque boni neque mali
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diff changeset
1007 Angeli possunt esse creatores alicuius rei. Multo minus igitur
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diff changeset
1008 aliae creaturae.</p>
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diff changeset
1009 <p title="I q. 45 a. 5 co."><a name="30358"><span class=
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diff changeset
1010 "ref">[30358] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
1011 quod satis apparet in primo aspectu, secundum praemissa, quod
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diff changeset
1012 creare non potest esse propria actio nisi solius Dei. Oportet enim
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diff changeset
1013 universaliores effectus in universaliores et priores causas
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diff changeset
1014 reducere. Inter omnes autem effectus, universalissimum est ipsum
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diff changeset
1015 esse. Unde oportet quod sit proprius effectus primae et
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diff changeset
1016 universalissimae causae, quae est Deus. Unde etiam dicitur libro de
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diff changeset
1017 causis, quod neque intelligentia vel anima nobilis dat esse, nisi
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diff changeset
1018 inquantum operatur operatione divina. Producere autem esse
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diff changeset
1019 absolute, non inquantum est hoc vel tale, pertinet ad rationem
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diff changeset
1020 creationis. Unde manifestum est quod creatio est propria actio
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diff changeset
1021 ipsius Dei. Contingit autem quod aliquid participet actionem
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diff changeset
1022 propriam alicuius alterius, non virtute propria, sed
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diff changeset
1023 instrumentaliter, inquantum agit in virtute alterius; sicut aer per
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diff changeset
1024 virtutem ignis habet calefacere et ignire. Et secundum hoc, aliqui
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diff changeset
1025 opinati sunt quod, licet creatio sit propria actio universalis
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diff changeset
1026 causae, tamen aliqua inferiorum causarum inquantum agit in virtute
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diff changeset
1027 primae causae, potest creare. Et sic posuit Avicenna quod prima
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diff changeset
1028 substantia separata, creata a Deo, creat aliam post se, et
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diff changeset
1029 substantiam orbis, et animam eius; et quod substantia orbis creat
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diff changeset
1030 materiam inferiorum corporum. Et secundum hunc etiam modum Magister
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diff changeset
1031 dicit, in V dist. IV Sent., quod Deus potest creaturae communicare
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diff changeset
1032 potentiam creandi, ut creet per ministerium, non propria
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diff changeset
1033 auctoritate. Sed hoc esse non potest. Quia causa secunda
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diff changeset
1034 instrumentalis non participat actionem causae superioris, nisi
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diff changeset
1035 inquantum per aliquid sibi proprium dispositive operatur ad
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diff changeset
1036 effectum principalis agentis. Si igitur nihil ibi ageret secundum
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diff changeset
1037 illud quod est sibi proprium, frustra adhiberetur ad agendum, nec
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diff changeset
1038 oporteret esse determinata instrumenta determinatarum actionum. Sic
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diff changeset
1039 enim videmus quod securis, scindendo lignum, quod habet ex
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diff changeset
1040 proprietate suae formae, producit scamni formam, quae est effectus
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diff changeset
1041 proprius principalis agentis. Illud autem quod est proprius
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diff changeset
1042 effectus Dei creantis, est illud quod praesupponitur omnibus aliis,
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diff changeset
1043 scilicet esse absolute. Unde non potest aliquid operari dispositive
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diff changeset
1044 et instrumentaliter ad hunc effectum, cum creatio non sit ex aliquo
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diff changeset
1045 praesupposito, quod possit disponi per actionem instrumentalis
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diff changeset
1046 agentis. Sic igitur impossibile est quod alicui creaturae conveniat
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diff changeset
1047 creare, neque virtute propria, neque instrumentaliter sive per
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diff changeset
1048 ministerium. Et hoc praecipue inconveniens est dici de aliquo
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diff changeset
1049 corpore, quod creet, cum nullum corpus agat nisi tangendo vel
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diff changeset
1050 movendo; et sic requirit in sua actione aliquid praeexistens, quod
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diff changeset
1051 possit tangi et moveri; quod est contra rationem creationis.</p>
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diff changeset
1052 <p title="I q. 45 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30359"><span class=
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diff changeset
1053 "ref">[30359] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
1054 dicendum quod aliquod perfectum participans aliquam naturam, facit
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diff changeset
1055 sibi simile, non quidem producendo absolute illam naturam, sed
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diff changeset
1056 applicando eam ad aliquid. Non enim hic homo potest esse causa
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diff changeset
1057 naturae humanae absolute, quia sic esset causa sui ipsius, sed est
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diff changeset
1058 causa quod natura humana sit in hoc homine generato. Et sic
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diff changeset
1059 praesupponit in sua actione determinatam materiam per quam est hic
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diff changeset
1060 homo. Sed sicut hic homo participat humanam naturam, ita quodcumque
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diff changeset
1061 ens creatum participat, ut ita dixerim, naturam essendi, quia solus
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diff changeset
1062 Deus est suum esse, ut supra dictum est. Nullum igitur ens creatum
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1063 potest producere aliquod ens absolute, nisi inquantum esse causat
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diff changeset
1064 in hoc, et sic oportet quod praeintelligatur id per quod aliquid
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diff changeset
1065 est hoc, actioni qua facit sibi simile. In substantia autem
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diff changeset
1066 immateriali non potest praeintelligi aliquid per quod sit haec,
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diff changeset
1067 quia est haec per suam formam, per quam habet esse, cum sint formae
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1068 subsistentes. Igitur substantia immaterialis non potest producere
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1069 aliam substantiam immaterialem sibi similem, quantum ad esse eius;
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diff changeset
1070 sed quantum ad perfectionem aliquam superadditam; sicut si dicamus
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diff changeset
1071 quod superior Angelus illuminat inferiorem, ut Dionysius dicit.
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diff changeset
1072 Secundum quem modum etiam in caelestibus est paternitas, ut ex
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diff changeset
1073 verbis apostoli patet, Ephes. III, <i>ex quo omnis paternitas in
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diff changeset
1074 caelo et in terra nominatur</i>. Et ex hoc etiam evidenter apparet
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diff changeset
1075 quod nullum ens creatum potest causare aliquid, nisi praesupposito
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diff changeset
1076 aliquo. Quod repugnat rationi creationis.</p>
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diff changeset
1077 <p title="I q. 45 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="30360"><span class=
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diff changeset
1078 "ref">[30360] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1079 dicendum quod ex contrario fit aliquid per accidens, ut dicitur in
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diff changeset
1080 I Physic., per se autem fit aliquid ex subiecto, quod est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 potentia. Contrarium igitur resistit agenti, inquantum impedit
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diff changeset
1082 potentiam ab actu in quem intendit reducere agens, sicut ignis
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diff changeset
1083 intendit reducere materiam aquae in actum sibi similem, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 impeditur per formam et dispositiones contrarias, quibus quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 ligatur potentia ne reducatur in actum. Et quanto magis fuerit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 potentia ligata, tanto requiritur maior virtus in agente ad
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diff changeset
1087 reducendam materiam in actum. Unde multo maior potentia requiritur
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diff changeset
1088 in agente, si nulla potentia praeexistat. Sic ergo patet quod multo
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diff changeset
1089 maioris virtutis est facere aliquid ex nihilo, quam ex
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diff changeset
1090 contrario.</p>
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diff changeset
1091 <p title="I q. 45 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="30361"><span class=
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diff changeset
1092 "ref">[30361] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1093 dicendum quod virtus facientis non solum consideratur ex substantia
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diff changeset
1094 facti, sed etiam ex modo faciendi, maior enim calor non solum
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diff changeset
1095 magis, sed etiam citius calefacit. Quamvis igitur creare aliquem
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diff changeset
1096 effectum finitum non demonstret potentiam infinitam, tamen creare
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diff changeset
1097 ipsum ex nihilo demonstrat potentiam infinitam. Quod ex praedictis
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diff changeset
1098 patet. Si enim tanto maior virtus requiritur in agente, quanto
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diff changeset
1099 potentia est magis remota ab actu, oportet quod virtus agentis ex
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diff changeset
1100 nulla praesupposita potentia, quale agens est creans, sit infinita,
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diff changeset
1101 quia nulla proportio est nullius potentiae ad aliquam potentiam,
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diff changeset
1102 quam praesupponit virtus agentis naturalis, sicut et non entis ad
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diff changeset
1103 ens. Et quia nulla creatura habet simpliciter potentiam infinitam,
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diff changeset
1104 sicut neque esse infinitum, ut supra probatum est, relinquitur quod
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diff changeset
1105 nulla creatura possit creare.</p>
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diff changeset
1106 <br />
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diff changeset
1107 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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diff changeset
1108 <p title="I q. 45 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="30362"><span class=
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diff changeset
1109 "ref">[30362] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
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diff changeset
1110 proceditur. Videtur quod creare sit proprium alicuius personae.
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diff changeset
1111 Quod enim est prius, est causa eius quod est post; et perfectum
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diff changeset
1112 imperfecti. Sed processio divinae personae est prior quam processio
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diff changeset
1113 creaturae, et magis perfecta, quia divina persona procedit in
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diff changeset
1114 perfecta similitudine sui principii, creatura vero in imperfecta.
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diff changeset
1115 Ergo processiones divinarum personarum sunt causa processionis
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diff changeset
1116 rerum. Et sic creare est proprium personae.</p>
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diff changeset
1117 <p title="I q. 45 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="30363"><span class=
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diff changeset
1118 "ref">[30363] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 personae divinae non distinguuntur ab invicem nisi per suas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 processiones et relationes. Quidquid igitur differenter attribuitur
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diff changeset
1121 divinis personis, hoc convenit eis secundum processiones et
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diff changeset
1122 relationes personarum. Sed causalitas creaturarum diversimode
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diff changeset
1123 attribuitur divinis personis, nam in symbolo fidei patri
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diff changeset
1124 attribuitur quod sit creator omnium visibilium et invisibilium;
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diff changeset
1125 filio autem attribuitur quod per eum omnia facta sunt; sed spiritui
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diff changeset
1126 sancto, quod sit dominus et vivificator. Causalitas ergo
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diff changeset
1127 creaturarum convenit personis secundum processiones et
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diff changeset
1128 relationes.</p>
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diff changeset
1129 <p title="I q. 45 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="30364"><span class=
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diff changeset
1130 "ref">[30364] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
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diff changeset
1131 dicatur quod causalitas creaturae attenditur secundum aliquod
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diff changeset
1132 attributum essentiale quod appropriatur alicui personae, hoc non
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diff changeset
1133 videtur sufficiens. Quia quilibet effectus divinus causatur a
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diff changeset
1134 quolibet attributo essentiali, scilicet potentia, bonitate et
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diff changeset
1135 sapientia, et sic non magis pertinet ad unum quam ad aliud. Non
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diff changeset
1136 deberet ergo aliquis determinatus modus causalitatis attribui uni
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diff changeset
1137 personae magis quam alii, nisi distinguerentur in creando secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 relationes et processiones.</p>
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diff changeset
1139 <p title="I q. 45 a. 6 s. c."><a name="30365"><span class=
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diff changeset
1140 "ref">[30365] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
1141 quod dicit Dionysius, II cap. de Div. Nom., quod communia totius
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diff changeset
1142 divinitatis sunt omnia causalia.</p>
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diff changeset
1143 <p title="I q. 45 a. 6 co."><a name="30366"><span class=
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diff changeset
1144 "ref">[30366] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
1145 quod creare est proprie causare sive producere esse rerum. Cum
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diff changeset
1146 autem omne agens agat sibi simile, principium actionis considerari
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diff changeset
1147 potest ex actionis effectu, ignis enim est qui generat ignem. Et
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diff changeset
1148 ideo creare convenit Deo secundum suum esse, quod est eius
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diff changeset
1149 essentia, quae est communis tribus personis. Unde creare non est
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diff changeset
1150 proprium alicui personae, sed commune toti Trinitati. Sed tamen
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diff changeset
1151 divinae personae secundum rationem suae processionis habent
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diff changeset
1152 causalitatem respectu creationis rerum. Ut enim supra ostensum est,
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diff changeset
1153 cum de Dei scientia et voluntate ageretur, Deus est causa rerum per
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diff changeset
1154 suum intellectum et voluntatem, sicut artifex rerum artificiatarum.
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diff changeset
1155 Artifex autem per verbum in intellectu conceptum, et per amorem
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diff changeset
1156 suae voluntatis ad aliquid relatum, operatur. Unde et Deus pater
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diff changeset
1157 operatus est creaturam per suum verbum, quod est filius; et per
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diff changeset
1158 suum amorem, qui est spiritus sanctus. Et secundum hoc processiones
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diff changeset
1159 personarum sunt rationes productionis creaturarum, inquantum
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diff changeset
1160 includunt essentialia attributa, quae sunt scientia et
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diff changeset
1161 voluntas.</p>
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diff changeset
1162 <p title="I q. 45 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="30367"><span class=
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diff changeset
1163 "ref">[30367] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
1164 dicendum quod processiones divinarum personarum sunt causa
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diff changeset
1165 creationis sicut dictum est.</p>
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diff changeset
1166 <p title="I q. 45 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="30368"><span class=
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diff changeset
1167 "ref">[30368] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1168 dicendum quod, sicut natura divina, licet sit communis tribus
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diff changeset
1169 personis, ordine tamen quodam eis convenit, inquantum filius
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diff changeset
1170 accipit naturam divinam a patre, et spiritus sanctus ab utroque;
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diff changeset
1171 ita etiam et virtus creandi, licet sit communis tribus personis,
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diff changeset
1172 ordine tamen quodam eis convenit; nam filius habet eam a patre, et
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diff changeset
1173 spiritus sanctus ab utroque. Unde creatorem esse attribuitur patri,
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diff changeset
1174 ut ei qui non habet virtutem creandi ab alio. De filio autem
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diff changeset
1175 dicitur per quem omnia facta sunt, inquantum habet eandem virtutem,
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diff changeset
1176 sed ab alio, nam haec praepositio per solet denotare causam mediam,
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diff changeset
1177 sive principium de principio. Sed spiritui sancto, qui habet eandem
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diff changeset
1178 virtutem ab utroque, attribuitur quod dominando gubernet, et
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diff changeset
1179 vivificet quae sunt creata a patre per filium. Potest etiam huius
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diff changeset
1180 attributionis communis ratio accipi ex appropriatione essentialium
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diff changeset
1181 attributorum. Nam, sicut supra dictum est, patri appropriatur
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diff changeset
1182 potentia, quae maxime manifestatur in creatione, et ideo
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diff changeset
1183 attribuitur patri creatorem esse. Filio autem appropriatur
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diff changeset
1184 sapientia, per quam agens per intellectum operatur, et ideo dicitur
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diff changeset
1185 de filio, per quem omnia facta sunt. Spiritui sancto autem
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diff changeset
1186 appropriatur bonitas, ad quam pertinet gubernatio deducens res in
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diff changeset
1187 debitos fines, et vivificatio, nam vita in interiori quodam motu
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diff changeset
1188 consistit, primum autem movens est finis et bonitas.</p>
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diff changeset
1189 <p title="I q. 45 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="30369"><span class=
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diff changeset
1190 "ref">[30369] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1191 dicendum quod, licet quilibet effectus Dei procedat ex quolibet
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diff changeset
1192 attributorum, tamen reducitur unusquisque effectus ad illud
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diff changeset
1193 attributum, cum quo habet convenientiam secundum propriam rationem,
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diff changeset
1194 sicut ordinatio rerum ad sapientiam, et iustificatio impii ad
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diff changeset
1195 misericordiam et bonitatem se superabundanter diffundentem. Creatio
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diff changeset
1196 vero, quae est productio ipsius substantiae rei, reducitur ad
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diff changeset
1197 potentiam.</p>
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diff changeset
1198 <br />
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diff changeset
1199 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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diff changeset
1200 <p title="I q. 45 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="30370"><span class=
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diff changeset
1201 "ref">[30370] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
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diff changeset
1202 proceditur. Videtur quod in creaturis non sit necesse inveniri
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diff changeset
1203 vestigium Trinitatis. Per sua enim vestigia unumquodque investigari
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diff changeset
1204 potest. Sed Trinitas personarum non potest investigari ex
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diff changeset
1205 creaturis, ut supra habitum est. Ergo vestigia Trinitatis non sunt
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diff changeset
1206 in creatura.</p>
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diff changeset
1207 <p title="I q. 45 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="30371"><span class=
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diff changeset
1208 "ref">[30371] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1209 quidquid in creatura est, creatum est. Si igitur vestigium
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diff changeset
1210 Trinitatis invenitur in creatura secundum aliquas proprietates
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diff changeset
1211 suas, et omne creatum habet vestigium Trinitatis, oportet in
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diff changeset
1212 unaquaque illarum inveniri etiam vestigium Trinitatis, et sic in
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diff changeset
1213 infinitum.</p>
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diff changeset
1214 <p title="I q. 45 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="30372"><span class=
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diff changeset
1215 "ref">[30372] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1216 effectus non repraesentat nisi suam causam. Sed causalitas
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diff changeset
1217 creaturarum pertinet ad naturam communem, non autem ad relationes,
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diff changeset
1218 quibus personae distinguuntur et numerantur. Ergo in creatura non
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diff changeset
1219 invenitur vestigium Trinitatis, sed solum unitatis essentiae.</p>
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diff changeset
1220 <p title="I q. 45 a. 7 s. c."><a name="30373"><span class=
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diff changeset
1221 "ref">[30373] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
1222 quod Augustinus dicit, VI de Trin., quod <i>Trinitatis vestigium in
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diff changeset
1223 creatura apparet</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1224 <p title="I q. 45 a. 7 co."><a name="30374"><span class=
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diff changeset
1225 "ref">[30374] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
1226 quod omnis effectus aliqualiter repraesentat suam causam, sed
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diff changeset
1227 diversimode. Nam aliquis effectus repraesentat solam causalitatem
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diff changeset
1228 causae, non autem formam eius, sicut fumus repraesentat ignem, et
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diff changeset
1229 talis repraesentatio dicitur esse repraesentatio vestigii;
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diff changeset
1230 vestigium enim demonstrat motum alicuius transeuntis, sed non
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diff changeset
1231 qualis sit. Aliquis autem effectus repraesentat causam quantum ad
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diff changeset
1232 similitudinem formae eius, sicut ignis generatus ignem generantem,
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diff changeset
1233 et statua Mercurii Mercurium, et haec est repraesentatio imaginis.
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diff changeset
1234 Processiones autem divinarum personarum attenduntur secundum actus
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diff changeset
1235 intellectus et voluntatis, sicut supra dictum est, nam filius
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diff changeset
1236 procedit ut verbum intellectus, spiritus sanctus ut amor
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diff changeset
1237 voluntatis. In creaturis igitur rationalibus, in quibus est
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diff changeset
1238 intellectus et voluntas, invenitur repraesentatio Trinitatis per
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diff changeset
1239 modum imaginis, inquantum invenitur in eis verbum conceptum et amor
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diff changeset
1240 procedens. Sed in creaturis omnibus invenitur repraesentatio
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diff changeset
1241 Trinitatis per modum vestigii, inquantum in qualibet creatura
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diff changeset
1242 inveniuntur aliqua quae necesse est reducere in divinas personas
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diff changeset
1243 sicut in causam. Quaelibet enim creatura subsistit in suo esse, et
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diff changeset
1244 habet formam per quam determinatur ad speciem, et habet ordinem ad
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diff changeset
1245 aliquid aliud. Secundum igitur quod est quaedam substantia creata,
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diff changeset
1246 repraesentat causam et principium, et sic demonstrat personam
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diff changeset
1247 patris, qui est principium non de principio. Secundum autem quod
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diff changeset
1248 habet quandam formam et speciem, repraesentat verbum; secundum quod
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diff changeset
1249 forma artificiati est ex conceptione artificis. Secundum autem quod
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diff changeset
1250 habet ordinem, repraesentat spiritum sanctum, inquantum est amor,
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diff changeset
1251 quia ordo effectus ad aliquid alterum est ex voluntate creantis. Et
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diff changeset
1252 ideo dicit Augustinus, in VI Lib. de Trin., quod vestigium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 Trinitatis invenitur in unaquaque creatura, secundum quod unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 aliquid est, et secundum quod aliqua specie formatur, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 quod quendam ordinem tenet. Et ad haec etiam reducuntur illa tria,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 numerus, pondus et mensura, quae ponuntur Sap. XI, nam mensura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 refertur ad substantiam rei limitatam suis principiis, numerus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 speciem, pondus ad ordinem. Et ad haec etiam reducuntur alia tria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 quae ponit Augustinus, modus species et ordo. Et ea quae ponit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 libro octoginta trium quaest. quod constat, quod discernitur, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 congruit, constat enim aliquid per suam substantiam, discernitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 per formam, congruit per ordinem. Et in idem de facili reduci
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 possunt quaecumque sic dicuntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 <p title="I q. 45 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="30375"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 "ref">[30375] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 dicendum quod repraesentatio vestigii attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 appropriata, per quem modum ex creaturis in Trinitatem divinarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 personarum veniri potest, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 <p title="I q. 45 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="30376"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 "ref">[30376] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 dicendum quod creatura est res proprie subsistens, in qua est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 praedicta tria invenire. Neque oportet quod in quolibet eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 ei insunt, haec tria inveniantur, sed secundum ea vestigium rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 subsistenti attribuitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 <p title="I q. 45 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="30377"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 "ref">[30377] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 dicendum quod etiam processiones personarum sunt causa et ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 creationis aliquo modo, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="30378"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 "ref">[30378] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 proceditur. Videtur quod creatio admisceatur in operibus naturae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 artis. In qualibet enim operatione naturae et artis producitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 aliqua forma. Sed non producitur ex aliquo, cum non habeat materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 partem sui. Ergo producitur ex nihilo. Et sic in qualibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 operatione naturae et artis est creatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="30379"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 "ref">[30379] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 effectus non est potior sua causa. Sed in rebus naturalibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 invenitur aliquid agens nisi forma accidentalis, quae est forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 activa vel passiva. Non ergo per operationem naturae producitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 forma substantialis. Relinquitur igitur quod sit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 creationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="30380"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 "ref">[30380] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 natura facit sibi simile. Sed quaedam inveniuntur generata in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 natura non ab aliquo sibi simili, sicut patet in animalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 generatis per putrefactionem. Ergo eorum forma non est a natura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 sed a creatione. Et eadem ratio est de aliis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="30381"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 "ref">[30381] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 non creatur, non est creatura. Si igitur in his quae sunt a natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 non adiungatur creatio, sequitur quod ea quae sunt a natura, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 sunt creaturae. Quod est haereticum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 s. c."><a name="30382"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 "ref">[30382] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 quod Augustinus, super Gen. ad Lit., distinguit opus propagationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 quod est opus naturae, ab opere creationis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 co."><a name="30383"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 "ref">[30383] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 quod haec dubitatio inducitur propter formas. Quas quidam posuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 non incipere per actionem naturae, sed prius in materia extitisse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 ponentes latitationem formarum. Et hoc accidit eis ex ignorantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 materiae, quia nesciebant distinguere inter potentiam et actum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 quia enim formae praeexistunt in materia in potentia, posuerunt eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 simpliciter praeexistere. Alii vero posuerunt formas dari vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 causari ab agente separato, per modum creationis. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 cuilibet operationi naturae adiungitur creatio. Sed hoc accidit eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 ex ignorantia formae. Non enim considerabant quod forma naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 corporis non est subsistens, sed quo aliquid est, et ideo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 fieri et creari non conveniat proprie nisi rei subsistenti, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 supra dictum est, formarum non est fieri neque creari, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 concreata esse. Quod autem proprie fit ab agente naturali, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 compositum, quod fit ex materia. Unde in operibus naturae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 admiscetur creatio, sed praesupponitur ad operationem naturae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="30384"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 "ref">[30384] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 dicendum quod formae incipiunt esse in actu, compositis factis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 quod ipsae fiant per se, sed per accidens tantum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="30385"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 "ref">[30385] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 dicendum quod qualitates activae in natura agunt in virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 formarum substantialium. Et ideo agens naturale non solum producit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 sibi simile secundum qualitatem, sed secundum speciem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="30386"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 "ref">[30386] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 dicendum quod ad generationem animalium imperfectorum sufficit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 agens universale, quod est virtus caelestis, cui assimilantur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 secundum speciem, sed secundum analogiam quandam, neque oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 dicere quod eorum formae creantur ab agente separato. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 generationem vero animalium perfectorum non sufficit agens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 universale, sed requiritur agens proprium, quod est generans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 univocum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 <p title="I q. 45 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="30387"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 "ref">[30387] I&ordf; q. 45 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 dicendum quod operatio naturae non est nisi ex praesuppositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 principiorum creatorum, et sic ea quae per naturam fiunt, creaturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 dicuntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 <div class="D">Quaestio 46</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 <p title="I q. 46 pr."><a name="30388"><span class="ref">[30388]
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 I&ordf; q. 46 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 principio durationis rerum creatarum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 Primo, utrum creaturae semper fuerint. Secundo, utrum eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 incoepisse sit articulus fidei. Tertio, quomodo Deus dicatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 principio caelum et terram creasse.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30389"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 "ref">[30389] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 proceditur. Videtur quod universitas creaturarum, quae mundi nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 nuncupatur, non incoeperit, sed fuerit ab aeterno. Omne enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 incoepit esse, antequam fuerit, possibile fuit ipsum esse, alioquin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 impossibile fuisset ipsum fieri. Si ergo mundus incoepit esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 antequam inciperet, possibile fuit ipsum esse. Sed quod possibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 est esse, est materia, quae est in potentia ad esse, quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 formam, et ad non esse, quod est per privationem. Si ergo mundus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 incoepit esse, ante mundum fuit materia. Sed non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 materia sine forma, materia autem mundi cum forma, est mundus. Fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 ergo mundus antequam esse inciperet, quod est impossibile.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30390"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 "ref">[30390] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 quod habet virtutem ut sit semper, quandoque est et quandoque non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 est, quia ad quantum se extendit virtus alicuius rei, tandiu est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 Sed omne incorruptibile habet virtutem ut sit semper, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 virtutem habet ad determinatum durationis tempus. Nullum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 incorruptibile quandoque est et quandoque non est. Sed omne quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 incipit esse, quandoque est et quandoque non est. Nullum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 incorruptibile incipit esse. Sed multa sunt in mundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 incorruptibilia, ut corpora caelestia, et omnes substantiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 intellectuales. Ergo mundus non incoepit esse.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30391"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 "ref">[30391] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 nullum ingenitum incoepit esse. Sed philosophus probat in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 Physic., quod materia est ingenita; et in I de caelo et mundo, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 caelum est ingenitum. Non ergo universitas rerum incoepit esse.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="30392"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 "ref">[30392] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 vacuum est ubi non est corpus, sed possibile est esse. Sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 mundus incoepit esse, ubi nunc est corpus mundi, prius non fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 aliquod corpus, et tamen poterat ibi esse, alioquin nunc ibi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 esset. Ergo ante mundum fuit vacuum, quod est impossibile.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="30393"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 "ref">[30393] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 de novo incipit moveri, nisi per hoc quod movens vel mobile aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 se habet nunc quam prius. Sed quod aliter se habet nunc quam prius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 movetur. Ergo ante omnem motum de novo incipientem, fuit aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 motus. Motus ergo semper fuit. Ergo et mobile, quia motus non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 nisi in mobili.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="30394"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 "ref">[30394] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 movens aut est naturale, aut est voluntarium. Sed neutrum incipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 movere, nisi aliquo motu praeexistente. Natura enim semper eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 modo operatur. Unde, nisi praecedat aliqua immutatio vel in natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 moventis vel in mobili, non incipiet a movente naturali esse motus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 qui non fuit prius. Voluntas autem absque sui immutatione retardat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 facere quod proponit, sed hoc non est nisi per aliquam immutationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 quam imaginatur, ad minus ex parte ipsius temporis. Sicut qui vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 facere domum cras, et non hodie, expectat aliquid futurum cras,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 quod hodie non est; et ad minus expectat quod dies hodiernus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 transeat, et crastinus adveniat; quod sine mutatione non est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 tempus est numerus motus. Relinquitur ergo quod ante omnem motum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 novo incipientem, fuit alius motus. Et sic idem quod prius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="30395"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 "ref">[30395] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 quidquid est semper in principio et semper in fine, nec incipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 nec desinere potest, quia quod incipit, non est in suo fine; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 autem desinit, non est in suo principio. Sed tempus semper est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 suo principio et fine, quia nihil est temporis nisi nunc, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 finis praeteriti, et principium futuri. Ergo tempus nec incipere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 nec desinere potest. Et per consequens nec motus, cuius numerus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 tempus est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 8"><a name="30396"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 "ref">[30396] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 8</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 aut est prior mundo natura tantum, aut duratione. Si natura tantum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 ergo, cum Deus sit ab aeterno, et mundus est ab aeterno. Si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 est prior duratione; prius autem et posterius in duratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 constituunt tempus, ergo ante mundum fuit tempus; quod est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 impossibile.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 9"><a name="30397"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 "ref">[30397] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 9</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 posita causa sufficienti, ponitur effectus, causa enim ad quam non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 sequitur effectus, est causa imperfecta, indigens alio ad hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 effectus sequatur. Sed Deus est sufficiens causa mundi; et finalis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 ratione suae bonitatis; et exemplaris, ratione suae sapientiae; et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 effectiva, ratione suae potentiae; ut ex superioribus patet. Cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 ergo Deus sit ab aeterno, et mundus fuit ab aeterno.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 arg. 10"><a name="30398"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 "ref">[30398] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 arg. 10</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 cuius actio est aeterna, et effectus aeternus. Sed actio Dei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 eius substantia, quae est aeterna. Ergo et mundus est aeternus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30399"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 "ref">[30399] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 quod dicitur Ioan. XVII, <i>clarifica me, pater, apud temetipsum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 claritate quam habui priusquam mundus fieret</i>; et Proverb. VIII,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 <i>dominus possedit me in initio viarum suarum, antequam quidquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 faceret a principio</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 co."><a name="30400"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 "ref">[30400] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 nihil praeter Deum ab aeterno fuisse. Et hoc quidem ponere non est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 impossibile. Ostensum est enim supra quod voluntas Dei est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 rerum. Sic ergo aliqua necesse est esse, sicut necesse est Deum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 velle illa, cum necessitas effectus ex necessitate causae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 dependeat, ut dicitur in V Metaphys. Ostensum est autem supra quod,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 absolute loquendo, non est necesse Deum velle aliquid nisi seipsum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 Non est ergo necessarium Deum velle quod mundus fuerit semper. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 eatenus mundus est, quatenus Deus vult illum esse, cum esse mundi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 ex voluntate Dei dependeat sicut ex sua causa. Non est igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 necessarium mundum semper esse. Unde nec demonstrative probari
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 potest. Nec rationes quas ad hoc Aristoteles inducit, sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 demonstrativae simpliciter, sed secundum quid, scilicet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 contradicendum rationibus antiquorum, ponentium mundum incipere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 secundum quosdam modos in veritate impossibiles. Et hoc apparet ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 tribus. Primo quidem, quia tam in VIII Physic. quam in I de caelo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 praemittit quasdam opiniones, ut Anaxagorae et Empedoclis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 Platonis, contra quos rationes contradictorias inducit. Secundo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 quia, ubicumque de hac materia loquitur, inducit testimonia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 antiquorum, quod non est demonstratoris, sed probabiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 persuadentis. Tertio, quia expresse dicit in I Lib. Topic., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 quaedam sunt problemata dialectica, de quibus rationes non habemus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 ut utrum mundus sit aeternus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30401"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 "ref">[30401] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 dicendum quod, antequam mundus esset, possibile fuit mundum esse,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 non quidem secundum potentiam passivam, quae est materia; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 secundum potentiam activam Dei. Et etiam secundum quod dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 aliquid absolute possibile, non secundum aliquam potentiam sed ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 sola habitudine terminorum, qui sibi non repugnant; secundum quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 possibile opponitur impossibili, ut patet per philosophum, in V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 Metaphys.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30402"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 "ref">[30402] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 dicendum quod illud quod habet virtutem ut sit semper ex quo habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 illam virtutem, non quandoque est et quandoque non est, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 antequam haberet illam virtutem, non fuit. Unde haec ratio, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 ponitur ab Aristotele in I de caelo, non concludit simpliciter quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 incorruptibilia non incoeperunt esse, sed quod non incoeperunt esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 per modum naturalem, quo generabilia et corruptibilia incipiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 esse.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30403"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 "ref">[30403] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 dicendum quod Aristoteles, in I Physic., probat materiam esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 ingenitam, per hoc quod non habet subiectum de quo sit. In I autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 de caelo et mundo, probat caelum ingenitum, quia non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 contrarium ex quo generetur. Unde patet quod per utrumque non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 concluditur nisi quod materia et caelum non incoeperunt per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 generationem, ut quidam ponebant, praecipue de caelo. Nos autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 dicimus quod materia et coelum producta sunt in esse per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 creationem, ut ex dictis patet.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="30404"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 "ref">[30404] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 dicendum quod ad rationem vacui non sufficit in quo nihil est, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 requiritur quod sit spatium capax corporis, in quo non sit corpus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 ut patet per Aristotelem, in IV Physic. Nos autem dicimus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 fuisse locum aut spatium ante mundum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="30405"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 "ref">[30405] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 dicendum quod primus motor semper eodem modo se habuit primum autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 mobile non semper eodem modo se habuit, quia incoepit esse, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 prius non fuisset. Sed hoc non fuit per mutationem, sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 creationem, quae non est mutatio, ut supra dictum est. Unde patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 quod haec ratio, quam ponit Aristoteles in VIII Physic., procedit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 contra eos qui ponebant mobilia aeterna, sed motum non aeternum; ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 patet ex opinionibus Anaxagorae et Empedoclis. Nos autem ponimus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 ex quo mobilia incoeperunt, semper fuisse motum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="30406"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 "ref">[30406] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 quod primum agens est agens voluntarium. Et quamvis habuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 voluntatem aeternam producendi aliquem effectum, non tamen produxit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 aeternum effectum. Nec est necesse quod praesupponatur aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 mutatio, nec etiam propter imaginationem temporis. Aliter enim est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 intelligendum de agente particulari, quod praesupponit aliquid, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 causat alterum, et aliter de agente universali, quod producit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 totum. Sicut agens particulare producit formam, et praesupponit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 materiam, unde oportet quod formam inducat secundum proportionem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 debitam materiam. Unde rationabiliter in ipso consideratur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 inducit formam in talem materiam et non in aliam, ex differentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 materiae ad materiam. Sed hoc non rationabiliter consideratur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 Deo, qui simul producit formam et materiam, sed consideratur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 rationabiliter in eo, quod ipse producit materiam congruam formae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 et fini. Agens autem particulare praesupponit tempus, sicut et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 materiam. Unde rationabiliter consideratur in eo, quod agit in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 tempore posteriori et non in priori, secundum imaginationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 successionis temporis post tempus. Sed in agente universali, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 producit rem et tempus, non est considerare quod agat nunc et non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 prius, secundum imaginationem temporis post tempus, quasi tempus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 praesupponatur eius actioni, sed considerandum est in eo, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 dedit effectui suo tempus quantum voluit, et secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 conveniens fuit ad suam potentiam demonstrandam. Manifestius enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 mundus ducit in cognitionem divinae potentiae creantis, si mundus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 non semper fuit, quam si semper fuisset, omne enim quod non semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 fuit, manifestum est habere causam; sed non ita manifestum est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 eo quod semper fuit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="30407"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 "ref">[30407] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in IV Physic., prius et posterius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 in tempore, secundum quod prius et posterius est in motu. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 principium et finis accipienda sunt in tempore, sicut et in motu.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 Supposita autem aeternitate motus, necesse est quod quodlibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 momentum in motu acceptum sit principium et terminus motus, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 non oportet, si motus incipiat. Et eadem ratio est de nunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 temporis. Et sic patet quod ratio illa instantis nunc, quod semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 sit principium et finis temporis, praesupponit aeternitatem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 temporis et motus. Unde Aristoteles hanc rationem inducit, in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 Physic., contra eos qui ponebant aeternitatem temporis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 negabant aeternitatem motus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 8"><a name="30408"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 "ref">[30408] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 8</span></a> Ad octavum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 dicendum quod Deus est prior mundo duratione. Sed ly prius non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 designat prioritatem temporis, sed aeternitatis. Vel dicendum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 designat aeternitatem temporis imaginati, et non realiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 existentis. Sicut, cum dicitur, supra caelum nihil est, ly supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 designat locum imaginatum tantum, secundum quod possibile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 imaginari dimensionibus caelestis corporis dimensiones alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 superaddi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 9"><a name="30409"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 "ref">[30409] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 9</span></a> Ad nonum dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 quod, sicut effectus sequitur a causa agente naturaliter secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 modum suae formae, ita sequitur ab agente per voluntatem secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 formam ab eo praeconceptam et definitam, ut ex superioribus patet.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 Licet igitur Deus ab aeterno fuerit sufficiens causa mundi, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 tamen oportet quod ponatur mundus ab eo productus, nisi secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 quod est in praedefinitione suae voluntatis; ut scilicet habeat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 esse post non esse, ut manifestius declaret suum auctorem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 <p title="I q. 46 a. 1 ad 10"><a name="30410"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 "ref">[30410] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 1 ad 10</span></a> Ad decimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 dicendum quod, posita actione, sequitur effectus secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 exigentiam formae quae est principium actionis. In agentibus autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 per voluntatem, quod conceptum est et praedefinitum, accipitur ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 forma quae est principium actionis. Ex actione igitur Dei aeterna
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 non sequitur effectus aeternus, sed qualem Deus voluit, ut scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 haberet esse post non esse.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30411"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 "ref">[30411] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 proceditur. Videtur quod mundum incoepisse non sit articulus fidei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 sed conclusio demonstrabilis. Omne enim factum habet principium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 suae durationis. Sed demonstrative probari potest quod Deus sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 causa effectiva mundi, et hoc etiam probabiliores philosophi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 posuerunt. Ergo demonstrative probari potest quod mundus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 incoeperit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30412"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 "ref">[30412] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 necesse est dicere quod mundus factus est a Deo, aut ergo ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 nihilo, aut ex aliquo. Sed non ex aliquo, quia sic materia mundi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 praecessisset mundum; contra quod procedunt rationes Aristotelis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 ponentis caelum ingenitum. Ergo oportet dicere quod mundus sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 factus ex nihilo. Et sic habet esse post non esse. Ergo oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 quod esse incoeperit.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30413"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 "ref">[30413] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 quod operatur per intellectum, a quodam principio operatur, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 patet in omnibus artificibus. Sed Deus est agens per intellectum.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 Ergo a quodam principio operatur mundus igitur, qui est eius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 effectus, non fuit semper.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="30414"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 "ref">[30414] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 manifeste apparet artes aliquas, et habitationes regionum, ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 determinatis temporibus incoepisse. Sed hoc non esset, si mundus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 semper fuisset. Mundum igitur non semper fuisse manifestum est.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="30415"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 "ref">[30415] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 certum est nihil Deo aequari posse. Sed si mundus semper fuisset,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 aequipararetur Deo in duratione. Ergo certum est non semper mundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 fuisse.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 6"><a name="30416"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 "ref">[30416] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 mundus semper fuit, infiniti dies praecesserunt diem istum. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 infinita non est pertransire. Ergo nunquam fuisset perventum ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 hunc diem, quod est manifeste falsum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 7"><a name="30417"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 "ref">[30417] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea, si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 mundus fuit aeternus, et generatio fuit ab aeterno. Ergo unus homo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 genitus est ab alio in infinitum. Sed pater est causa efficiens
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 filii, ut dicitur in II Physic. Ergo in causis efficientibus est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 procedere in infinitum, quod improbatur in II Metaphys.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 arg. 8"><a name="30418"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 "ref">[30418] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 arg. 8</span></a> Praeterea, si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 mundus et generatio semper fuit, infiniti homines praecesserunt.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 Sed anima hominis est immortalis. Ergo infinitae animae humanae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 nunc essent actu, quod est impossibile. Ergo ex necessitate sciri
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 potest quod mundus incoeperit; et non sola fide tenetur.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30419"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 "ref">[30419] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, fidei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 articuli demonstrative probari non possunt, <i>quia fides de non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 apparentibus est</i>, ut dicitur ad Hebr. XI. Sed Deum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 creatorem mundi, sic quod mundus incoeperit esse, est articulus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 fidei, dicimus enim, credo in unum Deum et cetera. Et iterum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 Gregorius dicit, in Homil. I in Ezech., quod Moyses prophetizavit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 de praeterito, dicens in principio creavit Deus caelum et terram;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 in quo novitas mundi traditur. Ergo novitas mundi habetur tantum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 per revelationem. Et ideo non potest probari demonstrative.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 co."><a name="30420"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 "ref">[30420] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 quod mundum non semper fuisse, sola fide tenetur, et demonstrative
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 probari non potest, sicut et supra de mysterio Trinitatis dictum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 est. Et huius ratio est, quia novitas mundi non potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 demonstrationem recipere ex parte ipsius mundi. Demonstrationis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 enim principium est quod quid est. Unumquodque autem, secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 rationem suae speciei, abstrahit ab hic et nunc, propter quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 dicitur quod universalia sunt ubique et semper. Unde demonstrari
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 non potest quod homo, aut caelum, aut lapis non semper fuit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 Similiter etiam neque ex parte causae agentis, quae agit per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 voluntatem. Voluntas enim Dei ratione investigari non potest, nisi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 circa ea quae absolute necesse est Deum velle, talia autem non sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 quae circa creaturas vult, ut dictum est. Potest autem voluntas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 divina homini manifestari per revelationem, cui fides innititur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 Unde mundum incoepisse est credibile, non autem demonstrabile vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 scibile. Et hoc utile est ut consideretur, ne forte aliquis, quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 fidei est demonstrare praesumens, rationes non necessarias inducat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 quae praebeant materiam irridendi infidelibus, existimantibus nos
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 propter huiusmodi rationes credere quae fidei sunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30421"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 "ref">[30421] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Augustinus, XI de Civ. Dei,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 philosophorum ponentium aeternitatem mundi, duplex fuit opinio.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 Quidam enim posuerunt quod substantia mundi non sit a Deo. Et horum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 est intollerabilis error; et ideo ex necessitate refellitur. Quidam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 autem sic posuerunt mundum aeternum, quod tamen mundum a Deo factum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 dixerunt. <i>Non enim mundum temporis volunt habere, sed suae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 creationis initium, ut quodam modo vix intelligibili semper sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 factus. Id autem quomodo intelligant, invenerunt</i>, ut idem dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 in X de Civ. Dei. <i>Sicut enim, inquiunt, si pes ex aeternitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 semper fuisset in pulvere, semper subesset vestigium, quod a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 calcante factum nemo dubitaret; sic et mundus semper fuit, semper
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 existente qui fecit</i>. Et ad hoc intelligendum, considerandum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 quod causa efficiens quae agit per motum, de necessitate praecedit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 tempore suum effectum, quia effectus non est nisi in termino
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 actionis, agens autem omne oportet esse principium actionis. Sed si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 actio sit instantanea, et non successiva, non est necessarium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 faciens esse prius facto duratione; sicut patet in illuminatione.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 Unde dicunt quod non sequitur ex necessitate, si Deus est causa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 activa mundi, quod sit prior mundo duratione, quia creatio, qua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 mundum produxit, non est mutatio successiva, ut supra dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30422"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 "ref">[30422] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 dicendum quod illi qui ponerent mundum aeternum, dicerent mundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 factum a Deo ex nihilo, non quod factus sit post nihilum, secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 quod nos intelligimus per nomen creationis; sed quia non est factus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 de aliquo. Et sic etiam non recusant aliqui eorum creationis nomen,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 ut patet ex Avicenna in sua metaphysica.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30423"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 "ref">[30423] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 dicendum quod illa est ratio Anaxagorae, quae ponitur in III
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 Physic. Sed non de necessitate concludit, nisi de intellectu qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 deliberando investigat quid agendum sit, quod est simile motui.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 Talis autem est intellectus humanus, sed non divinus, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 patet.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="30424"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 "ref">[30424] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 dicendum quod ponentes aeternitatem mundi, ponunt aliquam regionem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 infinities esse mutatam de inhabitabili in habitabilem, et e
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 converso. Et similiter ponunt quod artes, propter diversas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 corruptiones et accidentia, infinities fuerunt inventae, et iterum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 corruptae. Unde Aristoteles dicit, in libro Meteor., quod ridiculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 est ex huiusmodi particularibus mutationibus opinionem accipere de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 novitate mundi totius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="30425"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 "ref">[30425] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 dicendum quod, etsi mundus semper fuisset, non tamen parificaretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 Deo in aeternitate, ut dicit Boetius, in fine de Consolat., quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 esse divinum est esse totum simul, absque successione; non autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 sic est de mundo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 6"><a name="30426"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 "ref">[30426] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 quod transitus semper intelligitur a termino in terminum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 Quaecumque autem praeterita dies signetur, ab illa usque ad istam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 sunt finiti dies, qui pertransiri poterunt. Obiectio autem procedit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 ac si, positis extremis, sint media infinita.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 7"><a name="30427"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 "ref">[30427] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 dicendum quod in causis efficientibus impossibile est procedere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 infinitum per se; ut puta si causae quae per se requiruntur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 aliquem effectum, multiplicarentur in infinitum; sicut si lapis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 moveretur a baculo, et baculus a manu, et hoc in infinitum. Sed per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 accidens in infinitum procedere in causis agentibus non reputatur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 impossibile; ut puta si omnes causae quae in infinitum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 multiplicantur, non teneant ordinem nisi unius causae, sed earum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 multiplicatio sit per accidens; sicut artifex agit multis martellis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 per accidens, quia unus post unum frangitur. Accidit ergo huic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 martello, quod agat post actionem alterius martelli. Et similiter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 accidit huic homini, inquantum generat, quod sit generatus ab alio,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 generat enim inquantum homo, et non inquantum est filius alterius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 hominis; omnes enim homines generantes habent gradum unum in causis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 efficientibus, scilicet gradum particularis generantis. Unde non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 est impossibile quod homo generetur ab homine in infinitum. Esset
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 autem impossibile, si generatio huius hominis dependeret ab hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 homine, et a corpore elementari, et a sole, et sic in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 infinitum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 <p title="I q. 46 a. 2 ad 8"><a name="30428"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 "ref">[30428] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 2 ad 8</span></a> Ad octavum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 dicendum quod hanc rationem ponentes aeternitatem mundi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 multipliciter effugiunt quidam enim non reputant impossibile esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 infinitas animas actu; ut patet in metaphysica Algazelis, dicentis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 hoc esse infinitum per accidens. Sed hoc improbatum est superius.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 Quidam vero dicunt animam corrumpi cum corpore. Quidam vero quod ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 omnibus animabus remanet una tantum. Alii vero, ut Augustinus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 dicit, posuerunt propter hoc circuitum animarum; ut scilicet animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 separatae a corporibus, post determinata temporum curricula, iterum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 redirent ad corpora. De quibus omnibus in sequentibus est agendum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 Considerandum tamen quod haec ratio particularis est. Unde posset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 dicere aliquis quod mundus fuit aeternus, vel saltem aliqua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 creatura, ut Angelus; non autem homo. Nos autem intendimus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 universaliter, an aliqua creatura fuerit ab aeterno.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 <p title="I q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30429"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 "ref">[30429] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 proceditur. Videtur quod creatio rerum non fuit in principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 temporis. Quod enim non est in tempore, non est in aliquo temporis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 Sed creatio rerum non fuit in tempore, per creationem enim rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 substantia in esse producta est; tempus autem non mensurat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 substantiam rerum, et praecipue incorporalium. Ergo creatio non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 fuit in principio temporis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 <p title="I q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30430"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 "ref">[30430] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 philosophus probat quod omne quod fit, fiebat, et sic omne fieri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 habet prius et posterius. In principio autem temporis, cum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 indivisibile, non est prius et posterius. Ergo, cum creari sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 quoddam fieri, videtur quod res non sint creatae in principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 temporis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 <p title="I q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30431"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 "ref">[30431] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 etiam tempus creatum est. Sed non potest creari in principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 temporis, cum tempus sit divisibile, principium autem temporis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 indivisibile. Non ergo creatio rerum fuit in principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 temporis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 <p title="I q. 46 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30432"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 "ref">[30432] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 quod Gen. I dicitur, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 terram</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 <p title="I q. 46 a. 3 co."><a name="30433"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 "ref">[30433] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 quod illud verbum Genes. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 terram</i>, tripliciter exponitur, ad excludendum tres errores.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 Quidam enim posuerunt mundum semper fuisse, et tempus non habere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 principium. Et ad hoc excludendum, exponitur, in principio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 scilicet temporis. Quidam vero posuerunt duo esse creationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 principia, unum bonorum, aliud malorum. Et ad hoc excludendum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 exponitur, in principio, idest in filio. Sicut enim principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 effectivum appropriatur patri, propter potentiam, ita principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 exemplare appropriatur filio, propter sapientiam, ut sicut dicitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 omnia in sapientia fecisti, ita intelligatur Deum omnia fecisse in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 principio, idest in filio; secundum illud apostoli ad Coloss. I, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 ipso, scilicet filio, condita sunt universa. Alii vero dixerunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 corporalia esse creata a Deo mediantibus creaturis spiritualibus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 Et ad hoc excludendum, exponitur, in principio creavit Deus caelum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 et terram, idest ante omnia. Quatuor enim ponuntur simul creata,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 scilicet caelum Empyreum, materia corporalis (quae nomine terrae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 intelligitur), tempus, et natura angelica.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 <p title="I q. 46 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30434"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 "ref">[30434] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 dicendum quod non dicuntur in principio temporis res esse creatae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 quasi principium temporis sit creationis mensura sed quia simul cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 tempore caelum et terra creata sunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 <p title="I q. 46 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30435"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 "ref">[30435] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 dicendum quod verbum illud philosophi intelligitur de fieri quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 est per motum, vel quod est terminus motus. Quia cum in quolibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 motu sit accipere prius et posterius, ante quodcumque signum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 motu signato, dum scilicet aliquid est in moveri et fieri, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 accipere prius, et etiam aliquid post ipsum, quia quod est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 principio motus, vel in termino, non est in moveri. Creatio autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 neque est motus neque terminus motus, ut supra dictum est. Unde sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 aliquid creatur, quod non prius creabatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 <p title="I q. 46 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30436"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 "ref">[30436] I&ordf; q. 46 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 dicendum quod nihil fit nisi secundum quod est. Nihil autem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 temporis nisi nunc. Unde non potest fieri nisi secundum aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 nunc, non quia in ipso primo nunc sit tempus, sed quia ab eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 incipit tempus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 <div class="D">Quaestio 47</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 <p title="I q. 47 pr."><a name="30437"><span class="ref">[30437]
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 I&ordf; q. 47 pr.</span></a> Post productionem creaturarum in esse,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 considerandum est de distinctione earum. Erit autem haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 consideratio tripartita. Nam primo considerabimus de distinctione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 rerum in communi; secundo, de distinctione boni et mali; tertio, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 distinctione spiritualis et corporalis creaturae. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 quaeruntur tria. Primo, de ipsa rerum multitudine seu distinctione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 Secundo, de earum inaequalitate. Tertio, de unitate mundi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 <p title="I q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30438"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 "ref">[30438] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 proceditur. Videtur quod rerum multitudo et distinctio non sit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 Deo. Unum enim semper natum est unum facere. Sed Deus est maxime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 unus, ut ex praemissis patet. Ergo non producit nisi unum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 effectum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 <p title="I q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30439"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 "ref">[30439] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 exemplatum assimilatur suo exemplari. Sed Deus est causa exemplaris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 sui effectus, ut supra dictum est. Ergo, cum Deus sit unus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 effectus eius est unus tantum, et non distinctus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 <p title="I q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30440"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 "ref">[30440] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 quae sunt ad finem, proportionantur fini. Sed finis creaturae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 unus, scilicet divina bonitas, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 Dei non est nisi unus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 <p title="I q. 47 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30441"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 "ref">[30441] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 quod dicitur Gen. I, quod <i>Deus distinxit lucem a tenebris, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 divisit aquas ab aquis</i>. Ergo distinctio et multitudo rerum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 a Deo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 <p title="I q. 47 a. 1 co."><a name="30442"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 "ref">[30442] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 quod causam distinctionis rerum multipliciter aliqui assignaverunt.
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diff changeset
1863 Quidam enim attribuerunt eam materiae, vel soli, vel simul cum
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diff changeset
1864 agente. Soli quidem materiae, sicut Democritus, et omnes antiqui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 naturales, ponentes solam causam materialem, secundum quos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 distinctio rerum provenit a casu, secundum motum materiae. Materiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 vero et agenti simul distinctionem et multitudinem rerum attribuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 Anaxagoras, qui posuit intellectum distinguentem res, extrahendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 quod erat permixtum in materia. Sed hoc non potest stare propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 duo. Primo quidem, quia supra ostensum est quod etiam ipsa materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 a Deo creata est. Unde oportet et distinctionem, si qua est ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 parte materiae, in altiorem causam reducere. Secundo, quia materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 est propter formam, et non e converso. Distinctio autem rerum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 per formas proprias. Non ergo distinctio est in rebus propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 materiam, sed potius e converso in materia creata est difformitas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 ut esset diversis formis accommodata. Quidam vero attribuerunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 distinctionem rerum secundis agentibus. Sicut Avicenna, qui dixit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 quod Deus, intelligendo se, produxit intelligentiam primam, in qua,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 quia non est suum esse, ex necessitate incidit compositio potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 et actus, ut infra patebit. Sic igitur prima intelligentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 inquantum intelligit causam primam, produxit secundam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 intelligentiam; inquantum autem intelligit se secundum quod est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 potentia, produxit corpus caeli, quod movet; inquantum vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 intelligit se secundum illud quod habet de actu, produxit animam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 caeli. Sed hoc non potest stare propter duo. Primo quidem, quia
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diff changeset
1886 supra ostensum est quod creare solius Dei est. Unde ea quae non
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diff changeset
1887 possunt causari nisi per creationem, a solo Deo producuntur, et
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diff changeset
1888 haec sunt omnia quae non subiacent generationi et corruptioni.
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diff changeset
1889 Secundo, quia secundum hanc positionem, non proveniret ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 intentione primi agentis universitas rerum, sed ex concursu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 multarum causarum agentium. Tale autem dicimus provenire a casu.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 Sic igitur complementum universi, quod in diversitate rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 consistit, esset a casu, quod est impossibile. Unde dicendum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 quod distinctio rerum et multitudo est ex intentione primi agentis,
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diff changeset
1895 quod est Deus. Produxit enim res in esse propter suam bonitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 communicandam creaturis, et per eas repraesentandam. Et quia per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 unam creaturam sufficienter repraesentari non potest, produxit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 multas creaturas et diversas, ut quod deest uni ad repraesentandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 divinam bonitatem, suppleatur ex alia, nam bonitas quae in Deo est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 simpliciter et uniformiter, in creaturis est multipliciter et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 divisim. Unde perfectius participat divinam bonitatem, et
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diff changeset
1902 repraesentat eam, totum universum, quam alia quaecumque creatura.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 Et quia ex divina sapientia est causa distinctionis rerum, ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 Moyses dicit res esse distinctas verbo Dei, quod est conceptio
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diff changeset
1905 sapientiae. Et hoc est quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>dixit Deus, fiat
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diff changeset
1906 lux. Et divisit lucem a tenebris</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 <p title="I q. 47 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30443"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1908 "ref">[30443] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 dicendum quod agens per naturam agit per formam per quam est, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 unius tantum est una, et ideo non agit nisi unum. Agens autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 voluntarium, quale est Deus, ut supra ostensum est, agit per formam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 intellectam. Cum igitur Deum multa intelligere non repugnet unitati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 et simplicitati ipsius, ut supra ostensum est, relinquitur quod,
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diff changeset
1914 licet sit unus, possit multa facere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 <p title="I q. 47 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30444"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1916 "ref">[30444] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1917 dicendum quod ratio illa teneret de exemplato quod perfecte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1918 repraesentat exemplar, quod non multiplicatur nisi materialiter.
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diff changeset
1919 Unde imago increata, quae est perfecta, est una tantum. Sed nulla
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1920 creatura repraesentat perfecte exemplar primum, quod est divina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1921 essentia. Et ideo potest per multa repraesentari. Et tamen secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1922 quod ideae dicuntur exemplaria, pluralitati rerum correspondet in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1923 mente divina pluralitas idearum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1924 <p title="I q. 47 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30445"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1925 "ref">[30445] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1926 dicendum quod in speculativis medium demonstrationis, quod perfecte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1927 demonstrat conclusionem, est unum tantum, sed media probabilia sunt
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diff changeset
1928 multa. Et similiter in operativis, quando id quod est ad finem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1929 adaequat, ut ita dixerim, finem, non requiritur quod sit nisi unum
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diff changeset
1930 tantum. Sed creatura non sic se habet ad finem qui est Deus. Unde
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1931 oportuit creaturas multiplicari.</p>
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1932 <br />
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1933 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
1934 <p title="I q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30446"><span class=
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diff changeset
1935 "ref">[30446] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
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1936 proceditur. Videtur quod inaequalitas rerum non sit a Deo. Optimi
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1937 enim est optima adducere. Sed inter optima unum non est maius
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diff changeset
1938 altero. Ergo Dei, qui est optimus, est omnia aequalia facere.</p>
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diff changeset
1939 <p title="I q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30447"><span class=
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diff changeset
1940 "ref">[30447] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1941 aequalitas est effectus unitatis, ut dicitur in V Metaphys. Sed
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diff changeset
1942 Deus est unus. Ergo fecit omnia aequalia.</p>
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diff changeset
1943 <p title="I q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30448"><span class=
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diff changeset
1944 "ref">[30448] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1945 iustitiae est inaequalia inaequalibus dare. Sed Deus est iustus in
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diff changeset
1946 omnibus operibus suis. Cum ergo operationi eius, qua esse rebus
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1947 communicat, non praesupponatur aliqua inaequalitas rerum, videtur
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1948 quod fecerit omnia aequalia.</p>
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diff changeset
1949 <p title="I q. 47 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30449"><span class=
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diff changeset
1950 "ref">[30449] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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1951 quod dicitur Eccli. XXXIII, <i>quare dies diem superat, et iterum
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diff changeset
1952 lux lucem, et annus annum, sol solem? A domini scientia separata
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diff changeset
1953 sunt</i>.</p>
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1954 <p title="I q. 47 a. 2 co."><a name="30450"><span class=
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diff changeset
1955 "ref">[30450] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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1956 quod Origenes, volens excludere positionem ponentium distinctionem
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diff changeset
1957 in rebus ex contrarietate principiorum boni et mali, posuit a Deo a
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diff changeset
1958 principio omnia creata esse aequalia. Dicit enim quod Deus primo
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diff changeset
1959 creavit creaturas rationales tantum, et omnes aequales, in quibus
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diff changeset
1960 primo exorta est inaequalitas ex libero arbitrio, quibusdam
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diff changeset
1961 conversis in Deum secundum magis et minus, quibusdam etiam secundum
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diff changeset
1962 magis et minus a Deo aversis. Illae igitur rationales creaturae
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diff changeset
1963 quae ad Deum per liberum arbitrium conversae sunt, promotae sunt ad
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diff changeset
1964 diversos ordines Angelorum, pro diversitate meritorum. Illae autem
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1965 quae aversae sunt a Deo, sunt corporibus alligatae diversis,
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1966 secundum diversitatem peccati, et hanc causam dicit esse creationis
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1967 et diversitatis corporum. Sed secundum hoc, universitas corporalium
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1968 creaturarum non esset propter bonitatem Dei communicandam
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1969 creaturis, sed ad puniendum peccatum. Quod est contra illud quod
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diff changeset
1970 dicitur Gen. I, <i>vidit Deus cuncta quae fecerat, et erant valde
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1971 bona</i>. Et ut Augustinus dicit, XI de Civ. Dei, <i>quid stultius
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1972 dici potest, quam istum solem, ut in uno mundo unus esset, non
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1973 decori pulchritudinis, vel saluti rerum corporalium consuluisse
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1974 artificem Deum; sed hoc potius evenisse, quia una anima sic
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1975 peccaverat? Ac per hoc, si centum animae peccassent, centum soles
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diff changeset
1976 haberet hic mundus</i>. Et ideo dicendum est quod, sicut sapientia
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1977 Dei est causa distinctionis rerum, ita et inaequalitatis. Quod sic
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1978 patet. Duplex enim distinctio invenitur in rebus, una formalis, in
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diff changeset
1979 his quae differunt specie; alia vero materialis, in his quae
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diff changeset
1980 differunt numero tantum. Cum autem materia sit propter formam,
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diff changeset
1981 distinctio materialis est propter formalem. Unde videmus quod in
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diff changeset
1982 rebus incorruptibilibus non est nisi unum individuum unius speciei,
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diff changeset
1983 quia species sufficienter conservatur in uno, in generabilibus
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diff changeset
1984 autem et corruptibilibus, sunt multa individua unius speciei, ad
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diff changeset
1985 conservationem speciei. Ex quo patet quod principalior est
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diff changeset
1986 distinctio formalis quam materialis. Distinctio autem formalis
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diff changeset
1987 semper requirit inaequalitatem, quia, ut dicitur in VIII Metaphys.,
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diff changeset
1988 formae rerum sunt sicut numeri, in quibus species variantur per
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diff changeset
1989 additionem vel subtractionem unitatis. Unde in rebus naturalibus
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diff changeset
1990 gradatim species ordinatae esse videntur, sicut mixta perfectiora
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diff changeset
1991 sunt elementis, et plantae corporibus mineralibus, et animalia
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1992 plantis, et homines aliis animalibus; et in singulis horum una
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diff changeset
1993 species perfectior aliis invenitur. Sicut ergo divina sapientia
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diff changeset
1994 causa est distinctionis rerum propter perfectionem universi, ita et
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diff changeset
1995 inaequalitatis. Non enim esset perfectum universum, si tantum unus
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diff changeset
1996 gradus bonitatis inveniretur in rebus.</p>
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diff changeset
1997 <p title="I q. 47 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30451"><span class=
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diff changeset
1998 "ref">[30451] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
1999 dicendum quod optimi agentis est producere totum effectum suum
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diff changeset
2000 optimum, non tamen quod quamlibet partem totius faciat optimam
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diff changeset
2001 simpliciter, sed optimam secundum proportionem ad totum, tolleretur
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diff changeset
2002 enim bonitas animalis, si quaelibet pars eius oculi haberet
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diff changeset
2003 dignitatem. Sic igitur et Deus totum universum constituit optimum,
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diff changeset
2004 secundum modum creaturae, non autem singulas creaturas, sed unam
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diff changeset
2005 alia meliorem. Et ideo de singulis creaturis dicitur Gen. I,
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diff changeset
2006 <i>vidit Deus lucem quod esset bona</i>, et similiter de singulis,
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diff changeset
2007 sed de omnibus simul dicitur, <i>vidit Deus cuncta quae fecerat, et
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diff changeset
2008 erant valde bona</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2009 <p title="I q. 47 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30452"><span class=
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diff changeset
2010 "ref">[30452] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
2011 dicendum quod primum quod procedit ab unitate, est aequalitas; et
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diff changeset
2012 deinde procedit multiplicitas. Et ideo a patre, cui, secundum
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diff changeset
2013 Augustinum, appropriatur unitas, processit filius, cui appropriatur
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diff changeset
2014 aequalitas; et deinde creatura, cui competit inaequalitas. Sed
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diff changeset
2015 tamen etiam a creaturis participatur quaedam aequalitas, scilicet
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diff changeset
2016 proportionis.</p>
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diff changeset
2017 <p title="I q. 47 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30453"><span class=
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diff changeset
2018 "ref">[30453] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2019 dicendum quod ratio illa est quae movit Origenem, sed non habet
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diff changeset
2020 locum nisi in retributione praemiorum, quorum inaequalitas debetur
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diff changeset
2021 inaequalibus meritis. Sed in constitutione rerum non est
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diff changeset
2022 inaequalitas partium per quamcumque inaequalitatem praecedentem vel
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diff changeset
2023 meritorum vel etiam dispositionis materiae; sed propter
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diff changeset
2024 perfectionem totius. Ut patet etiam in operibus artis, non enim
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diff changeset
2025 propter hoc differt tectum a fundamento, quia habet diversam
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diff changeset
2026 materiam; sed ut sit domus perfecta ex diversis partibus, quaerit
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diff changeset
2027 artifex diversam materiam, et faceret eam si posset.</p>
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diff changeset
2028 <br />
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diff changeset
2029 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
2030 <p title="I q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30454"><span class=
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diff changeset
2031 "ref">[30454] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
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diff changeset
2032 proceditur. Videtur quod non sit unus mundus tantum, sed plures.
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diff changeset
2033 Quia, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
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diff changeset
2034 inconveniens est dicere quod Deus sine ratione res creavit. Sed ea
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diff changeset
2035 ratione qua creavit unum, potuit creare multos, cum eius potentia
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diff changeset
2036 non sit limitata ad unius mundi creationem, sed est infinita, ut
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diff changeset
2037 supra ostensum est. Ergo Deus plures mundos produxit.</p>
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diff changeset
2038 <p title="I q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30455"><span class=
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diff changeset
2039 "ref">[30455] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2040 natura facit quod melius est, et multo magis Deus. Sed melius esset
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diff changeset
2041 esse plures mundos quam unum, quia plura bona paucioribus meliora
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diff changeset
2042 sunt. Ergo plures mundi facti sunt a Deo.</p>
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diff changeset
2043 <p title="I q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30456"><span class=
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diff changeset
2044 "ref">[30456] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
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diff changeset
2045 quod habet formam in materia, potest multiplicari secundum numerum,
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diff changeset
2046 manente eadem specie, quia multiplicatio secundum numerum est ex
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diff changeset
2047 materia. Sed mundus habet formam in materia, sicut enim cum dico
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diff changeset
2048 homo, significo formam, cum autem dico hic homo, significo formam
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diff changeset
2049 in materia; ita, cum dicitur mundus, significatur forma, cum autem
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diff changeset
2050 dicitur hic mundus, significatur forma in materia. Ergo nihil
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diff changeset
2051 prohibet esse plures mundos.</p>
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diff changeset
2052 <p title="I q. 47 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30457"><span class=
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diff changeset
2053 "ref">[30457] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
2054 quod dicitur Ioan. I, <i>mundus per ipsum factus est</i>; ubi
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diff changeset
2055 singulariter mundum nominavit, quasi uno solo mundo existente.</p>
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diff changeset
2056 <p title="I q. 47 a. 3 co."><a name="30458"><span class=
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diff changeset
2057 "ref">[30458] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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diff changeset
2058 quod ipse ordo in rebus sic a Deo creatis existens, unitatem mundi
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diff changeset
2059 manifestat. Mundus enim iste unus dicitur unitate ordinis, secundum
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diff changeset
2060 quod quaedam ad alia ordinantur. Quaecumque autem sunt a Deo,
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diff changeset
2061 ordinem habent ad invicem et ad ipsum Deum, ut supra ostensum est.
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diff changeset
2062 Unde necesse est quod omnia ad unum mundum pertineant. Et ideo illi
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diff changeset
2063 potuerunt ponere plures mundos, qui causam mundi non posuerunt
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diff changeset
2064 aliquam sapientiam ordinantem, sed casum; ut Democritus, qui dixit
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diff changeset
2065 ex concursu atomorum factum esse hunc mundum, et alios
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diff changeset
2066 infinitos.</p>
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diff changeset
2067 <p title="I q. 47 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30459"><span class=
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diff changeset
2068 "ref">[30459] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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diff changeset
2069 dicendum quod haec ratio est quare mundus est unus, quia debent
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diff changeset
2070 omnia esse ordinata uno ordine, et ad unum. Propter quod
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diff changeset
2071 Aristoteles, in XII Metaphys., ex unitate ordinis in rebus
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diff changeset
2072 existentis concludit unitatem Dei gubernantis. Et Plato ex unitate
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diff changeset
2073 exemplaris probat unitatem mundi, quasi exemplati.</p>
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diff changeset
2074 <p title="I q. 47 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30460"><span class=
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diff changeset
2075 "ref">[30460] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 dicendum quod nullum agens intendit pluralitatem materialem ut
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diff changeset
2077 finem, quia materialis multitudo non habet certum terminum, sed de
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diff changeset
2078 se tendit in infinitum; infinitum autem repugnat rationi finis. Cum
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diff changeset
2079 autem dicitur plures mundos esse meliores quam unum, hoc dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 secundum multitudinem materialem. Tale autem melius non est de
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diff changeset
2081 intentione Dei agentis, quia eadem ratione dici posset quod, si
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diff changeset
2082 fecisset duos, melius esset quod essent tres; et sic in
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diff changeset
2083 infinitum.</p>
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diff changeset
2084 <p title="I q. 47 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30461"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 "ref">[30461] I&ordf; q. 47 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2086 dicendum quod mundus constat ex sua tota materia. Non enim est
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diff changeset
2087 possibile esse aliam terram quam istam, quia omnis terra ferretur
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diff changeset
2088 naturaliter ad hoc medium, ubicumque esset. Et eadem ratio est de
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diff changeset
2089 aliis corporibus quae sunt partes mundi.</p>
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diff changeset
2090 <br />
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diff changeset
2091 <div class="D">Quaestio 48</div>
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diff changeset
2092 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
2093 <p title="I q. 48 pr."><a name="30462"><span class="ref">[30462]
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diff changeset
2094 I&ordf; q. 48 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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diff changeset
2095 distinctione rerum in speciali. Et primo, de distinctione boni et
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diff changeset
2096 mali; deinde de distinctione spiritualis et corporalis creaturae.
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diff changeset
2097 Circa primum, quaerendum est de malo; et de causa mali. Circa malum
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diff changeset
2098 quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum malum sit natura aliqua. Secundo,
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diff changeset
2099 utrum malum inveniatur in rebus. Tertio, utrum bonum sit subiectum
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2100 mali. Quarto, utrum malum totaliter corrumpat bonum. Quinto, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 divisione mali per poenam et culpam. Sexto, quid habeat plus de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 ratione mali, utrum poena vel culpa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30463"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 "ref">[30463] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 proceditur. Videtur quod malum sit natura quaedam. Quia omne genus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 est natura quaedam. Sed malum est quoddam genus, dicitur enim in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 praedicamentis, quod <i>bonum et malum non sunt in genere, sed sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 genera aliorum</i>. Ergo malum est natura quaedam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30464"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 "ref">[30464] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 differentia constitutiva alicuius speciei est natura quaedam. Malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 autem est differentia constitutiva in moralibus, differt enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 specie malus habitus a bono, ut liberalitas ab illiberalitate. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 malum significat naturam quandam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30465"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 "ref">[30465] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 utrumque contrariorum est natura quaedam. Sed malum et bonum non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 opponuntur ut privatio et habitus, sed ut contraria, ut probat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 philosophus, in praedicamentis, per hoc quod inter bonum et malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 est aliquid medium, et a malo potest fieri reditus ad bonum. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 malum significat naturam quandam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="30466"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 "ref">[30466] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 non est, non agit. Sed malum agit, quia corrumpit bonum. Ergo malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 est quoddam ens, et natura quaedam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="30467"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 "ref">[30467] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 perfectionem universitatis rerum non pertinet nisi quod est ens et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 natura quaedam. Sed malum pertinet ad perfectionem universitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 rerum, dicit enim Augustinus, in Enchirid., quod <i>ex omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 consistit universitatis admirabilis pulchritudo; in qua etiam illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 quod malum dicitur, bene ordinatum, et suo loco positum, eminentius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 commendat bona</i>. Ergo malum est natura quaedam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30468"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 "ref">[30468] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>malum non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 existens neque bonum</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 co."><a name="30469"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 "ref">[30469] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 quod unum oppositorum cognoscitur per alterum, sicut per lucem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 tenebra. Unde et quid sit malum, oportet ex ratione boni accipere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 Diximus autem supra quod bonum est omne id quod est appetibile, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 sic, cum omnis natura appetat suum esse et suam perfectionem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 necesse est dicere quod esse et perfectio cuiuscumque naturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 rationem habeat bonitatis. Unde non potest esse quod malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 significet quoddam esse, aut quandam formam seu naturam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 Relinquitur ergo quod nomine mali significetur quaedam absentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 boni. Et pro tanto dicitur quod malum neque est existens nec bonum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 quia cum ens, inquantum huiusmodi, sit bonum, eadem est remotio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 utrorumque.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30470"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 "ref">[30470] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 dicendum quod Aristoteles ibi loquitur secundum opinionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 Pythagoricorum, qui malum existimabant esse naturam quandam, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 ideo ponebant bonum et malum genera. Consuevit enim Aristoteles, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 praecipue in libris logicalibus, ponere exempla quae probabilia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 erant suo tempore, secundum opinionem aliquorum philosophorum. Vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 dicendum, sicut dicit philosophus in X Metaphys., quod <i>prima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 contrarietas est habitus et privatio</i>, quia scilicet in omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 contrariis salvatur, cum semper unum contrariorum sit imperfectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 respectu alterius, ut nigrum respectu albi, et amarum respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 dulcis. Et pro tanto bonum et malum dicuntur genera, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 simpliciter, sed contrariorum, quia sicut omnis forma habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 rationem boni, ita omnis privatio, inquantum huiusmodi, habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 rationem mali.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30471"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 "ref">[30471] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 dicendum quod bonum et malum non sunt differentiae constitutivae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 nisi in moralibus, quae recipiunt speciem ex fine, qui est obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 voluntatis, a qua moralia dependent. Et quia bonum habet rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 finis, ideo bonum et malum sunt differentiae specificae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 moralibus; bonum per se, sed malum inquantum est remotio debiti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 finis. Nec tamen remotio debiti finis constituit speciem in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 moralibus, nisi secundum quod adiungitur fini indebito, sicut neque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 in naturalibus invenitur privatio formae substantialis, nisi
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diff changeset
2178 adiuncta alteri formae. Sic igitur malum quod est differentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 constitutiva in moralibus, est quoddam bonum adiunctum privationi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 alterius boni, sicut finis intemperati est, non quidem carere bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 rationis, sed delectabile sensus absque ordine rationis. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 malum, inquantum malum, non est differentia constitutiva; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 ratione boni adiuncti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30472"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 "ref">[30472] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 patet responsio ad tertium. Nam ibi philosophus loquitur de bono et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 malo, secundum quod inveniuntur in moralibus. Sic enim inter bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 et malum invenitur medium, prout bonum dicitur quod est ordinatum;
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diff changeset
2189 malum autem, quod non solum est deordinatum, sed etiam nocivum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 alteri. Unde dicit philosophus in IV Ethic., quod prodigus vanus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 quidem est, sed non malus. Ab hoc etiam malo quod est secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 morem, contingit fieri reditum ad bonum; non autem ex quocumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 malo. Non enim ex caecitate fit reditus ad visionem, cum tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 caecitas sit malum quoddam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="30473"><span class=
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diff changeset
2196 "ref">[30473] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 dicendum quod aliquid agere dicitur tripliciter. Uno modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 formaliter, eo modo loquendi quo dicitur albedo facere album. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 sic malum, etiam ratione ipsius privationis, dicitur corrumpere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 bonum, quia est ipsa corruptio vel privatio boni. Alio modo dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 aliquid agere effective, sicut pictor dicitur facere album
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 parietem. Tertio modo, per modum causae finalis, sicut finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 dicitur efficere, movendo efficientem. His autem duobus modis malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 non agit aliquid per se, idest secundum quod est privatio quaedam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 sed secundum quod ei bonum adiungitur, nam omnis actio est ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 aliqua forma, et omne quod desideratur ut finis, est perfectio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 aliqua. Et ideo, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 non agit neque desideratur nisi virtute boni adiuncti; per se autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 est infinitum, et praeter voluntatem et intentionem.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 <p title="I q. 48 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="30474"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 "ref">[30474] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, partes universi habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 ordinem ad invicem, secundum quod una agit in alteram, et est finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 alterius et exemplar. Haec autem, ut dictum est, non possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 convenire malo, nisi ratione boni adiuncti. Unde malum neque ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 perfectionem universi pertinet, neque sub ordine universi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 concluditur, nisi per accidens, idest ratione boni adiuncti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 <p title="I q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30475"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 "ref">[30475] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 proceditur. Videtur quod malum non inveniatur in rebus. Quidquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 enim invenitur in rebus, vel est ens aliquod, vel privatio entis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 alicuius, quod est non ens. Sed Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 Nom., quod malum distat ab existente, et adhuc plus distat a non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 existente. Ergo malum nullo modo invenitur in rebus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 <p title="I q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30476"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 "ref">[30476] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 et res convertuntur. Si ergo malum est ens in rebus, sequitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 malum sit res quaedam. Quod est contra praedicta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 <p title="I q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30477"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 "ref">[30477] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> <i>Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 albius est quod est nigro impermixtius</i>, ut dicitur in III libro
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diff changeset
2234 Topic. Aristotelis. Ergo et melius est quod est malo impermixtius.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 Sed Deus facit semper quod melius est, multo magis quam natura.
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diff changeset
2236 Ergo in rebus a Deo conditis nihil malum invenitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 <p title="I q. 48 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30478"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 "ref">[30478] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 quod secundum hoc removerentur omnes prohibitiones et poenae, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 non sunt nisi malorum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 <p title="I q. 48 a. 2 co."><a name="30479"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 "ref">[30479] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 quod, sicut supra dictum est, perfectio universi requirit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 inaequalitatem esse in rebus, ut omnes bonitatis gradus impleantur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 Est autem unus gradus bonitatis ut aliquid ita bonum sit, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 nunquam deficere possit. Alius autem gradus bonitatis est, ut sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 aliquid bonum sit, quod a bono deficere possit. Qui etiam gradus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 ipso esse inveniuntur, quaedam enim sunt, quae suum esse amittere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 non possunt, ut incorporalia; quaedam vero sunt, quae amittere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 possunt, ut corporalia. Sicut igitur perfectio universitatis rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 requirit ut non solum sint entia incorruptibilia, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 corruptibilia; ita perfectio universi requirit ut sint quaedam quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 a bonitate deficere possint; ad quod sequitur ea interdum deficere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 In hoc autem consistit ratio mali, ut scilicet aliquid deficiat a
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diff changeset
2255 bono. Unde manifestum est quod in rebus malum invenitur, sicut et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 corruptio, nam et ipsa corruptio malum quoddam est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 <p title="I q. 48 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30480"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 "ref">[30480] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 dicendum quod malum distat et ab ente simpliciter, et non ente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 simpliciter, quia neque est sicut habitus, neque sicut pura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 negatio, sed sicut privatio.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 <p title="I q. 48 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30481"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 "ref">[30481] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in V Metaphys., ens dupliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 dicitur. Uno modo, secundum quod significat entitatem rei, prout
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 dividitur per decem praedicamenta, et sic convertitur cum re. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 hoc modo, nulla privatio est ens, unde nec malum. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 ens, quod significat veritatem propositionis, quae in compositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 consistit, cuius nota est hoc verbum est, et hoc est ens quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 respondetur ad quaestionem an est. Et sic caecitatem dicimus esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 in oculo, vel quamcumque aliam privationem. Et hoc modo etiam malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 dicitur ens. Propter huius autem distinctionis ignorantiam, aliqui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 considerantes quod aliquae res dicuntur malae, vel quod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 dicitur esse in rebus, crediderunt quod malum esset res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 quaedam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 <p title="I q. 48 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30482"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 "ref">[30482] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 dicendum quod Deus et natura, et quodcumque agens, facit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 melius est in toto; sed non quod melius est in unaquaque parte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 nisi per ordinem ad totum, ut supra dictum est. Ipsum autem totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 quod est universitas creaturarum, melius et perfectius est, si in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 eo sint quaedam quae a bono deficere possunt, quae interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 deficiunt, Deo hoc non impediente. Tum quia providentiae non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 naturam destruere, sed salvare, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 Nom., ipsa autem natura rerum hoc habet, ut quae deficere possunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 quandoque deficiant. Tum quia, ut dicit Augustinus in Enchirid.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 Deus est adeo potens, quod etiam potest bene facere de malis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 multa bona tollerentur, si Deus nullum malum permitteret esse. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 enim generaretur ignis, nisi corrumperetur aer; neque conservaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 vita leonis, nisi occideretur asinus; neque etiam laudaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 iustitia vindicans, et patientia sufferens, si non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 iniquitas.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30483"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 "ref">[30483] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 proceditur. Videtur quod malum non sit in bono sicut in subiecto.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 Omnia enim bona sunt existentia. Sed Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 Div. Nom., quod malum non est existens, neque in existentibus. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 malum non est in bono sicut in subiecto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30484"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 "ref">[30484] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 non est ens, bonum vero est ens. Sed non ens non requirit ens, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 quo sit sicut in subiecto. Ergo nec malum requirit bonum, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 sit sicut in subiecto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30485"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 "ref">[30485] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 contrariorum non est subiectum alterius. Sed bonum et malum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 contraria. Ergo malum non est in bono sicut in subiecto.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30486"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 "ref">[30486] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, id in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 quo est albedo sicut in subiecto, dicitur esse album. Ergo et id in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 quo est malum sicut in subiecto, est malum. Si ergo malum sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 bono sicut in subiecto, sequitur quod bonum sit malum, contra id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 quod dicitur Isai. V, <i>vae, qui dicitis malum bonum, et bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 malum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30487"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 "ref">[30487] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 quod Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod malum non est nisi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 bono.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 co."><a name="30488"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 "ref">[30488] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 quod, sicut dictum est, malum importat remotionem boni. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 quaelibet remotio boni malum dicitur. Potest enim accipi remotio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 boni et privative, et negative. Remotio igitur boni negative
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 accepta, mali rationem non habet, alioquin sequeretur quod ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 nullo modo sunt, mala essent; et iterum quod quaelibet res esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 mala, ex hoc quod non habet bonum alterius rei, utpote quod homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 esset malus, quia non habet velocitatem capreae, vel fortitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 leonis. Sed remotio boni privative accepta, malum dicitur, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 privatio visus caecitas dicitur. Subiectum autem privationis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 formae est unum et idem, scilicet ens in potentia, sive sit ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 potentia simpliciter, sicut materia prima, quae est subiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 formae substantialis et privationis oppositae; sive sit ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 potentia secundum quid et in actu simpliciter, ut corpus diaphanum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 quod est subiectum tenebrarum et lucis. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 forma per quam aliquid est actu, perfectio quaedam est, et bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 quoddam, et sic omne ens in actu, bonum quoddam est. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 omne ens in potentia, inquantum huiusmodi, bonum quoddam est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 secundum quod habet ordinem ad bonum, sicut enim est ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 potentia, ita et bonum in potentia. Relinquitur ergo quod subiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 mali sit bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30489"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 "ref">[30489] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 dicendum quod Dionysius intelligit malum non esse in existentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 sicut partem, aut sicut proprietatem naturalem alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 existentis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30490"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 "ref">[30490] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 dicendum quod non ens negative acceptum non requirit subiectum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 privatio est negatio in subiecto, ut dicitur in IV Metaphys., et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 tale non ens est malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30491"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 "ref">[30491] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 dicendum quod malum non est sicut in subiecto in bono quod ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 opponitur, sed in quodam alio bono, subiectum enim caecitatis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 est visus, sed animal. Videtur tamen, ut Augustinus dicit, hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 fallere dialecticorum regula, quae dicit contraria simul esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 posse. Hoc tamen intelligendum est secundum communem acceptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 boni et mali, non autem secundum quod specialiter accipitur hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 bonum et hoc malum. Album autem et nigrum, dulce et amarum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 huiusmodi contraria, non accipiuntur nisi specialiter, quia sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 quibusdam generibus determinatis. Sed bonum circuit omnia genera,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 unde unum bonum potest simul esse cum privatione alterius boni.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 <p title="I q. 48 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30492"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 "ref">[30492] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 dicendum quod propheta imprecatur vae illis qui dicunt id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 bonum, secundum quod est bonum, esse malum. Hoc autem non sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 ex praemissis, ut per praedicta patet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 <p title="I q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="30493"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 "ref">[30493] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 proceditur. Videtur quod malum corrumpat totum bonum. Unum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 contrariorum totaliter corrumpitur per alterum. Sed bonum et malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 sunt contraria. Ergo malum potest corrumpere totum bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 <p title="I q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="30494"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 "ref">[30494] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod malum nocet inquantum adimit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 bonum. Sed bonum est sibi simile et uniforme. Ergo totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 tollitur per malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 <p title="I q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="30495"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 "ref">[30495] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 malum, quandiu est, nocet et aufert bonum. Sed illud a quo semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 aliquid aufertur, quandoque consumitur, nisi sit infinitum; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 non potest dici de aliquo bono creato. Ergo malum consumit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 totaliter bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 <p title="I q. 48 a. 4 s. c."><a name="30496"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 "ref">[30496] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 quod Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod malum non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 totaliter consumere bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 <p title="I q. 48 a. 4 co."><a name="30497"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 "ref">[30497] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 quod malum non potest totaliter consumere bonum. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 evidentiam, considerandum est quod est triplex bonum. Quoddam, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 per malum totaliter tollitur, et hoc est bonum oppositum malo;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 sicut lumen totaliter per tenebras tollitur, et visus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 caecitatem. Quoddam vero bonum est, quod nec totaliter tollitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 malum, nec diminuitur, scilicet bonum quod est subiectum mali; non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 enim per tenebras aliquid de substantia aeris diminuitur. Quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 vero bonum est, quod diminuitur quidem per malum, sed non totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 tollitur, et hoc bonum est habilitas subiecti ad actum. Diminutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 autem huius boni non est accipienda per subtractionem, sicut est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 diminutio in quantitatibus, sed per remissionem, sicut est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 diminutio in qualitatibus et formis. Remissio autem huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 habilitatis est accipienda e contrario intensioni ipsius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 Intenditur enim huiusmodi habilitas per dispositiones quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 materia praeparatur ad actum; quae quanto magis multiplicantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 subiecto, tanto habilius est ad recipiendum perfectionem et formam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 Et e contrario remittitur per dispositiones contrarias; quae quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 magis multiplicatae sunt in materia, et magis intensae, tanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 remittitur potentia ad actum. Si igitur contrariae dispositiones in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 infinitum multiplicari et intendi non possunt, sed usque ad certum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 terminum, neque habilitas praedicta in infinitum diminuitur vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 remittitur. Sicut patet in qualitatibus activis et passivis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 elementorum, frigiditas enim et humiditas, per quae diminuitur sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 remittitur habilitas materiae ad formam ignis, non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 multiplicari in infinitum. Si vero dispositiones contrariae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 infinitum multiplicari possunt, et habilitas praedicta in infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 diminuitur vel remittitur. Non tamen totaliter tollitur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 semper manet in sua radice, quae est substantia subiecti. Sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 in infinitum interponantur corpora opaca inter solem et aerem, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 infinitum diminuetur habilitas aeris ad lumen, nunquam tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 totaliter tollitur, manente aere, qui secundum naturam suam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 diaphanus. Similiter in infinitum potest fieri additio in peccatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 per quae semper magis ac magis minuitur habilitas animae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 gratiam, quae quidem peccata sunt quasi obstacula interposita inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 nos et Deum secundum illud Isaiae LIX, <i>peccata nostra diviserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 inter nos et Deum</i>. Neque tamen tollitur totaliter ab anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 praedicta habilitas, quia consequitur naturam ipsius.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 <p title="I q. 48 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="30498"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 "ref">[30498] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 dicendum quod bonum quod opponitur malo, totaliter tollitur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 alia bona non totaliter tolluntur, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 <p title="I q. 48 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="30499"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 "ref">[30499] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 dicendum quod habilitas praedicta est media inter subiectum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 actum. Unde ex ea parte qua attingit actum, diminuitur per malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 sed ex ea parte qua tenet se cum subiecto, remanet. Ergo, licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 bonum in se sit simile, tamen, propter comparationem eius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 diversa, non totaliter tollitur, sed in parte.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 <p title="I q. 48 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="30500"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 "ref">[30500] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 dicendum quod quidam, imaginantes diminutionem boni praedicti ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 similitudinem diminutionis quantitatis, dixerunt quod, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 continuum dividitur in infinitum, facta divisione secundum eandem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 proportionem (ut puta quod accipiatur medium medii, vel tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 tertii), sic in proposito accidit. Sed haec ratio hic locum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 habet. Quia in divisione in qua semper servatur eadem proportio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 semper subtrahitur minus et minus, minus enim est medium medii quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 medium totius. Sed secundum peccatum non de necessitate minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 diminuit de habilitate praedicta, quam praecedens, sed forte aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 aequaliter, aut magis. Dicendum est ergo quod, licet ista habilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 sit quoddam finitum, diminuitur tamen in infinitum, non per se, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 per accidens, secundum quod contrariae dispositiones etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 infinitum augentur, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="30501"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 "ref">[30501] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 proceditur. Videtur quod malum insufficienter dividatur per poenam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 et culpam. Omnis enim defectus malum quoddam esse videtur. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 omnibus creaturis est quidam defectus, quod se in esse conservare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 non possunt, qui tamen nec poena nec culpa est. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 sufficienter malum dividitur per poenam et culpam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="30502"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 "ref">[30502] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 rebus irrationalibus non invenitur culpa nec poena. Invenitur tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 in eis corruptio et defectus, quae ad rationem mali pertinent. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 non omne malum est poena vel culpa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="30503"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 "ref">[30503] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 tentatio quoddam malum est. Nec tamen est culpa, quia tentatio cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 non consentitur, <i>non est peccatum, sed materia exercendae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 virtutis</i>, ut dicitur in Glossa II Cor. XII. Nec etiam poena,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 quia tentatio praecedit culpam, poena autem subsequitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 Insufficienter ergo malum dividitur per poenam et culpam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 s. c."><a name="30504"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 "ref">[30504] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 videtur quod divisio sit superflua. Ut enim Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 Enchirid., malum dicitur quia nocet. Quod autem nocet, poenale est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 Omne ergo malum sub poena continetur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 co."><a name="30505"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 "ref">[30505] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 quod malum, sicut supra dictum est, est privatio boni, quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 perfectione et actu consistit principaliter et per se. Actus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 est duplex, primus, et secundus. Actus quidem primus est forma et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 integritas rei, actus autem secundus est operatio. Contingit ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 malum esse dupliciter. Uno modo, per subtractionem formae, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 alicuius partis, quae requiritur ad integritatem rei; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 caecitas malum est, et carere membro. Alio modo, per subtractionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 debitae operationis; vel quia omnino non est; vel quia debitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 modum et ordinem non habet. Quia vero bonum simpliciter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 obiectum voluntatis, malum, quod est privatio boni, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 specialem rationem invenitur in creaturis rationalibus habentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 voluntatem. Malum igitur quod est per subtractionem formae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 integritatis rei, habet rationem poenae; et praecipue supposito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 quod omnia divinae providentiae et iustitiae subdantur, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 ostensum est, de ratione enim poenae est, quod sit contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 voluntati. Malum autem quod consistit in subtractione debitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 operationis in rebus voluntariis, habet rationem culpae. Hoc enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 imputatur alicui in culpam, cum deficit a perfecta actione, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 dominus est secundum voluntatem. Sic igitur omne malum in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 voluntariis consideratum vel est poena vel culpa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="30506"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 "ref">[30506] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 dicendum quod, quia malum privatio est boni, et non negatio pura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 ut dictum est supra; non omnis defectus boni est malum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 defectus boni quod natum est et debet haberi. Defectus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 visionis non est malum in lapide, sed in animali, quia contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 rationem lapidis est, quod visum habeat. Similiter etiam contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 rationem creaturae est, quod in esse conservetur a seipsa, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 idem dat esse et conservat. Unde iste defectus non est malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 creaturae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="30507"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 "ref">[30507] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 dicendum quod poena et culpa non dividunt malum simpliciter; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 malum in rebus voluntariis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="30508"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 "ref">[30508] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 dicendum quod tentatio, prout importat provocationem ad malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 semper malum culpae est in tentante. Sed in eo qui tentatur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 est proprie, nisi secundum quod aliqualiter immutatur, sic enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 actio agentis est in patiente. Secundum autem quod tentatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 immutatur ad malum a tentante, incidit in culpam.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 <p title="I q. 48 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="30509"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 "ref">[30509] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 dicendum quod de ratione poenae est, quod noceat agenti in seipso.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 Sed de ratione culpae est, quod noceat agenti in sua actione. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 sic utrumque sub malo continetur, secundum quod habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 nocumenti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 <p title="I q. 48 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="30510"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 "ref">[30510] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 proceditur. Videtur quod habeat plus de ratione mali poena quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 culpa. Culpa enim se habet ad poenam, ut meritum ad praemium. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 praemium habet plus de ratione boni quam meritum, cum sit finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 eius. Ergo poena plus habet de ratione mali quam culpa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 <p title="I q. 48 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="30511"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 "ref">[30511] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 est maius malum, quod opponitur maiori bono. Sed poena, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 dictum est, opponitur bono agentis, culpa autem bono actionis. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 ergo melius sit agens quam actio, videtur quod peius sit poena quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 culpa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 <p title="I q. 48 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="30512"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 "ref">[30512] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 privatio finis poena quaedam est, quae dicitur carentia visionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 divinae. Malum autem culpae est per privationem ordinis ad finem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 Ergo poena est maius malum quam culpa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 <p title="I q. 48 a. 6 s. c."><a name="30513"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 "ref">[30513] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 sapiens artifex inducit minus malum ad vitandum maius; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 medicus praecidit membrum, ne corrumpatur corpus. Sed Dei sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 infert poenam ad vitandam culpam. Ergo culpa est maius malum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 poena.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 <p title="I q. 48 a. 6 co."><a name="30514"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 "ref">[30514] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 quod culpa habet plus de ratione mali quam poena, et non solum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 poena sensibilis, quae consistit in privatione corporalium bonorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 cuiusmodi poenas plures intelligunt; sed etiam universaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 accipiendo poenam, secundum quod privatio gratiae vel gloriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 poenae quaedam sunt. Cuius est duplex ratio. Prima quidem est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 ex malo culpae fit aliquis malus, non autem ex malo poenae;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 secundum illud Dionysii, IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>puniri non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 malum, sed fieri poena dignum</i>. Et hoc ideo est quia, cum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 simpliciter consistat in actu, et non in potentia, ultimus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 actus est operatio, vel usus quarumcumque rerum habitarum; bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 hominis simpliciter consideratur in bona operatione, vel bono usu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 rerum habitarum. Utimur autem rebus omnibus per voluntatem. Unde ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 bona voluntate, qua homo bene utitur rebus habitis, dicitur homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 bonus; et ex mala, malus. Potest enim qui habet malam voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 etiam bono quod habet, male uti; sicut si grammaticus voluntarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 incongrue loquatur. Quia ergo culpa consistit in deordinato actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 voluntatis, poena vero in privatione alicuius eorum quibus utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 voluntas; perfectius habet rationem mali culpa quam poena. Secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 ratio sumi potest ex hoc, quod Deus est auctor mali poenae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 autem mali culpae. Cuius ratio est, quia malum poenae privat bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 creaturae, sive accipiatur bonum creaturae aliquid creatum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 caecitas privat visum; sive sit bonum increatum, sicut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 carentiam visionis divinae tollitur creaturae bonum increatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 Malum vero culpae opponitur proprie ipsi bono increato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 contrariatur enim impletioni divinae voluntatis, et divino amori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 quo bonum divinum in seipso amatur; et non solum secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 participatur a creatura. Sic igitur patet quod culpa habet plus de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 ratione mali quam poena.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 <p title="I q. 48 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="30515"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 "ref">[30515] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 dicendum quod, licet culpa terminetur ad poenam, sicut meritum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 praemium, tamen culpa non intenditur propter poenam, sicut meritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 propter praemium, sed potius e converso poena inducitur ut vitetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 culpa. Et sic culpa est peius quam poena.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 <p title="I q. 48 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="30516"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 "ref">[30516] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 dicendum quod ordo actionis, qui tollitur per culpam, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 perfectius bonum agentis, cum sit perfectio secunda, quam bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 quod tollitur per poenam, quod est perfectio prima.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 <p title="I q. 48 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="30517"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 "ref">[30517] I&ordf; q. 48 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 dicendum quod non est comparatio culpae ad poenam sicut finis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 ordinis ad finem, quia utrumque potest privari aliquo modo et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 culpam, et per poenam. Sed per poenam quidem, secundum quod ipse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 homo removetur a fine, et ab ordine ad finem, per culpam vero,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 secundum quod ista privatio pertinet ad actionem, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 ordinatur ad finem debitum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 <div class="D">Quaestio 49</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 <p title="I q. 49 pr."><a name="30518"><span class="ref">[30518]
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 I&ordf; q. 49 pr.</span></a> Consequenter quaeritur de causa mali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum bonum possit esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 mali. Secundo, utrum summum bonum, quod est Deus, sit causa mali.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 Tertio, utrum sit aliquod summum malum, quod sit prima causa omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 malorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="30519"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 "ref">[30519] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 proceditur. Videtur quod bonum non possit esse causa mali. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 enim Matth. VII, <i>non potest arbor bona malos fructus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 facere</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="30520"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 "ref">[30520] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, unum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 contrariorum non potest esse causa alterius. Malum autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 contrarium bono. Ergo bonum non potest esse causa mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="30521"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 "ref">[30521] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 effectus deficiens non procedit nisi a causa deficiente. Sed malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 si causam habeat, est effectus deficiens. Ergo habet causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 deficientem. Sed omne deficiens malum est. Ergo causa mali non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 nisi malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="30522"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 "ref">[30522] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod malum non habet causam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 Ergo bonum non est causa mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 s. c."><a name="30523"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 "ref">[30523] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 quod Augustinus dicit, contra Iulianum, <i>non fuit omnino unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 oriri posset malum, nisi ex bono</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 co."><a name="30524"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 "ref">[30524] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 quod necesse est dicere quod omne malum aliqualiter causam habeat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 Malum enim est defectus boni quod natum est et debet haberi. Quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 autem aliquid deficiat a sua naturali et debita dispositione, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 potest provenire nisi ex aliqua causa trahente rem extra suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 dispositionem, non enim grave movetur sursum nisi ab aliquo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 impellente, nec agens deficit in sua actione nisi propter aliquod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 impedimentum. Esse autem causam non potest convenire nisi bono,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 quia nihil potest esse causa nisi inquantum est ens; omne autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 ens, inquantum huiusmodi, bonum est. Et si consideremus speciales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 rationes causarum, agens et forma et finis perfectionem quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 important, quae pertinet ad rationem boni, sed et materia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 inquantum est potentia ad bonum, habet rationem boni. Et quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 quod bonum sit causa mali per modum causae materialis, iam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 praemissis patet, ostensum est enim quod bonum est subiectum mali.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 Causam autem formalem malum non habet, sed est magis privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 formae. Et similiter nec causam finalem, sed magis est privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 ordinis ad finem debitum; non solum enim finis habet rationem boni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 sed etiam utile, quod ordinatur ad finem. Causam autem per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 agentis habet malum, non autem per se, sed per accidens. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 evidentiam, sciendum est quod aliter causatur malum in actione, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 aliter in effectu. In actione quidem causatur malum propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 defectum alicuius principiorum actionis, vel principalis agentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 vel instrumentalis, sicut defectus in motu animalis potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 contingere vel propter debilitatem virtutis motivae, ut in pueris;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 vel propter solam ineptitudinem instrumenti, ut in claudis. Malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 autem in re aliqua, non tamen in proprio effectu agentis, causatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 quandoque ex virtute agentis; quandoque autem ex defectu ipsius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 vel materiae. Ex virtute quidem vel perfectione agentis, quando ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 formam intentam ab agente sequitur ex necessitate alterius formae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 privatio; sicut ad formam ignis sequitur privatio formae aeris vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 aquae. Sicut ergo, quanto ignis fuerit perfectior in virtute, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 perfectius imprimit formam suam, ita etiam tanto perfectius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 corrumpit contrarium, unde malum et corruptio aeris et aquae, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 ex perfectione ignis. Sed hoc est per accidens, quia ignis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 intendit privare formam aquae, sed inducere formam propriam; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 hoc faciendo, causat et illud per accidens. Sed si sit defectus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 effectu proprio ignis, puta quod deficiat a calefaciendo, hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 vel propter defectum actionis, qui redundat in defectum alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 principii, ut dictum est; vel ex indispositione materiae, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 recipit actionem ignis agentis. Sed et hoc ipsum quod est esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 deficiens, accidit bono, cui per se competit agere. Unde verum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 quod malum secundum nullum modum habet causam nisi per accidens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 Sic autem bonum est causa mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="30525"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 "ref">[30525] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, contra Iulian., <i>arborem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 malam appellat dominus voluntatem malam, et arborem bonam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 voluntatem bonam</i>. Ex voluntate autem bona non producitur actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 moralis malus, cum ex ipsa voluntate bona iudicetur actus moralis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 bonus. Sed tamen ipse motus malae voluntatis causatur a creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 rationali, quae bona est. Et sic est causa mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="30526"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 "ref">[30526] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 dicendum quod bonum non causat illud malum quod est sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 contrarium, sed quoddam aliud, sicut bonitas ignis causat malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 aquae; et homo bonus secundum suam naturam, causat malum actum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 secundum morem. Et hoc ipsum per accidens est, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 Invenitur autem quod etiam unum contrariorum causat aliud per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 accidens, sicut frigidum exterius ambiens calefacit, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 calor retrahitur ad interiora.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="30527"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 "ref">[30527] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 dicendum quod malum habet causam deficientem aliter in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 voluntariis, et naturalibus. Agens enim naturale producit effectum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 suum talem quale ipsum est, nisi impediatur ab aliquo extrinseco,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 et hoc ipsum est quidam defectus eius. Unde nunquam sequitur malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 in effectu, nisi praeexistat aliquod aliud malum in agente vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 materia, sicut dictum est. Sed in rebus voluntariis, defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 actionis a voluntate actu deficiente procedit, inquantum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 subiicit se actu suae regulae. Qui tamen defectus non est culpa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 sed sequitur culpa ex hoc quod cum tali defectu operatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 <p title="I q. 49 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="30528"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 "ref">[30528] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 dicendum quod malum non habet causam per se, sed per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 tantum, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 <p title="I q. 49 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="30529"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 "ref">[30529] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 proceditur. Videtur quod summum bonum, quod est Deus, sit causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 mali. Dicitur enim Isai. XLV, <i>ego dominus, et non est alter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 Deus, formans lucem et creans tenebras, faciens pacem et creans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 malum</i>. Et Amos III, <i>si erit malum in civitate, quod dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 non fecerit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 <p title="I q. 49 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="30530"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 "ref">[30530] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 effectus causae secundae reducitur in causam primam. Bonum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 est causa mali, ut dictum est. Cum igitur omnis boni causa sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 Deus, ut supra ostensum est, sequitur quod etiam omne malum sit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 Deo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 <p title="I q. 49 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="30531"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 "ref">[30531] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 dicitur in II Physic., idem est causa salutis navis, et periculi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 Sed Deus est causa salutis omnium rerum. Ergo est ipse causa omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 perditionis et mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 <p title="I q. 49 a. 2 s. c."><a name="30532"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 "ref">[30532] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 <i>Deus non est auctor mali, quia non est causa tendendi ad non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 esse</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 <p title="I q. 49 a. 2 co."><a name="30533"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 "ref">[30533] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 quod, sicut ex dictis patet, malum quod in defectu actionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 consistit, semper causatur ex defectu agentis. In Deo autem nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 defectus est, sed summa perfectio, ut supra ostensum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 malum quod in defectu actionis consistit, vel quod ex defectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 agentis causatur, non reducitur in Deum sicut in causam. Sed malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 quod in corruptione rerum aliquarum consistit, reducitur in Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 sicut in causam. Et hoc patet tam in naturalibus quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 voluntariis. Dictum est enim quod aliquod agens, inquantum sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 virtute producit aliquam formam ad quam sequitur corruptio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 defectus, causat sua virtute illam corruptionem et defectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 Manifestum est autem quod forma quam principaliter Deus intendit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 rebus creatis, est bonum ordinis universi. Ordo autem universi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 requirit, ut supra dictum est, quod quaedam sint quae deficere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 possint, et interdum deficiant. Et sic Deus, in rebus causando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 bonum ordinis universi, ex consequenti, et quasi per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 causat corruptiones rerum; secundum illud quod dicitur I Reg. II,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 <i>dominus mortificat et vivificat</i>. Sed quod dicitur Sap. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 quod <i>Deus mortem non fecit</i>, intelligitur quasi per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 intentam. Ad ordinem autem universi pertinet etiam ordo iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 qui requirit ut peccatoribus poena inferatur. Et secundum hoc, Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 est auctor mali quod est poena, non autem mali quod est culpa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 ratione supra dicta.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 <p title="I q. 49 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="30534"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 "ref">[30534] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 dicendum quod auctoritates illae loquuntur de malo poenae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 autem de malo culpae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 <p title="I q. 49 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="30535"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 "ref">[30535] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 dicendum quod effectus causae secundae deficientis reducitur in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 causam primam non deficientem, quantum ad id quod habet entitatis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 et perfectionis, non autem quantum ad id quod habet de defectu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 Sicut quidquid est motus in claudicatione, causatur a virtute
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 motiva; sed quod est obliquitatis in ea, non est ex virtute motiva,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 sed ex curvitate cruris. Et similiter quidquid est entitatis et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 actionis in actione mala, reducitur in Deum sicut in causam, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 quod est ibi defectus, non causatur a Deo, sed ex causa secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 deficiente.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 <p title="I q. 49 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="30536"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 "ref">[30536] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 dicendum quod submersio navis attribuitur nautae ut causae, ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 quod non agit quod requiritur ad salutem navis. Sed Deus non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 deficit ab agendo quod est necessarium ad salutem. Unde non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 simile.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="30537"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 "ref">[30537] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 proceditur. Videtur quod sit unum summum malum, quod sit causa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 omnis mali. Contrariorum enim effectuum contrariae sunt causae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 in rebus invenitur contrarietas, secundum illud Eccli. XXXIII,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 <i>contra malum bonum est, et contra vitam mors; sic et contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 virum iustum peccator</i>. Ergo sunt contraria principia, unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 boni, et aliud mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="30538"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 "ref">[30538] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 unum contrariorum est in rerum natura, et reliquum, ut dicitur in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 II de caelo et mundo. Sed summum bonum est in rerum natura, quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 est causa omnis boni, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo est et summum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 malum ei oppositum, causa omnis mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="30539"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 "ref">[30539] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 in rebus invenitur bonum et melius, ita malum et peius. Sed bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 et melius dicuntur per respectum ad optimum. Ergo malum et peius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 dicuntur per respectum ad aliquod summum malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="30540"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 "ref">[30540] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 quod est per participationem, reducitur ad illud quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 essentiam. Sed res quae sunt malae apud nos, non sunt malae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 essentiam, sed per participationem. Ergo est invenire aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 summum malum per essentiam, quod est causa omnis mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="30541"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 "ref">[30541] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 quod est per accidens, reducitur ad illud quod est per se. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 bonum est causa mali per accidens. Ergo oportet ponere aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 summum malum, quod sit causa malorum per se. Neque potest dici quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 malum non habeat causam per se, sed per accidens tantum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 sequeretur quod malum non esset ut in pluribus, sed ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 paucioribus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 arg. 6"><a name="30542"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 "ref">[30542] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 effectus reducitur ad malum causae, quia effectus deficiens est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 causa deficiente, sicut supra dictum est. Sed hoc non est procedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 in infinitum. Ergo oportet ponere unum primum malum, quod sit causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 omnis mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 s. c."><a name="30543"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 "ref">[30543] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 quod summum bonum est causa omnis entis, ut supra ostensum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 Ergo non potest esse aliquod principium ei oppositum, quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 causa malorum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 co."><a name="30544"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 "ref">[30544] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 quod ex praedictis patet non esse unum primum principium malorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 sicut est unum primum principium bonorum. Primo quidem, quia primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 principium bonorum est per essentiam bonum, ut supra ostensum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 Nihil autem potest esse per suam essentiam malum, ostensum est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 quod omne ens, inquantum est ens, bonum est; et quod malum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 nisi in bono ut in subiecto. Secundo, quia primum bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 principium est summum et perfectum bonum, quod praehabet in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 omnem bonitatem, ut supra ostensum est. Summum autem malum esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 potest, quia, sicut ostensum est, etsi malum semper diminuat bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 nunquam tamen illud potest totaliter consumere; et sic, semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 remanente bono, non potest esse aliquid integre et perfecte malum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 Propter quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>si malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 integrum sit, seipsum destruet</i>, quia destructo omni bono (quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 requiritur ad integritatem mali), subtrahitur etiam ipsum malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 cuius subiectum est bonum. Tertio, quia ratio mali repugnat rationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 primi principii. Tum quia omne malum causatur ex bono, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 ostensum est. Tum quia malum non potest esse causa nisi per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 accidens, et sic non potest esse prima causa, quia causa per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 accidens est posterior ea quae est per se, ut patet in II Physic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 Qui autem posuerunt duo prima principia, unum bonum et alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 malum, ex eadem radice in hunc errorem inciderunt, ex qua et aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 extraneae positiones antiquorum ortum habuerunt, quia scilicet non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 consideraverunt causam universalem totius entis, sed particulares
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 tantum causas particularium effectuum. Propter hoc enim, si aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 invenerunt esse nocivum alicui rei per virtutem suae naturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 aestimaverunt naturam illius rei esse malam, puta si quis dicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 naturam ignis esse malam, quia combussit domum alicuius pauperis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 Iudicium autem de bonitate alicuius rei non est accipiendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 secundum ordinem ad aliquid particulare; sed secundum seipsum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 secundum ordinem ad totum universum, in quo quaelibet res suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 locum ordinatissime tenet, ut ex dictis patet. Similiter etiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 quia invenerunt duorum particularium effectuum contrariorum duas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 causas particulares contrarias, nesciverunt reducere causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 particulares contrarias in causam universalem communem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 usque ad prima principia contrarietatem in causis esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 iudicaverunt. Sed cum omnia contraria conveniant in uno communi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 necesse est in eis, supra causas contrarias proprias, inveniri unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 causam communem, sicut supra qualitates contrarias elementorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 invenitur virtus corporis caelestis. Et similiter supra omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 quocumque modo sunt, invenitur unum primum principium essendi, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 supra ostensum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="30545"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 "ref">[30545] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 dicendum quod contraria conveniunt in genere uno, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 conveniunt in ratione essendi. Et ideo, licet habeant causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 particulares contrarias, tamen oportet devenire ad unam primam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 causam communem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="30546"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 "ref">[30546] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 dicendum quod privatio et habitus nata sunt fieri circa idem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 Subiectum autem privationis est ens in potentia, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 Unde, cum malum sit privatio boni, ut ex dictis patet, illi bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 opponitur cui adiungitur potentia, non autem summo bono, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 actus purus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="30547"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 "ref">[30547] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 dicendum quod unumquodque intenditur secundum propriam rationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 Sicut autem forma est perfectio quaedam, ita privatio est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 remotio. Unde omnis forma et perfectio et bonum per accessum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 terminum perfectum intenditur, privatio autem et malum per recessum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 a termino. Unde non dicitur malum et peius per accessum ad summum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 malum, sicut dicitur bonum et melius per accessum ad summum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 bonum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="30548"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 "ref">[30548] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 dicendum quod nullum ens dicitur malum per participationem, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 privationem participationis. Unde non oportet fieri reductionem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 aliquid quod sit per essentiam malum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="30549"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 "ref">[30549] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 dicendum quod malum non potest habere causam nisi per accidens, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 supra ostensum est. Unde impossibile est fieri reductionem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 aliquid quod sit per se causa mali. Quod autem dicitur, quod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 est ut in pluribus, simpliciter falsum est. Nam generabilia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 corruptibilia, in quibus solum contingit esse malum naturae, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 modica pars totius universi. Et iterum in unaquaque specie defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 naturae accidit ut in paucioribus. In solis autem hominibus malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 videtur esse ut in pluribus, quia bonum hominis secundum sensum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 est hominis inquantum homo, idest secundum rationem; plures autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 sequuntur sensum quam rationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 <p title="I q. 49 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="30550"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 "ref">[30550] I&ordf; q. 49 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 quod in causis mali non est procedere in infinitum, sed est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 reducere omnia mala in aliquam causam bonam, ex qua sequitur malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 per accidens.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 <div class="centro"><br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 <p><a href="sth1028.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 <a href="sth1050.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 <hr />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 hanc editionem<br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 </div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 </body>
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diff changeset
2935 </html>